Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia

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HARVARD UNIVERSITY,

LIBRARY

OF THE

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY.

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~ ROYAL SOCIETY of SOUTH AUSTRALIA.

MOMMUMMUASLELETTIONT

a

VOL... XVIEEL. for. 1893-94.

[Wrrn’ Fivreen PLATES. |

INCLUDING PROCEEDINGS AND REPORTS.

| | -EDITED BY MR. HOWCHIN AND PROFESSOR TATE.
i

ISSUED NOVEMBER, 1894.

~ Adelaide :

W. C. RIGBY, 74, KING WILLIAM STREET.

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Parcels for transmission to the Royal Society of South

Australia, from Europe and America, should be addressed

‘per W. C. Rigby, care Messrs. Thos. Meadows & Co,,
35, Milk Street, Cheapside, London.”

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TRANSAGTTIONS

OF THE

ROYAL SOCIETY of SOUTH AUSTRALIA.

VOL. XVIII. for 1893-94.
[Wirn Firreen Puates. |

FNCLUDING PROCEEDINGS AND REPORTS:

EDITED BY MR. HOWCHIN AND PROFESSOR TATE.

——- >

ISSUED NOVEMBER, 1894.

Adelaide :
W. C. RIGBY, 74, KING WILLIAM STREET.

—

Parcels for transmission to the Royal Society of South

Australia, from Europe and America, should be addressed

**‘per W. C. Rigby, care Messrs. Thos. Meadows & Co.,
35, Milk Street, Cheapside, London.’’

Ropal Society of South Austratia.

Patron :
HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN.

Vice-Patron :
HIS EXCELLENCY THE EARL OF KINTORE, G.C.M.G., &c.

On Le Bhs
[Elected October 2, 1894.]
resident :

PROFESSOR R. TATE, F.G.S., F.L.S.

(Representative Governor.)
Pire-Presidents :

REV. THOS. BLACKBURN, B.A.
MAURICE HOLTZE, F.L.S.

Hon, Oreasurer :
WALTER RUTT, C.E.

Hon, Seereturies :
W. L. CLELAND, M:B: | W. B. POOLE.

embers of Council :

SAMUEL, DIXON. PROFESSOR E. H. RENNIE,
WALTER HOWCHIN, F.G.S. D.Se:, FC:
J. 3. LLOYD: | W. H. SELWAY, Jun.

E. C. STIRLING, C.M.G., M.D., M.A., F.R.S.

CONN Ts

PAGE.
Stratine, Dr. E. C.: Supple Note on the pies a of
Notoryctes typhlops

Witson, Pror. J. T.: On the Mame of Nees typhlops es 3
Froceart, W. W.: Notes on Brachyselide a cas see’ b5.
Lower, O. E.: On New Australian Heterocera ... See eeu hd
Lower, O. E.: On Australian Rhopalocera bts oe vey ple

Tate, Pror. R.: On the Occurrence of Zidora in Australian Waters 118
TurNER, Dr. A. J.: Descriptions of Australian Microlepidoptera... 120

BLACKBURN, Rev. T.: New Genera and Pee of Australian

Coleoptera CXVia)! 2: ei, 139
Tepper, J. G. O.: Supplemental Notes on the Blattariz of Australia 169
BEDNALL, W. T.: On a New Land-shell from Central Australia ... 190
Tate, Pror. R.: Diagnoses of New Land-shells from Central

Australia ... as cee ae aa: Ss cn plo
TatE, Pror. R.: Notes on the Organic Remains of the Osseous

Clays at Lake Callabonna ... ae ss ee aloe
CHEWINGS, Dr. CHARLES: Notes on the Sedimentary Rocks in the

Macdonnell and James Ranges role Be site se ALT
BLACKBURN, Rev. T.: New Genera and Species of Australian

Coleoptera (X VI.) ... os oe oe a Foy 200
Abstract of Proceedings i ues fis ay rice pd
Annual Report La ie nae ene ai ... 246
Balance-sheet ... Ae ee a cee ae ae EE
Donations to the Library ser ae a oi i aS
List of Fellows sie if ae ies a ... 254

APPENDICES.
Annual Report and Balance-sheet of the Field Naturalists’ Section .... 257
Annual Report and Balance-sheet of the Microscopical Section a8 ogee

Annual Report and Balance-sheet of the Astronomical Section ~- 268

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SUPPLEMENTAL NOTE ON THE OSTEOLOGY OF
NOTORYCTES TYPHLOPS.

By E. C. Stiruine, M.D., F.R.S., Hon. Director South

Australian Museum.

Prare 1.

In the course of an examination of the muscular system of
Yotoryctes typhlops Professor Wilson has been good enough to
point out an error into which I have fallen in my description of
the osteology of the manus (Trans. Royal Soc. of 8.A., vol. XTV.,
part I.) in consequence of a small but important bone having
been lost in the preparation or manipulation of the dry skeleton
on which my observations were based. I take the opportunity
of the publication of the first part of his paper on the “ Myology
of Votoryctes” as convenient for the correction of the error.

In the account referred to (p. 176, and Plate viii, fig. 5) I
describe the pollex as consisting of two segments only, of which
the proximal is attached by ligamentous connections to the meta-
carpal of the second digit as well as to the proximal phalanx of
the latter. Being desirous of not mutilating other specimens,
then as even now rare, I abstained from substantiating the
existence of this obviously peculiar arrangement by reference to
other dissections, but an examination of Professor Wilson’s
specimen as well as of another in which the bony relations have
been left undisturbed leaves no doubt but that an additional carpal
bone exists of which, for the reason stated, I made no mention.

In the light of this re-examination, it appears that the proxi-
mal element of the pollex is a small nodular bone about the size
of a large pin’s head, which articulates with the relatively large
scapho-carpal. It is this bone, clearly a trapezium, which was
missing in my original dry specimen (pl. i. figs. 1 and 2 @7).
Allowing for the existence of this important element, an inspec-
tion of Prof. Wilson’s specimen requires a further emendation
of the constitution of the remainder of this digit as stated by
me. Examination of his specimen shows that the proximal of
the two segments which, by themselves in my description, consti-
tuted the pollex, shows a division into two parts—one an elon-
gated bone articulating with the trapezium (pl. 1. fig. 1, meé. 1),
the distal shorter and bearing a well-marked process radially
directed (pl. i, fig. 1, ph. prow.). Even in Professor Wilson’s
specimen the division between these two bones is indistinct, and
on referring to my own specimen I can find no trace of such
separation, the two bones being fused into a simple segment.
The radial process, however, on the distal element is clearly
shown in my sketch. Lastly follows the ungual phalanx, which
is less clearly shown to be a separate bone in Professor Wilson’s
specimen than in mine own. If, then, as seems clear, we are to

2

regard the proximal element of the digit as a trapezium, the
scapho-carpal does not represent all the carpalia, and the pollex
becomes of normal constitution, possessing its carpal, metacarpal
segments and two phalanges.

There seems, in fact, to be a marked tendency to synostosis of
the bones of the manus, for in my original specimen it certainly
appeared as if the elements of the fifth digit were reduced to
two, a proximal, described as a metacarpal which (with the pisi-
form) supported the ungual phalanx. In Professor Wilson’s
specimen a division of this supposed metacarpal into two is cer-
tainly, if indistinctly, indicated. This arrangement, of course,
provides for the fifth digit a metacarpal and two phalangeal seg-
ments. No trace of such division, however, was visible in my
original specimen, or in another which I have since examined.

In the latter specimen there is complete synostosis of the
ungual phalanges of the pollex and index of one manus, and
almost complete fusion of their respective claws (fig. 2). On the
other side no such fusion occurs. As further evidence of this
tendency to synostosis in other parts of the skeleton, beyond the
facts already mentioned, it is worthy of note that, in Professor
Wilson’s specimen, the styloid process of the radius is completely
separate, whereas it is firmly ankylosed in my two skeletons. So
also in the first rib he finds on one side well-marked evidence of
a synchondrosis between the broad expanded sternal end and the
more rod-like vertebral moiety. This is not nearly so well
marked on the other side, and is not perceptible at all in my
specimens. This synchondrosis evidently indicates the fusion of
two distinct osseous elements, of which the ventral doubtless
represents a sternal rib.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.
FIGURES.
1. Notoryctes typhlops. Right manus, palmar aspect (x 4).
al, ulna.
rad, radius.
ty, styloid process of radius (separable).
sc, scapho-carpal.
tr, trapezium.
met (1), Metacarpal of pollex.
met (2), ** second digit.
met (3), se FES ol Ware (ea
ph prox, proximal phalanx of pollex.
ph dist, distal phalanx of pollex.
p s, palmar sesamoid.
Pp, pisiform.
u, ungual phalanx of fifth digit.
2. Notoryctes typhlops. Right manus, palmar aspect (another specimen).
a, ankylosed ungual phalanges of pollex and second digit.
b, claws similarly fused.
Other references the same as in fig. 1.

ON THE MyoLoGy OF NOTORYCTES TYPHLOPS,
WITH COMPARATIVE NOTES.

By J. T. Witson, M.B., Edin., Professor of Anatomy,
University of Sydney, N.S. W.

Priares If. to XV.

Pane 1.

Out of the very limited number of specimens of this interesting
marsupial which had come into his possession Dr. E. C. Stirling
very kindly placed one at my disposal for the purpose of investi-
gating its myology. The specimen thus obtained measured
115 mm. from the tip of the snout to the tip of the tail, the
measurement being taken along the slight curve of the back. It
was of the female sex. The abdominal viscera had been removed
through an incision in the anterior abdominal wall.

Dr. Stirling was also good enough to afford me an opportunity
of studying the partially disarticulated skeleton (imperfect) of
another specimen, and this along with his own excellent descrip-
tions and figures enabled me to acquire the necessary familiarity
with the osseous system.

More recently I have been greatly indebted to Professor
Baldwin Spencer, of the University of Melbourne, for permission
to examine the greater part of the muscular system of another
(male) specimen, a permission generously granted at the kind
suggestion of my colleague, Professor W. A. Haswell.

More recently still Professor Spencer has placed another
specimen at my disposal for the purpose of following out the
peripheral nerves more satisfactorily than has been possible in the
single complete specimen from which the following descriptions
and figures have been chiefly drawn. The results of such a
further examination I hope to embody in a future contribution.

I take this opportunity of thanking Mr. J. J. Fletcher for his
kindness in giving me access to anumber of papers and specimens
in his possession, and Dr. J. Lorrain Smith, of Cambridge, for
specimens kindly procured for me in England.

I also wish to express my indebtedness to Mr. G. H. Barrow,
lately of the Australian Museum, Sydney, for the care and
intelligence with which he has executed the drawings from which
this paper is illustrated. The drawing to an accurately enlarged
scale of dissections, which were often so minute as to require the
constant aid of a lens, was by no means an easy task.

Incidentally, I may mention that I carefully examined the
marsupium of my specimen. Its hinder limit was 8 mm. in front

4

of the cloacal aperture. Its interior was lined with hair opposite
the vestibule of the pouch, but throughout the anteriorly directed
fundus hairs were very sparsely distributed.

The fundus possessed slight lateral recesses, within which the
sparse hairs were larger. The position and appearance of the
mammae on the dorsal wall of the pouch opposite the entrances to
the lateral recesses corresponded accurately with those recorded
in Dr. Stirling’s later paper in the Transactions of this Society of
date October 6th, 1891.*

In view of the numerous rather anomalous features in the
organisation of Motoryctes, and the doubts which have occasion-
ally been expressed as to its exact systematic position and affini-
ties, I have thought it advisable while recording the arrangements
of its muscles to aim at providing for a morphological comparison
between these muscles and those of other forms. This I have
striven to do largely by citation from the abundant records of
mammalian myology, supplemented in certain cases, more par-
ticularly in Monotremes and some Marsupials, by the results of
my own examinations. Naturally, the records of the compara-
tive myology of the Marsupialia have demanded the most careful
scrutiny. The other orders to whose myology I have devoted
some attention are the Monotremata, Edentata, Insectivora,
Rodentia, and Carnivora.

I must, however, disclaim any idea of making an attempt at
giving anything like a complete acconnt of the muscular
morphology, either of these orders themselves or of individual
members of them. With this important reservation, the notes
may yet serve a useful purpose in illustrating the comparative
anatomy of the muscles of Votoryctes, especially as I have paid
more particular attention to those types in the various orders
(a) whose functional organisation is presumably not widely dis-
similar from that of Wotoryctes—e.g., Talpa ewropea—(b) which
offer certain remarkable points of structural resemblance—e.g.,
Chlamydophorus.

I greatly regret that I have had no opportunity of dissecting a
specimen of that interestiug insectivore the Cape Golden Mole
(Chrysochloris), which would come under both of the above
categories. My knowledge of the muscular anatomy of this
animal has accordingly been derived from Leche’s notes in
Bronn’s ‘“ Klassen und Ordnungen” (Sechster Band Abt. V.),
which appear to have been derived from Dobson’s “ Monograph
of the Insectivora,” Pts. I. and II., to which I have been unable
to refer.

In studying the myology of a specially modified member of a

*\v., page 286.

-

oO

group, the attempt to ascertain the homologies of its muscles to
those of other forms may be rendered difficult through a con-
fusion between muscular segmentation dependent upon mere
fanctional modification of the species and that more fundamental
segmentation into muscle-fibre-groups which, while not indepen-
dent of function, is yet the expression of definite morphological
type.

In the section of work now presented I have not found this
difficulty to offer any insuperable obstacle to a quite intelligible
reading of the muscular arrangements in Notoryctes. In spite of
its specialised structure, indeed, the muscular organisation of
this animal bears very evident traces of its affinity to other more
or less allied forms ; and although there can be no doubt that the
marsupial type is the prevalent one, there are features, for a
structural parallel to which one must go outside the limits of the
Marsupralia. And I cannot avoid the conclusion that the
structural resemblances in particular to certain members of the
order Hdentata are not all to be explained as merely the coinci-
dences of somewhat similar functional modifications, but are the
enduring evidences of a real if distant morphological kinship.

Neither in Z'alpa nor, apparently, in Chrysochloris do we find
any such striking similarities to Votoryctes as we do, for example,
in Chlamydophorus ; and this in spite of the fact that the habit
of life of the first-named animals is probably much more like
that of Votoryctes than is that of Chlamydophorus. So far as I
can judge from my very limited acquaintance with the myology
ot Chrysochloris, the muscles of the anterior limb of that animal
are far less like those of Wotoryctes than at least a superficial
comparison of the skeletons would lead one to expect.

M. panniculus.

The subcutaneous sheet of the panniculus carnosus on the
ventrolateral aspect of the body consists mainly of three systems
of fibres—(a) a platysma system ventrad of the neck and chest,
(6) a humeral system passing transversely and obliquely outwards
on the ventral aspect of the thorax and abdomen to the region of
the axilla (fig. 1, p.c¢.), and (¢) a system of longitudinal and
oblique fibres crossing backwards from amongst the other abdom-
inal fibres to the region of the marsupium which some surround,
whilst others enter and end in the folds of skin forming the
margin of the opening of the pouch (sphincter marsupii). This
system of longitudinal fibres is lost posteriorly in the region of
the cloacal aperture and root of the tail, whilst its more lateral
portion is continued over the front of the inguinal and femoral
regions (abdominis femoralis). On the dorsal aspect of the

6

head and neck the panniculus is inseparable from or replaced by
the somewhat extensive cervico-auricularis described below.

A well-marked “ischiotergal” slip is attached posteriorly to
the outer aspect of the ischium near its tuberosity, and passes
forwards to be inserted into the skin of the back in the lumbar
region. I find no record of such a specialised slip in any other
marsupial, nor is it present as such in the monotremes. It is
absent in Zalpa. I have named it “eschiotergal” after an appar-
enly similar slip described by Macalister* in Tatusza.

The comparatively meagre development of the panniculus stratum in
Notoryctes is worthy of remark. In its degree of development and
differentiation it is slight, slighter than is usual amongst marsupials,
and far inferior to the corresponding stratum in monotremes and
insectivores, in which an extensive development of the sheet is found,
e.g., in Ornithorhynchus or in Talpa or Chirysochloris—animals which are
just as destitute of special dermal movable structures.

Some of the Hdentata, e.g., most Armadilloes, have well-developed
skin muscles, but in others, and especially in Chlamydophorus, the sheet
is only feebly developed, and not well differentiated.

M. cervico-auricularis (figs. 1, 4, and 5 7.a.) is a well marked
sheet of muscle, extending from the mesio-dorsal line of the head
and neck outwards to the distal end of the long tubular auditory
meatus, into the dorsal aspect of which it is inserted, its anterior
fibres mingling with those of the special attrahens aurem (figs. 2
and 3q). Its anterior border reaches the parietal and frontal _
regions, whence its fibres are directed backwards and outwards,
converging to the meatus. Anteriorly it is closely related to the
integument of the scalp, while its transverse posterior border
behind the occiput is free.

It overlaps the whole of the cleido-trapezius and delto-trapezius
elements of the subjacent sheet. Many of its fibres have an
almost antero-posterior direction, and a decussation of these with
the transverse fibres is observable. :

M. attrahens aurem seu mandibulo-awricularis, a narrow, rib-
bon-like muscle (figs. 2 and 3a.a.), arising from the lateral as-
pect of the ascending ramus of the mandible, just behind the
insertion of the temporal muscle, by a narrow tendinous origin,
which is overlapped by the hinder border of the masseter. Its
fibres are directed outwards and dorsally, parallel with, and close
- in front of, the tubular auditory meatus, to the distal extremity
of which some of its fibres are inserted, the remainder decussating
and mingling with the fibres of the cervico-auricularis.

Cervico-auricularis seems to be the representative of conjoint attol-
lens and retrahens aurem muscles, at least, and part of it corresponds
to the auriculo-occipitalis of Ruge.

* Xxvii., page 227.

fod
(

Not unlikely, it also represents other cervical and cephalic portions
of the panniculus, i.e., elements of the “subcutaneus colli”’ layer of
the “ superficial brachio-cephalic stratum ” of Humphry*.

In Myrmecobius Lechet describes two layers of auriculo-occipitalis
fibres, of which the deeper were directed forwards from the ligamentum
nuchae towards the anterior basal part of the ear, and partly to the
upper orbital border, while the more superficial fibres passed directly
outwards from the mid-occipital line to unite with the other fibres in
the auricle.

In Phascogale the same observer describes an auriculo-occipitalis
consisting of several slips, of which the anterior passed forwards into
the frontal region beneath the auricularis superior, while three slips
passed transversely outwards to the auricle.

It may be that the hinder part of the M. auricularis superior of this
animaif is represented by part of the anterior fibres of the cervico-
auricularis of Notoryctes.

Attrahens (mandibulo - aumicularis) present in both the above
animals.§$

In Koala|| Macalister found a thin and wide attollens and a strong
bilaminar retrahens, which came from the occipital protuberance. He
also found two attrahens slips, neither of which, however, corresponds
to the mandibulo-auricularis of Notoryctes.

In Ornithorhynchus the ear muscles are not fully differentiated from
the cephalic prolongation of the panniculus.1

In Chlamydophorus Macalister** found the ear muscles exceedingly
feeble, the attollens and retrahens being hardly represented, while in
Tatusia the same author found both well developed. The attrahens in
the former animal was also feebly devoloped, and arose from the
zygomatic arch.

Humphry found in Orycteropustt a large retrahens, continuous with
an attollens, all the fibres converging to the ear, and an attrahens
arising by three origins, of which the first exactly corresponds to the
origin from the mandible in Notoryctes.

Auricular muscles in the Insectivora are well developed in accord-
ance with the great specialisation of the subcutaneous muscles
generally. Bothin Chrysochloris and the Talpidae{t they include occi-
pito-cuticularis and cervico-auricularis sheets, both of which are in-
serted into the auricle; and a cervico-cuticularis may also in part
(Gymnura ) possess a similar attachment.

That muscular system or stratum of fibres which in man is
represented by the trapezius and sterno-cleido-mastoid muscles,
with occasional intermediate slips, consists, according to Macalis-
ter,S§ of the following elements :—“ Trapezius, acromio-trachelien,
cleido-occipital, clerdo-mastoid, sterno-mastoid, &c.”

Only the trapezial and sterno-mastoid portions are with cer-
tainty present in Wotoryctes, but the trapezial system of fibres

*xx., page 133. +t xxvi., page 674. txxvi., page 678, and Taf. xcviii.,
fig. 2. §xxvi., page 683, and Taf. xcviii., fig. 2. || xxvill., page 128.
‘lxxxvit, Tab. vi. ** xxvil/, page 229° {}xxi., page 295. {7 xxvi.,
pages 663 and 679. §§xxvii., page 238.

8

consists of the following recognisable elements :—1, M. cleido-
trapezius (figs. 1 and 3 ¢.t.); 2, M. delto-trapezius (fig. 1 d.t.); 3,
Mf. acronuo-trapexius (figs. 1, 4, and 5 a.t.); and 4, M. spino-
trapezius (figs. 1, 4, and 5 s.t.).

Of these, the first two are semi-conjoint (figs, 4 and 5 c.d.t.),
while the last two are distinct muscles (figs, 1, 4, and 5, a.¢. and
Sit.)

The first, preaxial and ventral, segment or cletdo-trapezius, is
separated by a preclavicular, narrow, triangular area from the
sterno-mastoid muscle (figs. 2, 3, and 5 s.m.). It is only separate
from the second, or delto-trapezius, for a short distance in front
of, and ventral to, the shoulder. The conjoint muscle arises from
part of the crista lambdoidalis or occipitalis, described by Stir-
ling* as “running forwards and outwards, and then downwards
from the occipital tubercle till it becomes continuous with the
upper edge of the zygoma.” This ridge in its outer vertical
part bounds the temporal fossa posteriorly, whilst its horizontal
inner part, forming the ‘superior curved line,” or nuchal crest
of the occiput, gives origin to the muscle under notice as far
forwards as the temporal fossa. It also arises from the liga-
mentum nuche for 3 or 4 mm. backwards from the occipital
tubercle. The fibres are at first directed transversely across the
neck, covered by the cervico-auricularis. Just behind the auricle
the fibres sweep backwards, becoming at the same time segmented
into the two component parts (figs. 2 and 5, c.f. and d.t.).

The ventral, or cleido-trapezial, part now courses beneath the
shoulder backwards to its attachment to the clavicle, not far
from the meso-scapular extremity of that bone (fig. 3, ¢.t.).

The cdelto-trapezial, more dorsal moiety (‘‘ trapezio-deltoid,”
“cephalo humeral muscle”) covers the ventral aspect of the
acromion and meso-scapular segment (also overlapping the distal
half of the acromion laterally), and is then continued on, between
the scapulo- or spino- and cleido-deltoids, becoming more or less
united with them, towards a common insertion.

M. acromio-trapexius (tigs. 1, 4, and 5, a.¢.) forms a transverse,
almost rectangular, band of fleshy fibres, whose anterior border
is closely related to the posterior border of the preceding muscle,
arising mesially from the ligamentum nuche immediately behind
the delto-trapezius, and extending as far back as the first dorsal
spine, where it ends, leaving a free hinder margin. Its fibres
pass laterally, to be inserted into the dorsal surfaces of the meso-
scapular spine and the proximal half of the acromion, partly con-
cealing the attachment to the pre-axial lips of the same parts, of
the extensive subjacent rhomboideus (figs. 1 and 4 rh.).

aren ted

2)

M. spino-trapexius (tigs. 1, 4, and 5, s.t.), the caudal sector of
the trapezial system, is separated by a considerable gap from the
preceding, and, in the interval between them, portions of the
Mm. latissimus dorsi and rhomboideus come into view. It arises
from the tips of the spines of the seventh to the eleventh dorsal
vertebre (inclusive), and-from the supra-spinous ligament, and it
forms an elongated ribbon-like band, directed obliquely forwards
and outwards, to be inserted into the post-axial lip of the scapu-
lar spine, chiefly into a prominence of the same, which overhangs
the post-scapular fossa.

This strap-like muscle crosses the latissimus dorsi obliquely,
and is supplied from the brachial plexus via the axilla, and
posterior to the scapula, by a nerve, which also supphes the
latissimus dorsi.

This entire separation of the posterior segment of the trapezius
sheet, both in origin and insertion, from the more anterior fibres,
is quite unusual amongst marsupials; in fact, [ have neither
observed, nor found any record of, such an arrangement in any
other member of the order.

The trapezius indeed in marsupials generally forms, as stated by
Cunningham* for the three forms described by him, “an unbroken
muscular sheet,” at least so far as the origin is concerned. Macalister,t
however, reports, that in Sarcophilus “the part of the muscle corre-
sponding to the root of the spine of the scapula was weak and tendin-
ous, and nearly divided the fleshy part into an upper and a lower
trapezius; however, a thin muscular margin near the spines of the
vertebree saved it from this division.”

In the Monotremes{ the posterior part of the muscle is quite
separated from the anterior by a wide gap, the posterior part of the
trapezius arising from the hinder ribs and vertebrze, and running for-
ward to be inserted into the “ anterior’? or spinous border of the
scapula near its basal end. (In Echidna also into the dorsal border.)

A similar isolation of the posterior occurs in some of the Edentata,
notably in Chlamydophorus$ and in the armadillos generally.|| It
arises in Chlamydophorus from the anterior dorsal vertebrze, and is
inserted into the scapular spine.

The division is universal in the Insectivora,{ the hinder part (spino-
trapezius) being inserted into the posterior end of the scapular spine.

Mivart and Murie** describe the division also in the Agouti, where
it is also figured by Cuvier and Laurillard,{} and it occurs in other
rodents, e.g., the Rabbit.

I find on dissection that the spino-trapezius in Talpa is innervated
cut the axilla, as in Notoryctes.

A tripartite division of the trapezius sheet exists in the cat,{{ in
Ursus americanus,$$ and in Hyena,|\|| and in the Carnivora generally
the spino-trapezius is differentiated.

“iyv., page 2; {Xxix., page lot, ~xxxvil., page 23, and vi. Pl., 265.
fig. 2, and xxxix., page 379, and lxii., page 12. §xxvii., page 234. || lvi.,
pace 92. ° I xxvi., page (20. ““* xl page ods. tT} vi. Pl.,-245. fb lxii.,
page 212, and lvi., page 93. §§ lvi., page 93, and vi. Pl., 81-2. |jl| vi. PL,
129-30.

10

In the Cat the three sectors correspond to the cleido- acromio- and
spino trapezius of Notoryctes (i.e., the clavo-acromio- and dorso-
cucullaris of Strauss-Durckheim). The fibres I have named “ delto-
trapezius” are simply “cephalo-humeral” fibres belonging to the
claricular system of trapezius fibres.

I am doubtful whether the segment described above as cleido-
trapezius is or is not to be regarded as the equivalent of a cleido-
occipital. A muscle corresponding to the latter is otherwise absent, but
a cleido-trapezius very like that in Notoryctes occasionally co-exists
with a true cleido-occipital, e.g., in Koala,* Cuscus,+ Phalangista
vulpina,t amongst other marsupials.$ The origin of the trapezius sheet
in this order varies chiefly in the number of dorsal spines which give
it origin, e.g., from all in Dasyurus, or only from seven in Thylacinus,
Phascogale and Cuscus, and nine or ten in Sarcophilus. It arises from
the occipital crest, and ligamentum nuche also in most. Its insertion
is in all marsupials mainly into the spine or spine and acromion, but
the anterior fibres have a variable insertion, and often wholly
(Dasywrus) or partly (Phalangista) form a cephalo-humeral bundle
passing, to be inserted along with deltoid, like the delto-trapezius
in Notoryctes.

In Wombat this anterior part passes over the clavicle and replace
the clavicular part of deltoid, while again in Sarcophilus no part of the
muscle reaches the humerus, the anterior fibres being inserted into the
outer fourth of the clavicle.||

Macalister’s view (adopted by MacCormick for Dasywrus and
Phalangista) that the humeral fibres of the trapezius in Phascolomys
correspond to those of the “ cephalo humeral” muscle found in other
orders is opposed by Lechefl, but, as it appears to me, on quite insuf-
ficient grounds. His argument that in Dasywrus and Myrmecobius there
is a “pars clavicularis deltoidei’’ independently of the humeral
trapezius is sufficiently answered by reference to the conditions in
Phalangista** and Phascolomys, where a part or the whole respectively
of the clavicular deltoid is replaced by what are plainly fibres corre-
sponding to the humeral fibres of the trapezius in Dasywrus. One need
only suppose that the pars clavicularis deltoidei in the latter animal,
which is concealed by the humeral slip of the trapezius, answers only
to the deeper part of the whole clavicular deltoid.

No corresponding segmentation of the anterior part of the trapezius
is present in Monotremes.

In Echidnatt the muscle is inserted into part of the dorsal
border of the scapula, along the scapular spine, by means of a fibrous
arch, and to the acromion and outer part of clavicle. In Ornithorhyn-
chus it is inserted into the dorsal scapular margin and the clavicle and
inter-clavicle.

Macalister,{{ after describing a cleido-occipital in Chlamydophorus,
and stating that “in no other Edentate does this muscle seem to exist
distinctly,’ goes on to say, “ Professor Hyrtl describes a third muscle
external to the cleido-mastoid, but much stronger, which ascends with
it, and is inserted into the lambdoid suture, and into the temporal

*Ixxii., page 222. tiv., page 4. {xxxvi., page 104. §vi. Plate,
174 a+, and Plate 176, fig. 1., a+. || xxix., page 154. {[ xxvi., page 719.
** xxxvi., fig. 7 é., and vi. Pl., 177. tt lxii., page 12. 4 xxvii., page 238.

Bi

aponeurosis; this he regards as the separated clavicular trapezius.
This muscle was inseparately joined to the rest of the trapezius in
mine,” &c. The last described portion of the trapezius would appear
to correspond to the cleido-trapezius of Notoryctes.

The insertion of the anterior trapezius in Chlamydophorus and
Tatusia is into the scapular spine and acromion.

VW. rhomboideus (figs. 1 and 4, rh.) is a single, very extensive,
and thick muscular sheet. It arises in part from the crista occi-
pitalis under cover of the cleido- and delto trapezius, but it ex-
tends further ventro-laterally than they do. It also takes origin
from the whole of the ligamentum nuche under cover of delto-
and acromio-trapezius fibres, and from the first two dorsal spines
where it is uncovered by any other muscle. Its posterior border
is parallel and in apposition with the anterior border of the
latissimus dorsi. The fibres of the muscle have a somewhat com-
plicated arrangement. The posterior ones run directly outwards,
to be inserted into the vertebral or mesial border of the scapula,
The fibres next succeeding (anteriorly) incline slightly backwards,
whilst those from the cephalic end of the ligamentum nuche,
together with the whoie of the occipital fibres, sweep almost
directly backwards. Of the backwardly-directed fibres, those
more dorsally placed are inserted into the vertebral border of the
scapula, but less into its mesial edge than into the outer surface,
or dorso-lateral lip; whilst the more ventrally placed, occipital,
fibres are inserted into the preaxial lip of the scapular spine
under cover of the acromio-trapezius. (See fig. 4.)

The rhomboideus muscular stratum in Wotoryctes plainly con-
tains elements of all three portions recognised in certain other
forms, 2.e., Mm. rhomboideus capitis, rhomboideus major, and
rhomb. minor.

For a list of synonyms for the rhomb. capitis reference may be
made to Leche’s Memoir in Bronn’s Thier-reich*

The rhomboid sheet in Notoryctes differs from that described in other
marsupials, e.g., by Cunningham,* chiefly in the much greater extent
of its insertion, which has usurped the whole length of the preaxial
lip of the mesoscapular spine. This fact, together with the entire
absence of an acromio-trachelien muscle, leads me to suppose that the
latter muscle has been absorbed into the rhomboideus, or, rather, has
not been segmented off from it. But there is no atloid origin of part
of the sheet to indicate such a compound character.

In Cuscus, Phascoyale, and Thylacinet,in Koalat,and in Wombat§ the
rhomboid is undivided and extensive, arising from occipital crest as
well as from cervical and dorsal spines, and in all is inserted into the
whole length of the base of the scapula; and in each of these animals
an acromio-trachelien is present attached, in Wombat, to ‘ outer half
of scapular spine,” and in Koala, to “one-half of scapular spine.’’

*xxvi., page 725. tiv., page 3. txxviii., page 129. § xxix., page 154.

12

In Phascogale* the acromio-trachelien is double, and attached to whole
length of scapular spine, the “superior ” muscle being united with the
margin of the rhomboideus by its upper margin, so that the latter
muscle-is inserted “‘to a small extent into the root of the scapular
spine.” A similar fusion also occurs in Myrmecobius.t In Cuscus the
acromio-trachelien is also double, and distinct from the single rhom-
boideus. In Thylacine it is single and distinct. In Sarcophilust the
rhomboideus is distinct from the acromio-trachelien, and is itself
divided into “a rhomboideus occipitalis (7.e., capitis), and a proper
rhomboid made up of the fused major and minor.”

In Dasyuwrus viverrinus and in Phalangista vulpina MacCormick$
found the rhomboid extensive and undivided, and inserted into the
whole length of the base of the scapula, and also that it “has a small
slip inserted into the anterior lip of the spinal crest of the scapula
close to the base of the bone above the acromio-trachelien superior,
and in a line with it.”’

Both in Ornitherhynchus and Echidna the rhomboid*is undivided,
thick, and strong, its origin reaching in the former from the occipital
crest of the dorsal region. In both forms it is inserted into the
greater part of the scapular base. Cuvier and Laurillard|| figure an
acromio-trachelien in Ornithorhynchus which consists of two distinct
parts, described by Meckelf’ under the name of levatores scapule.
The dorsal part is inserted into the scapular base, the other into
acromion and clavicle. Mivart notes the same double muscle in
Echidna ander the name of levator-clavicule**; also Westling.t+

Macalister{{ states that in Dasypus the acromio-trachelien is supra-
occipital in its origin, that in Pholidotus it is united with the occipital
rhombuid, and that it is absent in Chlamydophorus, Tatusia, Cyclothurus,
Bradypus, Choloepus, in the first two of which the occipital rhomboid
extends along the meso-scapular spine.

In reference to the acromio-trachelien muscle, the latter author
remarks that “the exact relationship of this muscle to the other
shoulder muscles is not very clear; in the largest proportion of mam-
mals it is present, and is atlantic in origin and acromial in insertion,
occupying a position beneath the front edge of the trapezius, but most
probably, as suggested by many authors, it is a slip of the superficial
muscular sheet intermediate between the trapezial and cleido-occipital
factors of that expansion. The elements of this sheet seem thus to be
trapezius, acromio-trachelien, cleido-occipital, cleido-mastoid, sterno-
mastoid,” &c. In some cases at least I think we must rather associate
the acromio-trachelien with the deeper rhomboid stratum with which
it is sometimes (Pholidotus) evidently fused, and with a greater exten-
sion of which its absence is occasionally associated ( Notoryctes, Chlamy-
dophorus). This relationship is well expressed by Cuvier’s appellation
of “ dorso-trachelien”’ for the three rhomboid factors and “acromio-
trachelien”’ for the usual omo-atlantic muscle. Leche regards it as
akin to the levator-scapule group.$$

In Chrysochloris||\| the acromio-trachelien is present as a double

*iv., page 3. txxvi., page 726. {xxix., page 154. §xxxvi., page 106.
| vi. Pl, 266, fig! 2. ‘Sl xxxvii., page 23. **xxxix:, page s8s.077 las
page 13. {}xxvii., page 238. §§cf. xxvi., 732. ||| xxvi., page 727 and
733.

13

muscle, inserted into mesoscapular spine and metacromion. Here the
rhomboid stratum is bilaminar, the superficial lamina extending from
crista occipitalis and ligamentum nuche to posterior angle of scapula
and the deeper from occipital crest to dorsal part of spine of scapula.
The part corresponding to the minor rhomboid, however, does not
share in this delamination, but is separately segmented off posteriorly,
and joins with its fellow of the opposite side to form a muscular band
passing between the posterior scapular angles of opposite sides.

In Yalpa there is only one rhomboid muscle, “ probably the repre-
sentative of the rhomboideus minor of man.’’*

In most other Insectivora the rhomboid consists of two parts—
anterior corresponding to rhomboid cap. and rhomboid major, and
posterior corresponding to rhomboid minor. Acromiotrachelien is
generally single and inserted into acromion or metacromion, in Tenrec
and Hedgehog along with trapezius.

In Agouti, Mivart and Murie{ describe only “ one continuous sheet
of rhomboid muscle arising from the paramastoid process of the occi-
put, the median line of the neck, and the dowsal vertebree.’’ So also in
Aystiix.§

In other rodents the three rhomboid elements are usually present
and distinct.

Acromiotrachelien in the Hare|| is inserted with the humeral fibres
of the trapezius, and in Agoutif in addition partly into the aponeurosis
of the arm.**

Amongst the Carnivora the rhomboid sheet may have the three
factors represented as a single sheet (Procyon), or they may be distinct.
In the Dog and others the occipital portion seems to be absent. +

The acromiotrachelien is often inserted with the trapezius, and fre-
quently passes backwards crossed by the cephalo-humeral muscle, to be
inserted into the acromion close to or beneath the acromial part of the

trapezius.¢t+ It is double in Cercoleptes.$$
p Pves.$$

M. sternomastoideus (figs 2, 3, and 5 s.m.) takes origin from
the anterior projection of the presternal rostrum, and forms a
rounded orprismatic fleshy mass inserted into the mastoid region
of the skull just above the external auditory meatus and under
cover of the parotid gland.

The fibrous continuation of the imperfect clavicle passes in-
wards to the presternal rostrum just dorsad of the origin of the
muscle. The muscles of opposite sides are in partial contact close
to their origins.

No cleido-mastoid element is present, though such is present in
all other marsupials; and, as already mentioned,|||| the cleido-
occipital, common to all other marsupials, is likewise absent
unless the fibres I have named cleido-trapezius are to be regarded
as such.

= xi... page 212.) viz Pl jJo,0e, band El.."i7,ns..2. (xl, pagesdgs:
Faaevies pace 728%, || vis Bly 252) solves Bh 245. ** Ct, alsoviceel,
940 and 249. ‘ttix., page 180.. tf vi. Pl., page 109. §§1., page 547.
\||| Supra.

14

In Ornithorhynchus the sterno-mastoid is double, one portion being
placed beneath the other.* Neither cleido-mastoid nor cleido-occipital
are segmented off from the sterno-mastoid-trapezius system in either
of the monotreme forms.t In Echidna the sterno-mastoid has an ex-
tensive origin from the ventral face of the median bar of the inter-
clavicle, the presternum, and a large part of the meso-sternum. Its
origin covers part of the origin of the pectoralis major. The origin, as
I have found it, is thus more extensive than Mivart describes it; nor
did I find it so narrow as he did.

A cleido-mastoid is present in Chlamydophorus,{ Tatusia,t Dasypus,§$
Orycteropus,|| and amongst other Edentata, though: it is ot invariably
present, while the cleido-occipital is frequently absent in this order,
though present in Chlamydophorus and some others.

Both sterno- and cleido-mastoids are usually present in Rodentia
Insectivora and Caruvora, though the segmentation of the cleido-mas-
toid from the sterno-mastoid is frequently incomplete. A cleido-occi-
pital, too, is generally developed, but its relations are often modified
by the partial or complete suppression of the clavicle, when it may
enter, with the clavicular deltoid, into the formation of a cephalo-
humeral muscle. It is very frequently, wholly or partially, fused with
the cleido-mastoid, or in some forms with trapezius.

I cannot find any instance in these orders of entire absence of both
cleido-mastoid and cleido-occipital.

M. deltoideus (figs. 1-5, d.t., ¢.d.t., ¢.d., and s.d.) consists of two
distinct sectors, in addition to the delto-trapezius already
described (trapezio-deltoid). The latter occupies a position inter-
mediate between the other two in its course distally towards the
humerus, and in its course it crosses and covers the insertion of
the subclavius into the mesial border of the ‘ meso-scapular seg-
ment.”

The clavicular portion of the deltoid (JZ. cleido-deltordeus ), figs.
3 and 7, c.d.) is comparatively small, and arises from the outer
or lateral third of the clavicle, and thus corresponds to the inser-
tion of the cleido-trapezius. It covers part of the subclavius
muscle.

The scapular portion of the deltoid (spzno- or acromio-deltoid
figs. 1-5, s.d.) takes origin from the outer or lateral borders of
the acromion and meso-scapular segment, and from the entire
length of the post-axial lip of the true scapular spine (meso-
scapula), the posterior fibres lying in the sulcus between the
scapular spine and the broad scapular head of the triceps muscle
(fig. 2, tr.). This part of the muscle is crossed by the ribbon-
like spino-trapezius.

All three sectors of the muscle (including the delto-trapezius)
are inserted into the proximal tubercle and mesial border of the
elongated delto-pectoral tuberosity of the humeral shaft.

*xlv., page 5. +xxxix., ipage 38]. ‘tt xxvii., page 232. §xiv., page
527. ||xv., page 571. ‘I xxvii., page 232.

15

This arrangement of the fibres of the deltoid series closely resembles
that figured jby Cuvier & Laurillard in Phalangista,* and described in
P. vulpina by MacCormick.t It is thus ot the bipartite variety, the
scapular deltoid not being segmented into acromial and spinous
portions.

The muscle is unsegmented in the Giant Kangaroo (Macalister and
Cuvier & Laurillard) Macropus minor (C. & L.), Macropus Bennettii,
and Didelphys (Macalister).{ Itis bipartite in Cuscus and Thylacinus,$
as well as in the Vulpine Phalanger, as already mentioned; also in the

Wombat,|| and in Koala according to Young,! though according to
Macalister** it consists of “three parts inseparably united” in the
latter animal.

It is tripartite in Phascogale,¢ + and in Dasyurus viverrinus.t{ In Sarco-
philusS§ the spinous and acromial portions of the scapular deltoid are
separate, but there is “no clavicular deltoid separate from the outer
fibres of the acromial portion.”

In Perameles an accessory slip from the inferior costa of the scapula
is present according to Owen.|(||

The deltoid in OrnithorhynchusT1 is generally regarded as single and
scapular, though}|Owen*** follows Meckeltt7{ in regarding as an anterior
part of the deltoid that deep ventral muscle which Mivart{{{ has named
“ epicoracohumeral”’ in Echidna. Cuvier and Laurillard figure the latter

muscle$$$ as a middle or lesser pectoral.

In Echidna, Mivart|||||| describes and figures a double deltoid; one
portion is scapular, and corresponds to that in Ornithorhynchus, while
the other is claviculo-acromial, and corresponds in position and at-
tachments to a muscular sector, which seems to constitute the most
anterior division of the pectoralis major in Orinithorhynchus.

Westling,111 in remarking upon this correspondence, raises the ques-
tion for future decision whether in Ornithorhynchus we have a fusion of
originally distinct muscles, or whether the condition in this animal is
primary, the anterior part of the deltoid in Hchidna having arisen as
a secondary differentiation from the pectoralis major.

Westling states that the two muscles are certainly homologous, cor-
responding in origin, position, and innervation. Working in this
laboratory, my friend and former pupil, Dr. W. J. McKay, has satisfied
himself of this homology, and is strongly inclined to the belief that
the sector in question in Ornithorhynchus in reality belongs to the del-
toid system, and not to the pectoral. He finds that it corresponds
accurately in postion and attachments to the “anterior deltoid”’ in
Echidna, and as in the latter animal it splits at its insertion to enclose,
or rather it is folded round, the tendinous insertion of the posterior
deltoid. Again, he confirms Westling’s statement in reference to the
innervation of the muscle. As in Hehidna, so in Ornithorhynchus, it is
supplied exclusively by the “nervus axillaris,” which also supplies the
posterior deltoid in both animals. The anterior thoracic nerves which

Ova tel 177, fig) 2. ane Pl horn lai pete, pace, 115): tein,

page 159. §iv. || xxix., page 159. ‘I 1xxii., page 226. ** xxviii., page
130. Tfriv., page 9. }}xxxvi., pagelldS. §§ xxix., 159. ||| xlv., page 11.
I xxvi., page 791, and vi. Pl., 265, fig. 2. ***xlv., page 6. ttt xxxvili.,
page 26. {it xxxix., page 384. §§§ vi. Pl., 266, fig. 2. |\II|| xxxix., page

o84, Pl. 52, fig. 2. WI lxii., page 17.

16

supply the true pectoralis fibres send no filaments to this muscular
mass, and the only other nerve in relation to it isa cutaneous branch
of the N. supra-coracoideus (peculiar to Monotremes) which pierces
the muscle, but, contra Westling, without supplying twigs to it.

In Chlamydophorus* the deltoid is tripartite, with clavicular, acro-
mial, and spinous sectors, as is the rule amongst the Hdentata. The
clavicular deltoid may, however, be absent, as in Bradypus,t or it may
be rather small, as in Chlamydophorus. In Bradypus the acromial and
spinous portions are fused.

In the Pacaf a clavicular deltoid is separated from an imperfectly
divided acromio-spinous sector by a prolongation of the acromio-
trachelien. A similar clavicular muscle-segment with imperfectly
separated acromial and spinous portions was found by Mivart and
Murie in Agouti and other rodents,$ but they consider the clavicular
fibres to form part of the pectoralis major.

In the Hedgehog]|| the deltoid is distinctly tripartite, the acromial
and spinous portions being separated by the insertion of the
acromio-trachelien. Leche,’ however, refers to it as single.

In Talpa the scapular (spinous) portion is absent, according to
Meckel** and Freeman.+t

In Gymnuratt the clavicular portion is absent.

In Chrysochloris the muscle arises from clavicle and metacromion.

In the Cat, and apparently in the Carnivora generally, the clavicular
deltoid is practically continuous with the cleido-trapezius forming the
cephalohumeral muscle. Acromio- and spino-deltoids are also present,
so that the muscle is here generally tripartite.

M. latissimaus dorsi (figs. 1, 2, 6, and 7) resembles in general
shape the muscle in the human subject. It is crossed by the
spino-trapezius.

Its origin is from the dorsal spines from the 3rd to the 12th
(inclusive). There are no costal origins. Its fibres converge
laterally and anteriorly towards the axilla, where, at the hinder
border of the massive triceps, they ultimately form a thick pris-
matic fleshy mass partly overlapped by the latter muscle. The
latissimus is entirely destitue of a humeral insertion. Lying
just posterior to the triceps, it enters the forearm, halfway down
which the fleshy fibres end abruptly in the aponeurosis of the
forearm, which is thus greatly strengthened, forming a dense
layer on the surface of the flexor carpi ulnaris. The aponeurosis
may be traced down to the manus. The insertion thus corres-
ponds to one form of a dorso-epitrochlearis insertion, which is
not otherwise present, and probably we ought to regard the two
muscles as fused, or rather as unsegmented from one another.
No trace of such a fusion in the form of a tendinous intersection
was present. The muscle is quite unconnected with the teres
major, but opposite the olecranon its fibres run just parallel to

* xxvii., page 243. +xxxii., page 56. tvi. PL, 249, fig. 2, and PL, 251,
fig. 1. §xL, page 398. ||vi. Pl., 75 and 76. {i xxvi., page 792. ** xxxviil.,
page 496. +txi., page 213. {xxvi., page 792.

17

the scapular head of the triceps, and it seems partially adherent
to the postaxial border of that muscle.

In no other marsupial whose myology is recorded is the humeral
insertion lacking, and in all there is a distinct dorso-epitrochlearis
present.

The extent of the vertebral attachment varies much amongst marsu-
pials, and a costal origin is absent in many e.g., Didelphys,* Dasyurus,t
and Koala,t &c.; while in Wombat§ it arises from no less than six of
the lower ribs. In the three forms described by Cunningham|| only
. the last rib afforded an attachment to the muscle.

In Echidna Mivart' describes and figures two muscles as representing
the latissimus. The posterior of these is interesting, as its insertion
corresponds with that in Notoryctes. It is ‘‘very elongated, and is
triangular from its origin as far as the elbow. It arises, by digitations,
from six ribs (namely from the 8th to the 13th), and, becoming nar-
rower, passes beneath the interior condyle. A little below the middle
of the forearm it becomes intimately united with the surface of the
flexor carpi ulnaris.”” The ulnar insertion of the panniculus is figured
as in close dorsal relation to the latter. The anterior muscle from the
first eleven dorsal spines is “inserted into the inner condyle of the
humerus, in union with what appears to be the dorso-epitrochlear.”
This “ dorso-epitrochlear”’ the author describes as arising from the
posterior extremity of the vertebral border of the scapula and from
the tendon of the teres major, and as inserted into the inner condyle
of the humerus with the second part of the latissimus by a very strong
tendon. The term “ dorso-epitrochlear”’ as applied to this slip cannot
be retained, as the fibres in question are undoubtedly only a deep.
ship of the latissimus. The true dorso-epitrochlear fibres are to be
sought for amongst the fibres of insertion of the posterior part of the
latissimus. Westling indeed reckons the latter muscle as simply a
dorse-epitrochlearis (including “ dorso-antebrachialis’”’ and “ dorso-
brachialis ” portions).**

In Ornithorhynchus, Owen,t t following Meckel, describes the latissimus
as long and broad, arising from all the dorsal and lumbar spines and
the eleven posterior ribs, and inserted by a broad and strong tendon
into the distal half of the ulnar margin of the humerus, and, with part
of the panniculus, into the fascia attached to the olecranon and spread-
ing over the forearm. At its anterior part the muscle may be divided
into a superficial and a deep stratum. Here, as in Echidna, the dorso-
epitrochlear fibres are probably represented by those which descend
into the forearm and spread out in its fascia.

In Cuvier & Laurillard’s plates,{{ however, a segmentation is figured
into an anterior or spinal and a posterior or costal portion, answering
to Mivart’s similar segments in Echidna.

In Chlamydophorus$$ the muscle also consists of two parts, but the
anterior, which arises from hinder dorsal and anterior lumbar vertebre,
is inserted into the “ posterior inferior angle of the post-scapula.”’
This is unrepresented in any other Edentata. The second (posterior)

* xxix., page 156. txxxvi., page 105. +xxviii., page 129. § xxix., page
156. ||iv., page 5. “I xxxix, page 380. **Ixii., page 21. +t xlv., page 11.
+E vi. Pl., 266, 7. andz. 1. §§ xxvii., page 236.

B

18

part of the muscle is costofascial in origin, is closely attached to the
pectoralis quartus, and has the usual humeral insertion close to the
teres major. Other Edentata vary as regards origin of the muscle, but
all possess the usual humeral insertion, while, in addition, they all
possess a dorso-epitrochlearis element ‘associated with the latissimus,
and often closely connected with the panniculus or pectoralis quartus.
The insertion of the dorso-epitrochlear muscle is more variable than
in marsupials, and is frequently prolonged into the fascia of the fore-
arm (Chlamydophorus* and Orycteropust ), or even to the palmar fascia

(Cyclothurust ), and it may be partly united with the scapular triceps, |

as in Orycteropus.§

In Talpa Cuvier & Laurillard|| figure the latissimus as giving off a
slip to the fascia of the forearm before becoming inserted into the
humerus. This is not mentioned by Freeman,{ but is plainly a true
dorso-epitrochlear slip.

In this animal, as noted by the latter observer, the latissimus is
rather large, and consists of two portions, anterior and posterior,
separated by an interspace. The two parts, however, unite, and are
humeral in their insertion.

A dorso-epitrochlearis is present in all the Insectiwora. It is broad
and thin in Gymnura.** In Chrysochlorist+ it consists of fibres, which
pass from the latissimus to the ossified tendon of the flexor profundus
digitorum. The latissimus itself in this animal is inserted into a pro-
cess running out from the internal condyle of the humerus.

The dorso-epitrochlearis is usually present in Rodentia and Carnwora.
In the Rabbit{{ it is continued into the flexor carpi ulnaris according

,to Humphry.

M. serratus magnus (figs. 6, 7, and 21, s.mg.) consists of two
portions—anterior and posterior.

The anterior, by far the larger, is a fan-shaped muscle, partly
cervical, but chiefly costal in its origin.

The costal fibres arise as a series of fleshy slips from the first
five costal arches, the more posterior origins being partly over-
lapped by the lateral free margin of the M. rectus abdominis.
The origin from the first costal arch is from the vertebral seg-
ment, and partly indeed from its tubercle dorsally. The cervical
fibres form only a small anterior portion of the muscle lying
dorsal to the cords of the brachial plexus, and arising from the
transverse process of the seventh cervical vertebra, and slightly
from the corresponding portion of the fused cervical vertebral
mass.

This anterior portion of the muscle is inserted along the whole
length of the ventral lip of the vertebral border of the scapula
close to the rhomboid insertion.

The posterior sector of the muscle (not shown in drawing) is
separated from the anterior at its origin by a very considerable

* xxvii., page 236. {xv., page 574. txxvii., page 237. §xv., page
574. ||vi. Pl., 80, fig. 5. xi, page 212. ** viii., page 395. TT xxv.,
page 807. ttxx., page 151.

19

interval. It is a slender slip, placed under cover of the latissimus
dorsi, which arises from the eighth, ninth, and tenth ribs, a short
distance external to the line of their angles (and distinctly from
the dorsal aspect of the chest wall). This runs forwards under
cover of the latissimus to reach the hinder angle of the vertebral
border of the scapula. There it crosses the posterior part of the
insertion of the rhomboid, and is inserted into the dorsal aspect
of this angle of the bone. At its insertion its fibres are close to
and parallel with the scapular attachment of the anterior sector
of the muscle with whose fibres it was evidently in series, consti-
tuting a retractor scapule muscle. Its nerve supply was from
the nerve to the serratus.

There is no separate levator anguli scapule muscle present, the
serratus as described representing the entire ‘ ¢rachelo-costo-
scapulur” muscle of Testut.*

Amongst marsupials the levator scapulae is nearly always lacking as
a separate muscle, and the serratus is invariably trachelo-costo-scapu-
lar in its attachments, and is generally a continuous sheet. The
extent both of its costal and its cervico-vertebral attachment is very
variable. It isa single and continuous sheet in Koala,t Thylacinus,
and Phascogale,{ Dasywrus and Phalangista,$ Macropus gig. and minor. ||
Macalister found it in Wombat)| divided into a weak upper part from
four cervical vertebre and three upper ribs, and a strong lower part
from the ribs from the fifth to the eleventh, converging to the sub-
scapular aspect of the inferior angle of the scapula, and a small part
of the axillary margin. The condition was the same in one specimen
of Sarcophilus,|| but in another? he found a separable levator anguli
scap. from the second and third cervical transverse processes.

In Didelphys** a levator anguli scapulae is wholly or partly separable.
Cunninghamytyt found “an indication of a division of the serratus in
Cuscus into a cervical and a costal portion.”’

In Dasyurus,t{ although the muscle is continuous, MacCormick
describes the posterior five costal digitations as converging “‘in a fan-
like manner, so as to come to a point at the posterior superior angle
of the scapula, where they are inserted tendinously. The posterior
edge of the tendon folds round the posterior part of the insertion of
the rhomboid.” This latter part of the muscle, as well as the de-
tached posterior sector in Wombat,$§ I take to be homologous to the
detached posterior slip in WNotoryctes, although the latter is more
dorsally placed, and altogether beneath the latissimus; ¢.f., also
Cuvier & Laurillard’s plate of Phal. cavifrons.||||

In Echidna the serratus magnus and levator anguli scap. are in-
separable, forming a thick layer, extending back as far as the fourth
rib only, or the fifth rib according to Westling.***

Meckel+++ describes the serratus magnus in Ornithorhynchus as con-

*lvi., page 66. + xxviii., page 129, and lxxii. tiv., page 6. § xxxvi.,
page 110. ||xxix., page 155. ‘1 xxx., page 18. **xxxvili., page 478, and
wis, Pls; 275, fig. 3. thiv., page, 5:, Ti xxxyi., page 110. §§xxix., page
155. ||| vi. Pl., page 178. ‘Il xxxix., page 383. ‘***lxii., page 13.
tht xxxviii., page 487, and xxxvii.

20

sisting of two distinct portions—a posterior costal from the first three
ribs, and an anterior part from the six lowest cervical vertebrz. The
fibres of the former converge to the inferior angle of the scapula, and
those of the latter to the vertebral margin. In addition he describes*
two levatores anguli scapulae, one or both of which, however, are more
probably to be looked upon as of the nature of “ acromio-trachelien ”
muscles.

In Chlamydophorust the serratus magnus is large, single and un-
divided, the levator anguli scapulae being unsegmented from it. In
Tatusia and Dasypus, Macalister{ found it bipartite, the anterior costo-
cervical part including levator anguli.

Humphry§ recognises in the Ai both anterior and posterior serratus
factors and levator anguli, and Macalister|| found the same in Cyclo-
thurus. -

In Orycteropus and several other Edentates? the “ trachelo-costo-
scapular’ system of fibres is either continuous or imperfectly divided.

In Agouti and various other Rodents** (Guinea Pig, Rabbit, and
Hare) conditions obtain similar to those just described, i.e., there is a
*trachelo costo scapular” muscle corresponding to the serratus magnus
and levator scapulz. In Agouti it is indivisible; in the other forms
there is a line of separation in the muscular sheet opposite the third
rib, which Mivart and Murie regard as marking off the levator. Inthe
Rabbit Leche++ follows Krause in regarding as the true levator anguli
a distinct muscle which others{{ regard as a rhomboideus capitis.

In Talpa$$ the serratus and levator scapulz are distinct, and the
former purely costal in origin. So alsoin Hrinaceus and Chrysochloris|||\,
though in the latter the anterior border of serratus is overlapped by
the levator. In Gymnura, however, according to Dobson, the serratus
magnus is “very large, consisting of a cervical and a thoracic portion,
the former the united levator anguli scapule.”

In most Carnivora the trachelo-costo-scapular muscle is a continuous
sheet.

M. subclavius (fig. 3, s, and figs. 6 and 7, s.c.) takes origin
from the anterior border and part of the ventral surface of the
first costal arch, being attached to, and around, the prominent
tubercle on the anterior border of the rib. At this point the
costal arch exhibits in some specimens a segmentation into ver-
tebral and sternal portions, in the shape of a synchondrosis whose
plane cuts the tubercle obliquely. The muscle thus arises from
adjacent portions of doth sternal and vertebral rib-segments.

This subdivision is not visible in all specimens.

The muscle thus arising is comparatively narrow at its origin,
but spreads out into a broad and slightly tendinous band as it
proceeds forwards and outwards to its insertion, which is into
the mesial border of the ‘‘ mesoscapular segment ” of the shoulder-
girdle, partly into the adjacent part of the mesial border of the

* XXxVilil., page 478. txxvil., page 242. txxvii., page 242. §xxii.,
page 32. || xxvil., 242. ‘I xv., page 570, and xxvii., page 243. **xl., page
393. ttxxvi., page 730. {tlvi. and xl., page 393. §§xi., page 212.
|| xxvi., page 767. I vili., page 394.

21

acromion, and slightly in front of this into to the fascia over the
supraspinatus muscle. Jn its course it passes under cover of the
clavicle, and of the cleido- and deltotrapezius. At its origin it
lies immediately mesiad of the insertion, into the ventral face of
the first costal arch, of the M. rectus abdominis, and immediately
dorsal to it the great vessels of the forelimb arch over the first
rib to enter the axilla. They are, however, sunk in the deep
concavity behind the tubercle of origin of the muscle. Under
cover of the tendon of insertion there stretches a strong liga-
mentous arcuate band between the coracoid and the mesoscapular
end of the clavicle—a coraco-clavicular ligament. As the muscle
passes under cover of the clavicle and cleido-trapezius the post-
axial border of the subclavius is more or less adherent to the
deep surface of these structures, and a deep lamina of the tendon
of insertion is attached or adherent to the coraco-clavicular
ligament.

The origin of this muscle amongst marsupials is a very constant one.
It arises from the first costal cartilage as in man, or from the first rib.
In Notoryctes no fibres from any other source of origin enter the sub-
elavius such as Rolleston has described arising from the sixth costal
cartilage in Wombat.*

The insertion, on the other hand, is very variable in this order. The
fibres are wholly arrested at the clavicle as in man in Cuscus, Phas-
cogale,t Macropus major and minor, Phalangista cavifrons,§ and Koala
(usually).$

In Thylacinus|| it is attached solely to the fascia over the supra-
spinatus muscle, constituting a variety of sterno-scapular muscle.

In Sarcophilus? Macalister found it attached to the clavicle only in
one case, and to clavicle and scapular spine in another, and to clavicle
and acromion in Didelphys ;** while in Dasyuwrus viverrinus and Phal.
vulpinat{ it is inserted into clavicle, acromion, and supra-spinatus
fascia, and in Wombat, by means of the latter to the whole length of
the scapular spine (Rolleston).{{

In Echidna and Ornithorhynchus, according to Rolleston,$§ the sub-
clavius muscle is represented by the epicoraco-humeral muscle of
Mivart.||||_ This arises in Echidna from the ventral surface and outer
border of the epicoracoid, and is inserted into the radial tuberosity of
the humerus between the pectoral and supra-spinatus insertions and
into a ridge running distally from this.

The muscle in Ornithorhynchus corresponding to Mivart’s epicoraco-
humeral has beeu figured by Meckel, as already noted, under the name
of an anterior deltoid, and by Cuvier and Laurillard*** as a middle or
small pectoral.

Humphry, as against Rolleston, takes the latter view of this muscle
in Monotremes, when he says,t+{ “I conceive the pectoralis minor to

- i, page 626. ‘iv., page G;: £viz. Ply 195, J8l and: 179. ‘Sixxu,
page 226, and xxvili., page 130. |liv., page 6. ‘] xxix., page 158, and
Xxx., page 130. **xxix., page 158. +t{xxxvi., page 111. {tli., Explan.
of fig. 3 and Pl. 47. _ §§li., page 617. _|||| xxxix., page 383. ‘I Supra p.
Soave bl, 266, fic, 2. Th xx., page 157;

22

be formed from factors of the pectoralis major which, or some of which,
represent the epicoraco-humeral of Urodelans, Reptiles, and Mono-
tremes.” And Mivart himself regards the subclavius as r2presented in
Echidna by “a small and thin muscle which arises from the anterior
border of the first rib for the greater part of its length, and which is
inserted into the coracoid immediately behind (or rather above) the
origin of the coracobrachialis.’’*

This “ costo-coracoid” muscle in Echidna is described and figured by
Westling. +

Iam indebted to Dr. McKay for most of the following particulars
regarding the corresponding conditions in Ornithorhynchus.{ A fairly-
strong costo-coracoid muscle is present, with similar attachments to
those in Kchidna given above, from Mivart. Its fibres converge to a
tendinous insertion into the posterior tip of the coracoid. This muscle
must, I imagine, correspond to the ‘‘pectoralis minor” referred to by
Owen$ as “inserted into the coracoid,’ or less probably to his
“ subclavius,”’ which he describes as “ also inserted into the coracoid.”
While, then, the costo-coracoid muscle of Ornithorhynchus is either
Owen’s lesser pectoral or his subclavius, the other of these must find
its homologue in a muscle called by Westling in Echidna “sterno-
coracoid,|| but which neither in that animal nor in the Ornithorhynchus
is attached to the coracoid, though it is in close relation to that bone.
Thus in Ornithorhynchus it arises from the anterior border of the first
costal arch just mesiad of, and close to, the costo-coracoideus ; and
it also arises from the dorsal, or deep, aspects of both the interclavicle
(slightly) and the presternum. It is inserted into the anterior half of
the dorsal or deep surface of the epicoracoid in close relation to (mesiad
of) the origin of the “ epicoraco-brachialis.””’ A somewhat more appro-
priate, if more cumbrous, name for this muscle is M. sterno-costo-
epicoracoidenus. aay

Both of these muscles (Mm. costo-coracoideus and sterno-epicoracoi-
deus) I take to represent the ordinary mammalian subclavius, for not
only are the two muscles in such close relation, possessing analogous
attachments, but their innervation is from a common source, viz., a
branch of the brachial plexus (ventral aspect) homologous to the
nervus thoracicus inferior of Fiirbinger in Saurians,{ and probably
to the “‘ nerve to the subclavius”’ of mammals.

In Echidna Dr. McKay finds this nerve giving a branch to the
phrenic, as the nerve to the subclavius occasionally does in man.

Their segmentation as distinct muscles is doubtless correlated with
the partially independent mobility of coracoid and epicoracoid.

The marked divergence of type from the ordinary mammalian sub-
clavius is dependent upon the high development of the coracoids,
causing interruption of the fibres, and thus arresting them in their
passage towards clavicle and scapula.

In Chlamydophorus** the subclavius is large, and has a wide origin
from the broad sternal segment of the first costal arch. It passes
beneath clavicle, and is inserted into the coracoid process, the acromion
and the acromial end of the clavicle very slightly or not at all (Hyrtl).t+

*xxxix., page 382. t+lxil., page 14, and Taf. ii, fig. 6 c.c. {lxxvil.
§xlv., page6. || lxii., page 15, and Taf. ii., fig. 6 st. c. 4] xili., page 709-11.
** xxvil., page 241. ti xxiv., page 32.

23

Macalister also describes separately a retro-clavicularis included by
Hyrtl as part of the subclavius, and passing from first rib to acromion
and supraspinous fascia.

In Orycteropus* Galton found the subclavius arising from the manu-
brium sterni and its junction with the first rib, and also by fibres pro-
longed from the terminal aponeurosis of the rectus abdominis.
Humphry} in the same animal found it arising from first and second
costal cartilages and adjacent part of sternum, while both authors
fonnd it inserted into acromial part of clavicle, acromion, and fascia
over the supraspinatus muscle; while in addition Galton found it in-
serted into a sesamoid bone just below the acromio-clavicular joint,
embedded in fibres of the deltoid, and which he surmises may possibly
be a “meso-scapular segment.’’ He also says that a thin stratum
derived from the lower portion of the muscle finds insertion by
aponeurosis along the inner edge of the strong coraco-acromial
ligament.

According to Humphry{ and Macalister the muscle is entirely ab-
sent in Manis and the Anteaters and Armadilloes. In Ai it was thin
and weak. In Tutusia$ Macalister found it very large.

In Dasypus sexcinctus, according to Galton|| and Macalister, the
muscle is strongly developed. And in Cuvier & Laurillard’s plate,
No. 260, the muscle is seen closely to resemble that in Notoryctes.
Galton describes it as arising from the “ irregularly oval and roughish
depression seen at the expanded anterior termination of the first rib,
and also from its superior edge for a short distance.” “It is inserted
by a flat tendon along the whole extent of the upper ridge of the long
acromion process of the scapula, and becomes, moreover, continuous
with the strong fascia which covers the head of the humerus and
which is lost over the supra-spinatus. The strong coraco-clavicular
ligament passes across through the substance of the muscle, close to
the insertion of the latter, splitting it into two unequal portions, the
smaller and anterior of which dips under the hgament to join its ten-
don, while the largest portion passes over the ligament.” This inser-
tion (see also Galton’s fig. 2, pl. 44) much resembles that in Notoryctes.

In Dasyprocta cristata Mivart and Murie** describe a “ sterno-scapu-
lar ” muscle with double origin, the smaller factor of which they sug-
g@st (following Meckel}+) may be subclavius. (Galton{{ refers to this
observation in connection with the subclavius in Dasypus.) The
whole muscle is long and narrow, and the smaller head arises from the
outer side of the base of the manubrium and from the cartilage of the
first rib. The larger head arises from the sternum between the origins
of the first and second parts of the pectoralis major. The muscle is
inserted slightly into the distal end of the clavicle and into the scapula
and fascia over the supra-spinatus.

In the Rabbit and Guinea Pig, according to the same authors,$$ the
two slips are present, but in the Hare there is only one broad origin.
In the Porcupine also, according to Galton,|||| the muscle is a single
strap-like band arising from the costal portion of the first rib, and

*xv., page 571. + xxi., page 297, and xxxv., page, 494. {xxii., page
26. §xxvil., page 241. ||xiv,, page 528. [ xxvii, page 241. **xl.,
page 398. TfxxXviil., page 444. {{ xiv., page 528. §§ xL, page 398.
| xiv., page 529, and vi. Pl., 229, fig. 2.

24

inserted partly into the scapular end of the clavicle and into the spine
of the scapula and the fascia over the supraspinatus muscle. (Cf.
also Rolleston’s detailed description of the double sterno-scapular
muscle in the Guinea Pig, the smaller of which he also regards as
homologous to the subclavius.*)

Windle just mentionst the subclavius as “a strong muscle” in
Erethizon epixanthus, but the same author{ has described in detail the
condition in the Rabbit, and concludes that the deep sterno-scapular
slip there present represents probably part at least of the subclavius.

In Talpa Freeman§ refers to the large subclavius arising from pro-
sternum and first rib, and dividing into two parts to be inserted (a) into
the outer third of the dorsal margin of the coraco-clavicle (b) into the
short acromion and the acromio-clavicular ligament.

Cuvier and Laurillard|| figure a subclavius in the Hedgehog whose
origin very closely resembles in its relations that of Notoryctes; its
insertion? appears to be clavicular and acromial.

Leche** notes a subclavius as present in Condylwra, Solenodon and
Gymnura. :

A true subclavius seems hardly to be represented amongst the Car-
nwwora, though sterno-scapular slips are found, e.g. in Dog and Hyzna**,
and in Procyon cancrivorust + and others. Probably most of these slips
are of the nature not of subclavius, but of “ pectoralis minimus,” or,
as Windle names them, “ deep manubrial” slips of the pectoral group
(see this author’s discussion on the subject of sterno-scapular slips).{{

M. pectoralis (figs. 3, 6 and 7, p.a., p.b., and p.c.). The pectoralis
system of fibres consists of a large mass of considerable thickness
and of the ordinary triangular or fan-like shape. It is separable
into three sectors, which we have distinguished as A, B and C,
with which will also be described the humeral portion of the
panniculus carnosus.

In one specimen the sternal rostrum was specially large, and
was perforated by a large oval fenestra (fig. 21, fen.) filled up
with fibrous membrane from either side of which fibres of oppo-
site pectoral muscles took origin.

M. pectoralis A (figs. 3, 6 and 7, p.a.) arises from the rostrum
and body of the presternum and from the sternal end of the
clavicular arch, the latter fibres being overlapped at their origin
by the sternal attachment of the sterno-mastoid muscle. Its
deepest fibres further arise from the broad, flat and expanded
inner end of the first costal arch. From this origin the fibres
extend outwards, chiefly transversely, but the hinder fibres more
obliquely, towards the humerus, and they end in a partly fleshy
insertion which is attached, along with that of the next sector,
into the distal of the two tuberous elevations of the “deltoid
ridge,” which is thus a deltopectoral tuberosity.

*li., page 611-2. tlxv., page 128. {1xvii., page 354. §xi., page 211.
vi. Pl. °75, fig. 2h. “Wvi. Pl., 76, fig. 2. ** xxvi.j page 764. Tria,
page 82. tt lxvii., page 352, e¢ seq.

25

M. pectoralis B (figs. 3, 6 and 7, p.b.)—the second sector of
the pectoral mass—is separated from the more anterior, A, by an
almost transverse cleavage line, but its fibres are otherwise simply
in series with the fibres of A. It arises from the whole length
of the mesosternum, and also by deep digitations from the adja-
cent parts of the sternal segments of the second to the sixth
costal arches, inclusive. Its fibres pass obliquely outwards and
forwards, converging to a thin flattened tendon which becomes
continuous at the humeral end with the more fleshy insertion of
pectoralis, A, which it partly overlaps.

M. pectoralis, C (figs. 3, 6 and 7, p.c.), is separated from the
rest of the muscle superficially by a sulcus of radial cleavage, but
its insertion is totally different from that of the two preceding
sectors. It is the most posterior and lateral of the three pectoral
muscles, and on the whole its origin is deeper, and is largely
covered by the muscle last described.

It arises by a series of deep fleshy slips from the sternal seg-
ments of the second to the seventh costal arches (inclusive),
laterad of, and overlapped by, the corresponding slips of pectoralis
B, from which it is completely separate.

Its outer or axillary margin is not covered by B until it enters
the axilla; it is, however, covered posteriorly (caudad) by the
mesio-ventral portion of the superficial muscular sheet of the
panniculus. The latter is here very thin, and consists of fibres
arising from the anterior abdominal aponeurosis near the mesial
line, and extending forwards and outwards. These fibres do not
form a distinct band, but they probably represent the pectoralis
quartus, which is otherwise absent.

Immediately external to the lateral border of pectoralis C the
paunicular fibres form a denser layer, covering a portion of the
rectus abdominus, which courses forwards beneath them and
parallel with pectoralis C. The fibres of the humeral portion of
the panniculus stratum cover the whole lateral thoracic wall in a
continuous sheet, extending from the surface of pectoralis C
laterally and dorsally as far as the ventral border of the latissi-
mus. Its fibres are directed forwards, converging to enter the
axilla, and are then inserted into the border of a tendinous arch,
which crosses the axillary vessels and nerves. The ventral end
of this tendinous arch is attached to, and inserted along with,
the insertion of pectoralis C into the greater (radial) tuberosity
of the humerus close to the joint-capsule, and just external to,
and also bridging over, the bicipital groove, and thus indirectly
into the lesser tuberosity of the humerus.

It appears to me very evident that the sectors denominated A and
B together represent the “ pectoralis major ;”’ and that sector C repre-
sents the “ pectoralis minor.”’ Further, a pectoralis quartus is not

26

differentiated from the “humeral” or “ abdomino-humeral ” panni-
culus. i

Adopting Windle’s* convenient classification of the pectoral group
of fibres, | may say that pectoralis A is a “ superficial manubrial,’”’ or
rather “ manubrio-clavicular;’’ pectoralis B is a “gladiolar,” fused
with a superficial lamella of a “ costal”? segment; that pectoralis C is
a deep “ costal” segment; and that an “abdominal ” segment is repre-
sented by the abdomino-humeral panniculus, no special pectoralis
quartus being present distinct from the latter. Upon the question of
the morphological relations of the pectoral muscles to the panniculus,
c.f., also paper by Parsons upon the myology of rodents ;+ this author
regards the pectoral mass as differentiated from the panniculus.

With regard to the attachment of the humeral panniculus it may be
noted that the dorsal end of the tendinous arch described above pos-
sesses no definite attachment to bone. It is traceable dorsally under
cover of the latissimus, which there overlaps the humeral panniculus as
the latter enters the axilla. It is doubtless the homologue of the
achselbogen so commonly present in mammals, such as, for example,
MacCormick{t notes in Phalangista, which there, as in Notoryctes,
receives fibres of the panniculus, and in Phalangista also fibres of the
pectoralis quartus. If we are to look upon part of the panniculus
fibres in Notoryctes as those of a pectoralis quartus, then the fibres of
the latter muscle are not inserted along with or close to those of the
pectoralis major as in Cuscus, Thylacinus, and Phascogale,§ and in
Phalangista vulpina,|| but, like the fibres of MacCormick’s ‘“ ventro-
humeral”? muscle (true pectoralis quartus?), are blended with the
tendon of the pectoralis minor.

The question of the homology of the pectoralis quartus has been the
subject of much discussion by many writers, and it is certain that
various pectoral and axillary muscles have indifferently received this
name. Windle concludes his discussion of the subject by remarking
that “the diverse views held by authors who have been cited, and
by others who might have been mentioned, with regard to pectoralis
quartus and achselbogen, are many of them reduced to an agreement,
by what I believe to be a right comprehension of the so-called panni-
culus of the abdomen, namely, that it is the hindermost portion of
the members of the pectoral group.” I cannot think that this is a
satisfactory mode of statement, and I should incline rather to accept
Prof. Cunningham’s% view in reference to axillary muscles generally,
that in that region “there is not the same sharp, well-defined subdi-
vision between the panniculus and the deeper stratum that exists
elsewhere.”

For a general survey of the arrangement of the elements of the
pectoral group of muscles in various mammalian orders I would simply
refer to Windle’s comprehensive sketch in the memoir already quoted
from.**

M. subscapularis (figs. 6 and 7, sbs.). A comparatively broad
and triangular muscle, whose fibres are arranged in a bipenniform
manner. Its fibres arise from the venter or inner aspect of the

*Ixvii., page 349. +xlvili., page xet seg. +xxxvi., page 112. §xxi.,
page 7. .'||xxxvi., page 112. 4 v., page 385. ** Ixvii.

27

scapula in its whole extent, and from the septum between it and
the adjacent teres major, and they are inserted into the lesser
(postaxial) tuberosity of the proximal end of the humerus.

The muscle not only covers the mesial aspect of the compara-
tively narrow scapula, but projects both anteriorly and posteriorly
beyond the limits of the bone so as to lie in contact with the
supra-spinatus preaxially and with the broad scapular head of the
triceps postaxially (the latter muscle being attached to the whole
of the postaxial or “axillary” border of the scapula).

Neither in Marsupials nor in the Eutherian orders with which com-
parison has been specially made does the subscapularis present features
which call for special remark. It varies for the most part merely in
its size relative to other muscles and to its surface origin, and in its
degree of attachment to or freedom from the teres major on the one
side and the supra-spinatus on the other. In the Dog Humphry* notes
that it is partly blended with the supra-spinatus, and in the Mole with
the teres major. Freeman,+ however, describes it as a small indepen-
dent muscle in the last-named form.

In Ornithorhynchus Owen notes it as a very narrow muscle. I find
it relatively rather broad, much exceeding the width of the scapular
plate, occupying indeed portions of both inner and outer surfaces. In
a recent short paper$ Dr. W. J. 8. McKay and the writer have called
attention to the significance of this attachment of the subscapularis in
the identification of the borders and surfaces of the monotreme scapula.

In Hchidna, subscapularis, according to Mivart and Westling,|| is
confined to the outer surface of the scapula posterior to the origin of
the long head of the triceps.

Dr. McKay and the writer find that in Echidna the muscle arises
largely as Mivart describes it, but that in addition it arises from the
whole of the actual posterior border of the scapula, and slightly en-
croaches upon the inner aspect of the bone, when its limit is indicated
by a faint ridge near the margin.

The muscle which Leche? takes for subscapularis in Ornithorhynchus
is certainly not the homologue of the true subscapularis, which he
rightly recognises in Hchidna, but corresponds to that which Westling
names the subscapularis accessorius in Echidna. The true subscapularis
in Ornithorhynchus is erroneously described by Leche as a large second
part of teres major (q.v.).

M. teres major (figs. 6 and 7, tm.) arises from the posterior
(post-scapular) angle of the scapula, which forms a backwardly
prolonged horn of the crescentic base or mesial border of the
bone (vide fig. 8), and from a tendinous intersection between it
and the adjacent axillary. border of the M. subscapularis.

Its origin from bone is narrow and tendinous, and from it the
muscle spreads out somewhat in its course towards the proximal
part of the shaft of the humerus, into which it is inserted, under

*xx., page 158, Note. txi., page 214. {xlv., Vol. iii, page 5. § Ixiv.
XXx1x., page 384. {/ xxvi., page 796.

28

cover of the biceps muscle, into the inner lip of the bicipital
groove.

The muscle is quite free from the latissimus dorsi. Its origin
is excluded from the axillary border of the scapula by the greatly
extended scapular head of the triceps, which occupies the whole
of that border lying close to the subscapular muscle.

The muscle in Marsupials is usually well developed, and has the
ordinary attachments. It is frequently in connection with the latissi-
mus at its insertion (e.g., Thylacinus*), and with the subscapularis near
its origin. In no case is it excluded from the axillary or posterior
margin, as in Notoryctes.

In Ornithorhynchus, Owent notes a large teres major. Lecheft
describes it as consisting of two quite separate and well-developed
portions, the larger of which, doubtless, corresponds to a muscle which
Meckel$ regards as the separately developed scapular portion of the
latissimus, while the other, deeper, shorter, and thicker, corresponds
to the teres major of the latter author. As already stated, it is the
first part of Leche which is the true teres major. His second part is
subscapularis.

In Echidna, Mivart|| correctly notes tt as a small muscle tendinous
at origin and insertion, arising from the recurved posterior angle of
the scapula, and inserted into the prominent ridge running down from
the lesser tuberesity.

In Chlamydophorus{ the muscle is large, and “ occupies an extensive
area of the posterior margin of the post scapula.” It is attached to
the subscapularis, as also in Tatusia and Dasypus,{i while in all these
it is separate from the latissimus.

In some other Edentates, however, it is united with the latter at its
insertion.

In Cyclothurus** it is a huge muscle, arising from axillary border, and
also from spine of scapula, and having close relations to the scapular
triceps, as well as to the latissimus. Galtont+ notes that Cuvier re-
garded the muscle as part of the triceps, but maintains that at least
the fibres arising from the scapular costa are to be regarded as teres.
Humphryt?+ speaks of the whole muscle as teres; and in the same
animal he notes a strap-like portion of muscle which passes from the
angle of the scapula, with the latissimus, to be inserted into the inner
side of the olecranon and partly into the inner side of the forearm.
He is doubtful whether this belongs to latissimus or teres.

Macalister$§ notes that in Orycteropus and Tatusia dorso-epitrochlear
fibres arise from the teres major.

In Orycteropus Galton notes the muscle as at its origin completely
fused with the scapular triceps. || ||

In the Mole the teres major is very large, “‘ perhaps more hyper-
trophied than any of the arm muscles,” arising from upper two-thirds
of axillary border, a broad surface on the vertebral border, by an ad-
ditional slip from the anterior part of vertebral border, and from

*iv., page 8. + xlv., page 6. }txxvi., page 795. §xxxvii., page 26.
|| xxxix., page 384, ‘I xxvii., page 245. ** xvi., page 248. tt xvi., page
249. ttxxil., page 35. §§xxvii., page 246. |llixv., page 078. ‘‘I{ xi,
page 213.

29

interscapular ligament. Its tendon of insertion is largely united with
the latissimus.

In Chrysochloris* it arises as a bicipital muscle, but the heads unite
with each other and with the latissimus towards their insertion.

M. teres minor is entirely absent.

Amongst Marsupials it is absent as a rule, according to Meckel.+
It is present, however, in Cuscus, and Thylacine, Koala? occasionally,s
Dasyuwrus viverrinus, and Phalangista vulpina,|| though in the latter
Macalister could not separate it from the infraspinatus.

Cuvier and Laurillard figure it in Mucropus giganteus.1

In Phascolomys and Sarcophilus** Macalister found it represented by
a fibrous band merely.

It is said to be entirely absent in the Monotremata.t+ I cannot,
however, think that sufficient consideration has been given to the
claims of the small muscle, which Westling}{} names “subscapularis
accessorius’’ in Echidna, to represent a teres minor. I have already
pointed out that it is the homologue of this muscle in Ornithorhynchus
which Leche erroneously describes as the subscapularis in that animal.
In point of fact there is no essential difference between Ornithorhynchus
and Hehidna in respect of the arrangement of the muscles of this
region For details of this arrangement [ must refer to Dr. McKay’s
forthcoming account of the myology of the region in the twoforms. But
I have satisfied myself from that gentleman’s dissections that the little
muscle in question does not correspond with any other typical muscle
of the region if we except the teres minor. It is mentioned by Mivart
in Echidna§$§ as a “ small delicate muscle,”’ but he attaches no name to
it, and the only view regarding it of which I am aware is Westling
and Leche’s, according to which it is, in the Echidna, a subscapularis
accessorius, and in the Ornithorhynchus, the subscapularis itself. It is
indeed possible that it is a “subscapularis accessorius.”’ It receives
its nerve supply from the Nervus axillaris like the subscapularis; but
the twig of supply comes off the N. axillaris between the subscapular
branch and that for the scapular deltoid, in fact nearer to the latter,
with which nerve it is connected by a filament of communication ; so
that the mode of innervation is at least as consistent with the
homology to a teres minor. But further, its position seems to
negative its attinity to subscapularis, for the scapular head of the
triceps passes between the two, so that the small muscle is con-
tiguous on the other hand to the infraspinatus. A muscle thus
arising from the scapula close to the glenoid cavity, intercalated
between infraspinatus on the one hand and long or scapular
head of the triceps on the other, may surely well enough be teres
minor, especially as its innervation is quite conformable to that view
of its homology. It is indeed only with regard to its insertion that
any serious difficulty arises, for in both Echidna and Ornithorhynchus
the muscle in question is inserted close to the subscapularis, though
quite distinct from it, into the dorsal face of the expanded ulnar

*xxvi., page 796. txxxvili., page 513. tiv., page 8. §lxxii., page
227, and xxvili., page 130. ||xxxvi., page 117. ‘vi. Pl., page 177-8.
** xxix., page 159. tfxxvi., page 795, and xxxix., page 384. +t lxii.,
page 15. §§$ xxxix., page 385.

30

tuberosity, and separated by a considerable interval from the attach-
ment of the infraspinatus to the dorsal face of the expanded radial
tuberosity. Nevertheless there is no intervening structure between
the two insertions, and the enormous lateral expansion of the neck of
the humerus by means of the projections of the flattened tuberosities,
in a plane almost at right angles to that of the projection of the
epicondyles, may readily account for the dislocation of the insertion of
a muscle which every other test would serve to indicate as teres minor.

Amongst Edentata the muscle is generally, though not invariably,
present. It is small in Chlamydophorus.* It is absent according to
Macalister, at least as a muscle distinct from the infraspinatus, in
both Bradypus didactylus and B. tridactylus and in Cyclothwrust, though
Humphry?{ seems to have found it in the last two, taking for it a slip
of the scapular deltoid arising from the scapular spine in Macalister’s
viewt.

Both in Chlamydophorus+ and Dasypus sexcinctus$ it arises from the
‘‘ lesser’? or post-scapular spine of the scapula, the same which is pre-
sent in Notoryctes (fig. 8, p.s.s.); and in Orycteropus capensis||, where the
muscle is present, arising from the axillary costa, outer edge, there
passes from the “middle of its inferior edge a strong tendon to the
metacromial process of the scapula.” This would seem to represent
the ligament which in Notoryctes extends from the post-scapular spine
to the metacromion (fig. 8, p.s.m. lig.), bridging over the infraspinous
fossa, but here no teres minor fibres arise from it. There can be little
doubt that the second or post-scapular spine, when present, is to be
regarded as an exaggeration of the dorsal lip of the “axillary” or
posterior border of the scapula, from which in Orycteropus the teres
minor arises. This lip in Chlamydophorus and Dasypus is fully de-
veloped into a post-scapular spine, but still gives origin to the teres
minor. The latter muscle in both cases overlaps the triceps, and I
think it certain that the exaggerated development of the dorsal lip of
the axillary border into a second spine is simply due to a great expan-
sion of the great scapular head of the triceps.

The muscle is absent in the Molef and in Gymnura,** but present in
the Hedgehog, Cape Golden mole, and others.++

Amongst Rodents it is stated by Mivart and Murie{{ to be present in
Agouti, and in Rabbit, Hare, and Guinea Pig, but itis closely adherent
to the infraspinatus, with which these authors believe Meckel§$§ con-
founded it when he failed to detect its presence in this order.

Meckel§§ states that it is generally absent as an independent muscle
in Carnivora; it is present, e.g., in Hyena striata, H. crocuta, and
Viverra, according to Young and Robinson. ||||

M. infraspinatus (fig. 8, 2.s.) arises from the deep and narrow
postscapular fossa between the meso-scapular (fig. 8, m.s.s.) and
post-scapular spines (p.s.s.). It is smaller than the supra-
spinatus, and its fibres course outwards, and pass under cover of
a narrow ligamentous bridge, which connects the post-scapular
spine with the metacromion (fig. 8, p.s.m. lag.). It is then in-

*xxvii., page 244. txxvii., page 245. {xxil., page 33. §xiv., page
530. ||xv., page 574. ‘xi, page 214, **viii., page 395. tt xxvi., page
795. ttxl., page 399. §§xxxvili., page 513. _ ||| Ixxil., page 190.

31

serted into the dorsal aspect of the greater or radial tuberosity of
the humerus between the insertion of the supraspinatus and the
origin of the “ outer” humeral head of the triceps (fig. 8, 0.tr.).

In the Marsupials generally, according to Meckel,* the supra
spinatus is larger than the infra-spinatus. The only exceptions, I
note, are Macropus bennettut and Koala.t+

In the Echidna, Mivart$ describes this muscle as arising from the
surface of the scapula between the long head of the triceps and the
free margin of the spine and acromion (the actual anterior margin of
the scapula) ; and Westling|| figures and describes the same muscle.
According to Westling, the muscle is innervated chiefly by the Nervus
axillaris.

In Ornithorhynchus (McKay) the muscle occupies a much greater
proportion of the inner surface of the scapula, owing to the ridge for
the scapular triceps being much nearer the actual posterior border
than is the case in Echidna. It otherwise corresponds to that in
Echidna. It is innervated partly from the N. axillaris, but chiefly
from the N. supracoracoideus (suprascapular nerve).

M. supraspinatus (figs. 8 and 15, s.s.) arises from the whole
of the prescapular fossa, as well as from the preaxial border of
the scapula and the prominent anterior angle of the vertebral
border. Its fibres form a fleshy mass, which bulges considerably
beyond the prescapular border, being in apposition with the fibres
of the rhomboideus dorsally, and of the subscapularis ventrally.
It passes outwards under cover of the acromion and “meso-
scapular segment” to be inserted into the proximal facet upon
the greater (radial) tuberosity of the humerus.

Neither among Marsupials nor the Eutherian orders specially
noticed does this muscle present any remarkable features.

Among Monotremes the muscle arises from the actual inner surface
of the scapula, owing to the remarkable modification of the scapula in
this order. (See note by Dr. McKay and the writer in Proc. Linn.
Soc. N.S.W.)41

The muscle is supplied by the N. supracoracoideus, which represents
the suprascapular nerve.

IM. coraco-brachialis is entirely unrepresented in Votoryctes.

In no other Marsupial recorded is the coraco-brachialis absent,
though in Wombat Macalister** describes it as “ extremely small and
rudimentary,’’ while in several others only the coraco-brachialis brevis
element is present, eg., Thylacinus,t + Dasywrus,tt and Myrmecobius,
Chironectes, and Halmaturus.§§

In the Echidna the coraco-brachialis system of fibres is extremely
luxuriant, where it consists of the three distinct elements, which
Wood|j|| regards as constituting the typical muscle. One of the ele-
ments is, however, epicoraco-brachial in its attachments.

* xxxvill., page 499. tiv., page 9. + xxii., page 226, and xxviii., page
130. §xxxix., page 384, and PI., page 52., figs. 1 and 2, 7.s. || lxii., Taf. ii.,
fig. 5.: ‘lxiv. **xxix., page 160. ttiv., page 10. ttxxxvi., page 118.
§§ xxvi., page 803. ||| Ixxi., page 45, et seq.

32

In the Ornithorhynchus the epicoraco-brachialis is fused with the
coraco-brachialis brevis, so that only two distinct elements are present.

Amongst the Edentata it is entirely absent in Cyclothurus and Pholi-
dotus.* In Chlamydophorus* Macalister found it represented by a
“‘very diminutive ‘ short variety,’”’ while Hyrtl+ had found it absent
in the specimen he dissected.

Leche states{ that itis absent among the Talpide, but Wood§ states
that the short variety is present in the Moles. The latter author
found the middle variety alone in the Hedgehog, while Leche mentions
long and short as present in that animal. Dobson|| states that the
muscle is entirely absent in Gymnura.

In Guinea Pig and Rabbit Wood’ found the middle variety alone, in
the Hare and Capybara the short only, and in Squirrel and Porcupine
the long. In other Rodents two varieties co-existed.

Among Carnivora** the muscle is single in some, e.g., short variety
only in Dog and Cat, or two varieties may consist as in the Urside.

M. biceps flexor antebrachi (figs. 6 and 7, f.6.c.) takes origin
by one head only (the ‘‘ long”), by means of a fine tendon, from
the “upper” extremity of the glenoid margin at the root of the
rudimentary coracoid. The tendon traverses the capsule of the
shoulder joint to enter the bicipital groove between the tuberosi-
ties. Emerging from the capsule, it gives place to a narrow and
somewhat ribbon-like muscle, which broadens somewhat as it
descends to reach the region in front of the elbow. During
nearly the whole of its course in the arm it is covered by the
pectorals, and lies ventral to the teres major and inner part of
the humeral triceps (fig. 6, 2/.ér.).

Towards its insertion it is covered by the pronator radii teres
(fig. 10). It is inserted into the tuberosity of the radius in close
proximity to the insertion into the coronoid process of the
brachialis anticus muscle, whose tendon it crosses, and with
which it has a slight fascial connection.

Macalister,}+ writing on “ the homologies of the flexor muscles of the
vertebrate limb,” regards the flexors in both arm and leg as typically
four in number.

These are, in the arm, Ist, Coraco-radial, which is “ most frequently
present, and most strikingly retaining its typical position and attach-
ments”; 2nd, a humeral head of the biceps (only occasionally present
in man); 3rd, the gleno-ulnar (corresponding to the long head of the
biceps together with the aponeurotic tendon of insertion in man, hence
the.muscle is here gleno-fascial, not gleno-ulnar, as in other forms) ;
Ath, the brachialis anticus portion of the flexor mass.

With regard to the first-named of these flexor elements, Macalister,
however, remarks :—‘ In cases where the coracoid process is not de-
veloped, we sometimes find that the first muscle originates from a
tendon which corresponds with the typical origin of this flexor; and

* xxvii, page 247. }xxiv., page 36. {xxvi., page 804. $lxxi., page
52. || viii, page 395. { Ixxi., page 52. ** Ixxi., page 51. ff XxxL.,
page 287.

33

hence we have the compound gleno-radial muscle of the ruminants, in
which, however, as Meckel indicates, a trace of a division may be
seen,” &c.

The condition just described is the condition of the biceps in
Notoryctes, i.e., gleno-radial, but there it presents no trace of its com-
posite character.

Amongst Marsupials the same author* describes the condition in
the Giant Kangaroo and Wallaby as follows :—* The biceps is divided
into two parts for its entire extent. Of these, the coracoid is gener-
ally the larger, and seems to be inserted into the tubercle of the
radius; the glenoid origin is smaller and, ds usual, tendinous; crossing
the head of the humerus and crossing the coraco-radial muscle, it is
inserted with the ulna in company with the brachialis anticus, &c.”’

“In Didelphys and Phalangista the muscles are similarly
arranged, as they are likewise in all the other Marsupials which I have
examined. a

In Myrmecobius+ the same elements of the biceps are present, but at
their origin they are fused into a tendon, coraco-glenoid in attachment,
which is quite outside the capsule of the shoulder-joint. Somewhat
similar partial union of the coraco-radial and gleno-ulnar elements is
found in Didelphys and in Chironectes according to Leche,+ while in
Thylacinust and Dasywrus$ the tendons of origin are separate at their
commencement. The bellies of the muscle in Cuscus and Phascologalet
are separate throughout, the tendons of origin being partially fused.

In Perameles|| there is no coracoidal head, but the insertion is
radio-ulnar.

In Echidna Westling’ describes two incompletely separated portions.
The smaller is epicoracoidal, rising close to the “ epicoraco-humeral ”
muscle; the larger arises from the coracoid and from part of the
tendon of the coraco-brachialis longus. Mivart** describes the muscle
with these origins as a single mass, inserted into both radius and ulna.
According to Westling it is the smaller epicoracoid portion which
passes by a long thin tendon to the ulna.

In Ornithorhynchust + the muscle is bicipital, one head epicoracoidal,
the other coracoidal. Both are inserted into the middle third of the
radius.

In Chlamydophorustt biceps is “aslender muscle which arises by one
head from the root of “the coracoid process on its inner side at the
margin of the glenoid cavity,’ It is inserted into a pit in front of the
coronoid process of the ulna. It is similar in Tatusia.tt

In Dasypus it has a radial as well as an ulnar insertion, and it has
sometimes a coracoid head of origin, either independently or from the
coraco-brachialis muscle, in addition to the constant glenoid one.

In Cyclothwrust{ the muscle is glenoid in origin, and is inserted partly
with the brachialis anticus to the ulna and partly into the tubercle of
the radius.

In Orycteropus$§ it is gleno-radial, but receives the clavicular deltoid

*XXxi., page 284. txxvi., page 798. tiv., page 1l. §xxxvi., page
119. ||xlv., page 12. M[lxii., page 18. ** XXXiX., page 385. ttxlv.,
page 8, and xxvi., page 798. +t} xxvii., page 246. §§ xxvii., page 247.

Cc

34

which is inserted with it. Humphry* found it arising from the fore
part of the coracoid.

In Pholidotus+ it is a simple gleno-ulnar muscle.

In Bradypus tridactylus} it is radial in insertion, and it has a glenoid
and a humeral head of origin, while Humphry; found a third slip
arising from the coracoid, and Meckel§ found a slip from the deltoid.

Among the Insectivora there is almost always only a glenoid head.
The muscle is ulnar in its insertion in Gymmura,|| Erinaceus, and
Chrysochloris,1 radial in Talpa,** and radio-ulnar in some others. In
Talpa** it is a very considerable and curiously modified muscle.

In the Rodents usually only a glenoid head is present, usually in-
serted into the ulna. It is, however, gleno-radial in e.g. Erethizon.++

It is generally gleno-radial in Carnivora.

M. brachialis anticus, s. internus (figs. 6, 8, and 10, b.a.), arises
from the concave outer surface of the shaft of the humerus, ex-
tending as far up as the region of the neck. Here an oblique
line separates it from the proximal part of the origin of the
“outer” humeral head of the triceps (fig. 8, o¢.7.), whose fibres
in this region encroach upon the outer surface of the neck of the
bone, extending dorsally to the base of the radial tuberosity, and
thus separating brachialis anticus from infra-spinatus. Below the
oblique line mentioned the brachialis anticus is separated from
the triceps by a continuation upwards of the supinator crest of
the humerus. Fibres of the muscle also arise from the concave
inferior and outer aspects of the preminent delto-pectoral ridge
(fig. 8, d.p.tub.).

The muscle is inserted into the sharp ridge leading distally
from the coronoid lip of the humero-ulnar articulation, which hes
in close apposition to the head of the radius.

In Thylacinustt the muscle arises from the posterior aspect of the
shaft of the humerus by a linear origin, covered by the outer head of
the triceps, though separated from it by a well marked external inter-
muscular septum. It merely clothes the outer aspect of the bone.

In Cuscus and Phascogale,t~ however, its fibres arise from the outer
side of the shaft.

In Dasyurus§ § its origin is from both “ posterior and anterior surfaces
of the humerus,” extending internally as far as the inner border of the
bone, and externally as far as the insertion of the deltoid. Posteriorly

it extends as high as the origin of the outer head of the triceps, which —

separates it from the teres minor insertion.

In Wombat|||| the muscle was ‘“‘as usual, in position and attachments,
winding round the bone below and external to the deltoid crest, lying
in a deeply excavated sulcus in the humerus.”’ Macalister states that
“its position is similar in Sarcophilus, the Bandicoot, Opossum,
Phalanger, Bennett’s and Giant Kangaroo.”’ || ||

*xxi., page 300. + xxvii., page 246. +xxii., page 37. § xxxviil.,
page 520. || viii., page 395. ‘I xxvi., page 799. **xi., page 215. TT xli.,
page 282. tfiv., pagell. §§xxxvi., page 120. ||| xxix., page 161.

535)

In Koala* Young describes the muscle as arising from the whole of
the outer surface of the shaft of the humerus, and inserted in common
with the gleno-ulnar moiety of the biceps

In Echidna} the muscle is small and delicate, arising from the outer
side of the shaft of the humerus, and closely embraced externally by
supinator longus. .

In Ornithohynchus also it is said to be intimately related to the supi-
nator longus (v. infra, p. 42), and here it is innervated both by the
N. medianus and M. radialis.¢ It is inserted into the radius.

In Chlamydophorus$ the muscle is large and, as in Notoryctes, is
separated from the hiceps by the deltoid tuberosity. Below, however,
they are connected and inserted in company.

The insertion is radio-ulnar in Bradypus tridactylus,$ and there is a
radial slip also in Oryctevopus,|| where also it receives a slip from the
biceps.

In Talpa{i its origin is from the upper part of the outer surface of
the humerus and from the hook-like process on the outer tuberosity.
It is ulnar in insertion.

In Erinaceus** and Gymnuwrat +t it is inserted into the radius.

It is altogether absent in Chrysochlorist ¢.

In several Rodents$$ (Dasyprocta, Lens, Cuniculus, &c.) the muscle is
divided into two distinct parts, and is ulnar in its insertion.

M. triceps extensor antibrachii (figs. 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8, ¢r.,
s.tr., i.h.tr., and o.tr.) forms a relatively large muscular mass
extending dorsad of the region of the axilla. Its origins are
scapular and humeral, and the humeral origin is partially separ-
ated into ‘“‘outer” and “inner” heads.

The scapular origin (figs. 6-8, s.é7.) is very extensive. It arises
from the whole of the actual posterior border of the scapula from
the glenoid origin to the recurved posterior angle of the vertebral
border. It also arises from the whole length of the secondary or
post-scapular spine of the scapula, and from the whole of the
surtace intervening between this and the posterior margin of the
bone.

Part of this origin is crossed dorsally by the fibres of the
spino-deltoid arising from the meso-scapular spine. .

The humeral fibres of the muscle arise from the whole of the
morphologically dorsal aspect of the humerus. The “ outer”
head (fig. 8, 0.¢7.) arises from the proximal part of this surface of
the shaft, extending outwards as far as the upper end of the
ectocondylar ridge, where, and above which, its outer marginal
fibres are parallel with and closely applied to the outer margin
of the brachialis anticus. Lower down the outer margin is in
superficial apposition (hehind the ectocondylar ridge) with the
proximal margin of the anconeus externus. The highest part of

*Ixxil., page 227. . | xxxix., page 386. .}xxvi., page 804. § xxvii.,
page 247. ||xv., page 576. ‘I xi., page 215. **xxvi., page 804. tt viii.,
page 395. tfxxvi., page 804. S$ xl., page 399.

36

the origin of this head extends upon the dorsal or radial aspect
of the radial tuberosity, and there encroaches upon the outer
aspect of the bone distal to the insertion of the infraspinatus
muscle. From the latter it is limited by an oblique line running
spirally round the neck of the humerus for a short distance. In
the distal half of the brachium this head lies superficial to the
lower part of the origin of the “inner” head of the muscle, and
its inner margin is thinned out upon the surface of the latter,
though not quite separate from it. About the middle of the
brachium the musculo-spiral nerve winds forwards between the
two layers (outer and inner heads) in order to reach the ventral
aspect of the limb above the prominent part of the ectocondylar
crest.

The “inner” head (figs. 6 and 7, 72.h.¢7.) is more massive than
the “outer.” Proximally it reaches up beyond the insertion of
the teres major. In one specimen the tendinous layer on the
ventral aspect of this head was found to extend upwards ventrad
of the insertion of the teres major, while the proper fleshy fibres
of the bend reached up dorsad of the same muscle. The ventral
tendon was certainly of the nature of internal intermuscular
septum, muscular fibres arising from its dorsal aspect, and I may
hazard the conjecture that its prolongation upwards in front of
the teres major represented the faint remnant of a coraco-
brachialis muscle which is otherwise entirely unrepresented in
this animal.

Short fibres of the inner head of the triceps fill up the great
space in the lower part of the brachium between the humerus.
and the olecranon. These fibres are covered by the outer head,
and the outer margin of this part of the muscle is in deep appo-
sition with the proximal border of the anconeus externus muscle,.
from which indeed it is not very definitely separable. The
scapular head forms a thick but superficial lamella of the muscle,
which is inserted along the extensive convex edge of the recurved
olecranon. A few of its most postaxial fibres adjacent to the
latissimus dorsi terminate along with the latter in the aponeurosis
of the forearm. |

The fibres of the humeral heads of the muscle form a deeper
fleshy stratum also inserted into the olecranon beneath the
scapular fibres. They are only continuous with the latter at
their insertion. ;

The question of the representation of the dorso-epitrochlearis muscle
has already been discussed, and a summary of the morphology of this

muscular element in mammals under the name of M. anconeus quintus
will be found in a memoir upon the subject by Wenzel Gruber.*

¥* lvili., page 9, et seq.

37

The triceps seems to be a strongly developed muscle in all Mar-
supials.

ln Thylacinus the origin of the scapular head is extensive, according
to Cunningham,* reaching along the whoie length of the posterior
margin of the scapula. In most other cases, however, the scapular
origin does not occupy more than a third or a half of that border, and
there is in no case an extension of the muscle upon the outer surface
of the bone such as is correlated in Notoryctes with the development
of the post-scapular spine.

The outer and inner humeral heads are stated by Macalister+ to be
inseparable from each other in Marsupials, but this is by no means
universalt, nor is it so in Notoryctes.

The triceps in Monotremes is an exceedingly extensive and powerful
muscle, especially in Echidna. The scapular part arises in the latter
from a well-marked crest on the outer surface of the scapula, which
extends dorsally from the lower (ventral) end of the scapula to near
the vertebral border. This tricipital crest has been regarded by
Flower and Gadow as the morphological post-scapular border, and
this view has been elsewhere discussed by Dr. W. J. S. McKay and
the writer.§ We cannot confirm Meckel’s description of a segmentation
of the scapular triceps into three parts|| in Ornithorhynchus.

The outer humeral head in Hchidna is probably represented merely
by a small tendinous slip arising external to the origin of the supinator
longus from the base of the radial tuberosity. It is separated from
the very large inner humeral head by the musculo-spiral nerve. The
inner head occupies the entire posterior surface of the shaft of the
humerus (Mivart‘]).

It is amongst the Edentata that we meet with the closest parallelism
to the condition of the triceps in Notoryctes. This is owing to the
very similar development in many members of the order of a second
or post-scapular spine. A comparison between fig. 8 and Macalister’s
fig. 24,** representing the corresponding region in Chlamydophorus, is
rather striking. But in Notoryctes I have not found that the scapular
triceps is divisible, as in Chlamydophorus, into three portions; while
in the latter animal again the humeral triceps is one and indivisible,
and evidently proportionately smaller than in Notoryctes. In Dasypustf
there are two scapular origins, the largest being from the whole length
of the post-scapular spine. In Cyclothwrus,{{ where a post-scapular
spine is present near the actual hinder margin of the scapula, there is
no division of the scapular triceps into distinct heads. In Bradypus
also it is undivided. Giebel$$ regards the post-scapular spine (well
developed, e.g., in Myrmecophaga tetradactyla) as the true morpho-
logical posterior border (post-scapular) of the scapula. Its develop-
ment in the form of a second spine seems correlated with a very
considerable development of the scapular triceps. || ||

Certain Rodents exhibit an approach towards a post-scapular ridge,
i.e., a marked exaggeration of the outer or dorsal lip of the “ axillary”

Sixiv. || xxxvii., page 27. ‘Il xxxix., page $86. **xxvii., Pl. xv., fig. 24.
tt xiv., page 538. ttxxvii., page 248, and xlvii., Pl. 22, fig. 18. §§ xviii.,
page 408. ||| Cf., lxiv. TT xviii., Pl. 71, fig. 11, and xlvii., Pl. xxiv., fig. 14.

38

know whether it is there associated with a special development of the
scapular triceps. Mivart and Murie note that in Dasyprocta (and in
Rabbit, Hare, and Guinea-pig)* the usual three heads are present with
the usual origin and insertions. The scapular head is large and arises
partly from fascia over infraspinatus.

In Talpa}+ the triceps is large and tricipital. The scapular head
arises from the glenoid end of axillary border or from three-fifths of
the length of the infraspinous fossa. In the Hrinaceidae the triceps
is ‘‘ enormous in comparison with the size of the animal.”’; It arises
by a scapular and two humeral heads.

Among the Carnivora a post-scapular spinous ridge is figured by
Giebel in Ursus arctos,$ while Windle|| in the same genus describes
the scapular triceps as arising from the “ whole of the axillary border.”
Cuvier and Laurillard figure such a form of the scapular triceps in Ursus
Americanus ;{ and in Ursus meles** they likewise figure a double scapular
triceps, the hinder portion being long and slender (noted as a fifth
extensor), and arising close to the vertebral end of the “ axillary
border” (and doubtless from the dorsal portion of such a tricipital
ridge or post-scapular spine as is present in U7sis arctos.) This origin
overlaps dorsally the origin of the teres major.

In some cases where such a posterior, or rather post-axial, sector of
the scapular triceps is present it appears to be more or less closely
associated with the dorso-epitrochlearis (Cuvier and Laurillard’s
fourth extensor; Wenzel Gruber’s anconeus V.). Such a condition
of partial union is noted by Galton as present in Orycteropus capensis} +,
and in Dasypus sexcinctus.¢ t

On the general morphology of the extensor mass in the arm in
Mammalia c.f. memoir by Wenzel Gruber.$§

Mf. anconeus externus seu quartus, seu epicondylo-anconeus
(W. Gruber) (figs. 8, 9, and 17 az.e.). This is a comparatively
large muscle, somewhat rhomboidal in form, and arising from
the back of the ectocondylar ridge of the humerus in its promi-
nent lower third. Its fibres are directed backwards and distally
towards the ulna, to be inserted into the base of the olecranon
and the proximal half af the postaxial border of the shaft of the
ulna.

Its attachment to the ulna. is crossed by the belly of the M.
extensor indicis et medii digiti, which runs along the shaft of
the bone.

The proximal border is parallel with the lateral border of the
humeral triceps, superficially with the outer head, but deeply
it is in apposition with the short fibres of the inner head, from
which indeed it is not absolutely separable by any very marked
segmentation cleft.

Its distal border is parallel and in apposition with the ulnar
border of the extensor carpi ulnaris (fig. 9, e.c.2.).

*xl., page 400. + xi., page 215. "(+ vili., page 395. §xviii., Pl., 72, fig. 5.
| Ixvi., page 83. WI vi., Pl. 85-6.’ ** vi., Pl. 102. tt xv., page 578. Tf xiv.,
page 539. S$ lviii., page 8, et seq.

39

According to Cunningham,* this muscle varies greatly in the dif-
ferent members of the order Marsupialia, in which, however, it is very
generally present.

In Thylacinus he describes it as hardly existent, while in Phascogale,
and especially in Cuscus, it is largely developed.

In Myrmecobius fasciatus Leche+ describes it as especially strongly
developed. From his figure it does not appear to be proportionately
so largely developed as it is in Notoryctes.

In Phalangista vulpinat it extends over the upper two-fifths of the
outer border of the ulna as a very considerable muscle.

In Echidna Westling$ notes the anconeus externus (“ quartus”’) as
arising from the dorsal aspect of the ectocondyle, and inserted into a
depression on the external face of ulna (olecranon and shaft), extend-
ing distally as far as the extensores digit. com. and carpi ulnaris.

In Ornithorhynchus a well-developed anconeus externus is also present.
According to St. John Brooks,|| it arises in common with the extensor
carpi ulnaris from the external condyle, and is inserted into the upper
third of the ulnar shaft. (This author? regards the anconeus externus
of the vertebrate forelimb as morphologically related more nearly to
the extensor carpi ulnaris than to the inner head of the triceps, and as
constituting along wth the former the ulnar sector of the superficial
layer of the extensor mass in the antibrachium. Its “tendency to
unite with the triceps’’ he regards as a secondary, and not as a primary,
characteristic. The condition in Notoryctes would agree equally well
with either view of the affinities of the muscle, but the evidence from
mere topographical relationship is of little value.)

In Chlamydophorus** the anconeus externus is comparatively small,
_and it is overlapped by the humeral triceps, and in Tatusia the condi-
tion issimilar.t}+ Humphry7¥+ notes that in Cyclothuwrus (Myrmecophaga)
didactyla it extends down nearly the whole length of the outer surface
of the ulna between the extensor carpi ulnaris on its outer side, and
the flexores digiform and carpi ulnaris internally, these three muscles
(four ?) forming an almost continuous sheet. In Manis, too, the same
author describes the anconeus externus as large.

Amongst the Insectivora Dobson} i} notes the presence of the anconeus
externus only in the Talpide. In Talpa Europea the muscle, according
to Freeman,§§& consists of two parts, a posterior rounded fusiform fas¢i-
culus arising from tip of the styliform external condyle and inserted
into the outer projection of the olecranon. The anterior portion is
thin and fan-shaped, arises in common with the preceding, and “ be-
coming aponeurotic as it passes over the extensor muscles of the fore-
arm, is inserted into the prominent crest of the ulna.”

Cuvier and Laurillard figure a well-developed anconeus externus in
the Hedgehog as well as in the Mole. ||||

The anconeus externus appears to be but slightly developed (gener-
ally absent ?) amongst Rodents. However, Cuvier and Laurillard figure
the muscle in Sciwrus (pl. 204) and in Arctomys (pl. 207), where it is
indeed rather well marked.

*iv., page 12. +xxvi., page 806. {xxxvi., page 122. §lxii., page 20.
|i., page 9. [i., pages land 13. ** xxvii., page 248. Tt xxi., page 39.
££ Quoted by Leche, xxvi., page 806. §§xi., page 215. ||| vi., Pl. 80, fig.
Bw, and Pi. 75, fig. 1 u.

40

The muscle, so far as I know, presents nothing worthy of note
amongst the Carnivora.*

M. anconeus internus, seu epitrochleo-anconeus (figs. 6 and 7,
an. 1.). This forms a short, moderately thick, and somewhat
rounded muscle, arising dorsad of the internal (ulnar) epicondyle
(epitrochlea), and directed backwards to the concave aspect of
the curved and beak-like olecranon, into which it is inserted not
far from the tip. The fibres of the muscle are in series with
those of the inner head of the triceps proximally. At its distal
border there is a triangular intermuscular interval, bounded
distally by the epitrochlear and olecranon heads of the M. flexor
carpi ulnaris (figs. 6 and 7, f.c.w.), and proximally, of course, by
the anconeus internus itself. [I found no trace of a fibrous arch
uniting the two heads of the flexor carpi ulnaris, to which the
distal border of the anconeus internus is attached in various
other marsupials (Cuscus, Dasyurus ).* |

As usual, the ulnar nerve passes down into the forearm under
cover of the muscle.

The anconeus internus has been described in all Marsupials whose
myology is recorded, and its character and relations seem much the
same in all.t

It is figured, as well as described, in Dasywrus viverrinus by Wenzel
Gruber in his monograph upon this muscle§ ; c.f. also MacCormick.||
Figures of the muscle also appear in Cuvier and Laurillard (Macropus
major),{1 and in Galton’s paper on the muscle (Phascolomys),** as well
as in Cunningham’s Memoir}++ (Cuscus).

The muscle is also well developed in the Monotremes. It is described
and figured in Echidna by Westling.t+ Mivart has not recognised it as
a distinct muscular element, but Galton has both described and figured
it on this genus.§$$

In Ornithorhynchus the muscle has been described by Wood, |||| though
Meckel does not refer to it, nor do Cuvier & Laurillard figure it. I
find it a well-developed muscle in dissections by Dr. McKay, and
Coues?{1 also notes it as a muscle of considerable size (his “ Antan-
coneus’’).

The nerve supply in Echidna is stated by Westling*** to be from the
N. radialis profundus. In all other cases the nerve has been found to
come from the ulnar nerve; even in Ornithorhynchus. Dr. W. J.S.
McKay has informed me that he can corroborate the statement in
reference to Ornithorhynchus, and with regard to Echidna, he finds that
the nerve comes from the “nervus radialis profundus,” as Westling
states, but that in one case it came off from that nerve along with an
ansal branch of communication between the ulnar nerve and the
“‘nervus radialis profundus.”

* Cf. vi. tiv., page 12, and xxxvi., page 122. tiv., page 13, gives
various references. § lix., page 17, and PI. ii., fig. 1. || xxxvi., page 122, and
figs. 2,6, and 8. vi., Pl. 195, fig. lw. ** xvii., fig. 3. ttiv., Pl. i,
fig. 4. tt lxii., page 22, and Taf. iv., fig. 12 H.a. §§xvii., fig. 4. _ |jl| lxix.,
page 497. ‘ili, page 150. *** lxii., page 22.

4]

In Chlamydophorus Macalister* notes this muscle as “very large,
and related as usual.”’ The muscle is stated by Galton} to be well
developed throughout the whole of the Edentata, and his paper, as well
as Gruber’s,t may be consulted for further information.

Dobson (quoted by Leche)§ notes the presence of the muscle in the
Talpide. only amongst Insectivora. Gruber, however,|| describes it in
several others, including Hrinaceus and Sorex.

It is very largely developed in Talpa.{

In Rodents it is almost invariably present as an independent muscle,
and in the Carivivora also it is usually to be recognised as such.

The morphology of this muscle is treated of at length in Gruber’s
and Galton’s papers already referred to.**

MUSCLES OF THE FOREARM.

In describing the muscles upon the extensor aspect of the fore-
arm and hand we may conveniently adopt the schematic classi-
fication suggested by Dr. Brooksty on the lines laid down by
_Humphry.tt

According to this scheme we have to recognise three longi-
tudinal sectors of the extensor mass in the forearm, each being
further subdivisible into a superficial and a deep stratum. The
three sectors are distinguished as radial, ulnar and intermediate,
and the superficial elements of these may first be described.

Ordinarily among mammals the superficial radial sector consists
of Mm. supinator longus and brevis and extensor carpi radialis,
which may be segmented into “longior” and ‘“ brevior” portions.
(The supinator brevis is regarded by Brooks as delaminated from
the more superficial supinator longus. Its description will, how-
ever, be deferred until the more superficial muscles are noticed.)

M. supinator longus is unrepresented in Notoryctes.

This muscle is generally present in Marsupials, but it is lacking in
Sarcophilus, according to Macalister.$$ Cunningham found it in
Thylacinus|||| “very feebly developed,” consisting only of a narrow
fleshy band arising from the upper part of the ectocondylar ridge. In
Cuscus and Phascogale it was relatively a very large muscle.11 In
Dasywrus*** it is small and narrow, while in Koalat++ it is enormous.
In Petawrista taguanoidisttt Haswell found it inserted into the
scaphoid. Leche$$§ found it united with the extensor carpi radialis in
Myrmecobius. Macalister||||!} suspects that the muscle described by
Owen 919 in Perameles as supinator longus is really an extensor carpi
radialis. St. John Brooks**** holds that the muscle is absent in Orinitho-
rhynchus, and Meckel++7+ also omitsall mention of it. Neither do Cuvier

*xxvii., page 248. +txvil., page 171. tlix., loc. cit. §xxvi., page 808
ix, page 13. Vlix., page 14.. .** lix. and’ xvii. . Tfii., p. xv., and i..
pp. 1, e¢ seg. tt xxil., page 46. §§ xxx., page 19. ||lliv., page 13. WIT iv.,
page 14. *** xxxvi., page 123. {tt xxviii., page 130, and Ixxii., page 228.
ttt xix., page 176. §§§xxvi., page 810. ||||l| xxix., page 164. ‘UIT xlv.,
page 13. ****1., page 9. thf xxxvii,

42

and Laurillard figure it. But Coues* names as supinator longus the
muscle which Brooks regards as extensor carpi radialis longior.
Coues’ view is certainly erroneous.

Mivart describes a supinator longus in Echidna,+ though he inserts
a query to the name; and the same muscle is also described and
figured by Westling} as fused at its origin with the brachialis anticus,
and as supplied by the median nerve along with the latter muscle.

In dissections by Dr. McKay I find no separation of supinator
longus from brachialis anticus (in fact no satisfactory indication of a
supinator longus at all) in Ornithorhynchus, while in Echidna there is
a very well marked segmentation of a supinator longus parallel with
and close to the brachialis anticus.

In Chlamydophorus and Tatusia$ the muscle is absent, as also in —
Dasypus||; but in most Edentata it appears to be present.

It is absent in all Jnsectivora and Rodentia,{ but generally present in
Carnwora. It is absent, e.g., in Hyena striata and Proteles.**

M. extensor carpi radialis (figs. 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, and 17 e.c.7.)
arises from the ectocondylar ridge and from the septa between it
and the adjacent muscles.

It is a large fleshy muscle (indivisible into segments), ending in
a stout tendon which descends dorsad of the prominent radial
styloid and passes under cover of the extensor ossis metacarpi
pollicis which crosses it just below the styloid. Still more dis-
tally it is crossed (close to its insertion) by the indicial extensor
tendon. Its insertion is into the dorsal aspect of the base of the
metacarpal of the third digit.

There is no trace of a second radial extensor, and the muscle
present corresponds from its insertion rather to the ext. carpi rad.
brevior. The entire absence of a portion of muscle or tendon
representing the long extensor is doubtless correlated with the
peculiar condition of permanent opposition and partial flexion of
the metacarpals of both pollex and index in the highly modified
manus of this animal.

Cunnigham notes that the fleshy bellies of the radial extensors of
the carpus are completely amalgamated in Phascogale, though the ten-
dons were separate. In Cuscus and one specimeni of Thylacinus the same
author found the muscles quite separate, while another specimen of
Thylacinus resembled Phascogale in this respect.+ t+

MacCormick?{ found in all the specimens of Dasywrus examined by
him (and of Phalangista ?) that the muscles were fused throughout, the
single tendon being inserted into the metacarpal of the third digit.
But in most marsupials its insertion is into the metacarpals of both
second and third digits. Young found the muscles in Koala$§ fused in
some cases, separatein others. Macalister|||| mentions one muscle only
in Macropus bennettvi, Phascolomys sarcophilus, Phalangista, and Macro-

*lil., page 153. + xxxix., page 386. { lxii., pages 19 and 25. § xxvii.,
page 255. || xiv., page 540. {1 xxvi., page 810. ** Ixxili., page 191.
tr iv., page 14. f xxxvi., page 123.- §§ lxxii., page 229. |||| xxix., page
163.

43

pus major, but as inserted in these forms into both second and third
metacarpal. He also notes a single tendon only in Didelphys, where
Meckel describes a double muscle.* Both radiai extensors are present
in Petaurista.t

In Echidna Mivart? describes both long and short extensors, the
former inserted into the scapholunar, and the latter into the third
metacarpal. Westling gives a similar account.§

In Ornithorhynchus Brooks|| notes substantially the same arrange-
ment, only the long extensor is inserted into the first metacarpal, and
the ligaments on the dorsum of the carpus.

Coues’ nomenclature of the muscles of this region is different, but
I do not think his view of the homologies can be upheld.

In Chlamydophorus there is only one radial extensor, but two tendons
are present, according to Macalister,** inserted into metacarpals of
index and medius. Hyrtl{+ only gives the former insertion. Among
other Edentates a like condition obtains to that noted by Macalister,
but often only an insertion into the third metacarpal is found, e.9.,
Cyclothwrust % and Orycteropus.§$

Amongst the Jnsectivora the muscle is inserted into the second and
third metacarpals in EHrinaceus Gymnura and the Talpide. In Chiyso-
chloris it is attached to second metacarpal only. || ||

Amongst Rodentia it is almost invariably split into long and short
extensors, inserted as usual|||/ and similarly in various Carnivora.

The intermediate sector of the superficial extensor stratum is
represented by the MW. extensor communis digitorum (figs. 9, 17,
e.c.d. 1, and e.c.d. 2). This muscle is represented by two fleshy
bellies united at their origins from the distal portion of the
ectocondyle. Fibres of each head also arise from the septum
between the two, and from the septa between their common
origin and that of the extensor carpi radialis in front, and of the
extensor carpi ulnaris behind. The two bellies become separate
in the lower part of the forearm. Opposite the radio-carpal
joint their tendons pass together through a strong and well-
defined fibrous sheath to enter the dorsum of the manus. The
more radial of the two tendons (e.c.d. 1) runs distally on the
dorsal aspect of the metacarpal of the third digit, and is inserted
into the ulnar of the two slight tubercles on the prominent dorsal
projection of the base of the ungual phalanx of that digit, side by
side with the tendinous slip from the M. extensor indicis et medii
digiti (vide infra), which is inserted into the radial of the two
tubercles. The second (ulnar) tendon of the extensor communis
(e.c.d. 2) is slightly the stronger, and the transition from broad
fleshy belly of this part of the muscle to narrow rounded tendon
is a very abrupt one. It passes through the same fibrous sheath
as the first-named tendon, and is inserted into the radial angle of

. * xxxvilil., page 138. }xix., page 176. {xxxix., page 387. § IkiL.,
page 26. "tf page 9: “Tim lee: cite” xxvii} page 255. «TT xxve;
page 38. tt} xxvii., page 256. §§xxi., page 306. |||| xxvi., page 812.

a4

the very broad base of the ungual phalanx of the fourth digit,
which is indeed fused with the base of the claw itself.

In accordance with the peculiarly modified manus in Notoryctes, this
muscle exhibits a marked reduction from the ordinary marsupial type.

In Koala* Young describes an insertion into each of the five digits.
This, Cunningham remarks,} is exceptional, as “in the great majority
of marsupials its insertion is limited to the four inner digits.”’

[I do not think that Young’s interpretation of the extensor group of
muscles in Koala is acorrect one. In several points it differs markedly
from Macalister’s brief account. I have dissected a young specimen
in order to decide certain differences. I find that the extensor com-
munis digitorum arises from the ectocondyle, and divides above the
dorsal carpal ligament into three tendons, one for the medius, another
for the medius and annularis, and a third, which is very broad in the
dorsum of the hand, mainly for the minimus, but partly also for the
annularis. The fibres of the last two tendons thus undergo a partial
decussation. The first-named tendon (for the medius) passes through
a separate theca. No tendon goes to either index or pollex, but the
proper media! tendon is connected by a strong and somewhat rounded
trausverse vinculum with the indicator tendon. ]

In Yhylacinus, according to Cunningham, the muscle is trifid in the
forearm, each tendon subsequently splitting, the six tendons being
distributed tc the four ulnar digits.

In Echidna Mivartt~ describes the muscle as bicipital, one head
being ulnar in origin. He only notes tendons of insertion into the
three middle digiis, while Westling$ describes a tendon going to the
terminal phalanx of each of the five digits.

In Ornithorhynchus the muscle is not bicipital, and arises only from
the ectocondyle, its terminal tendon expanding on the back of the
hand, and sending a slip to the distal phalanx of each of the five digits
(Brooks||).

In Chlamydophorusi the muscle passes unbroken beneath the
annular ligament, and then goes to be inserted into the second, third,
and fourth digits.

The precise insertion varies in Edentates ; in several cases it is into
second, third, and fourth digits, as in Chlamydophorus, but it may be
into second and third, third and fourth, or third only.

In Erinaceus, which is so very slightly specialised, it is inserted into
each of the five digits.

In Chrysochloris** the insertion is into the third and fourth digits
only. In this animal, it will be remembered, the manus is modified in
somewhat similar manner as in Notoryctes.

No MM. extensor minimi digiti (extensor secundus digitorum
auct.,' is present.
Such 2 muscle, designated by Macalister+}+ as “ extensor secundus

digitorum,” is constantly present amongst other Marsupials, and is
generally inserted into the fourth and “fifth” digits, rarely into the

* Ixxii., page 229. tiv., page 15. +} xxxix., page 387. § Ixii., page 26,
and fig. 14. ||i., page 8. {I xxvii., page 256. ** xxvi., page 813. tT xxix.,
page 164.

45

fifth only, and sometimes (Sarcophilus, Bennett’s, and Giant Kangaroo*)
into the third, fourth, and fifth digits.

In Koala I found the muscle with usual origin passing through a
special theca, its tendon splitting into two, which pass on a deeper
plane than extensor communis. The ulnar of the two tendons gees
to minimus, the more radial is joined by a fibrous expansion from the
tendon of the extensor medii proprius, and then passes to the annularis.

The muscle is present both in Ornithorhynchus and Echidna.t

For conflicting opinions regarding the homology of this muscle see
infra (page 47).

The ulnar sector of the superficial stratum of the extensor mass
is represented by the M. extensor carpi ulnaris. (Dr. Brooks
holds that the M. anconeus quartus is likewise a part of this
sector, but I have preferred to describe it along with the extensor
mass of the brachium.)

M. extensor carpi ulnaris (figs. 9, 17. e.c.u.) (“ulnaris ex-
ternus”) arises by a narrow pointed origin from the lower
part of the ectocondyle between the preceding muscle and the
anconeus externus, with whose distal border it is in close appo-
sition. Fibres of the muscle also arise from the intermuscular
septa between it and adjacent muscles. It broadens out as it
descends in the forearm, narrowing again towards the wrist into
a moderately strong tendon. This passes beneath a fibrous arch,
which binds it down to the back of the lower end of the ulna
and ulno-carpal ligament, but immediately distal to this it turns
abruptly inwards (vide fig. 17), winding almost under cover of the
base of the great claw of the fourth digit to reach the dorsum of
the diminutive fifth digit, to be inserted into the rudimentary
metacarpal bone of the latter.

Among the Marsupials this muscle is sometimes split into two.
Thus Cunningham found two distinct factors in Phascogale and in a
specimen of Thylacinus,¢ while in Dasywrus$ MacCormick found two
quite distinct tendons of insertion. In Sarcophilus|| Macalister also
describes a second element which he identifies as ulnaris quinti, and
which corresponds, according to MacCormick, to one of the tendons he
found in Dasyurus.

The muscle is sometimes merely ectocondylar and fascial in origin
(Sarcophilus, Didelphys, Phalangista, Dasywrus), but in others an ulnar
origin is also present (Phascolomys Macropus, Peramelis, Phascolarctos){.
In Phascolarctos I found it ectocondylar and fascial only, its tendon
passing through a special theca behind lower end of ulna, and then
winding round wrist to palmar aspect of fifth metacarpal, into which
it is inserted close beside tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris, to which it
is in this animal functionally accessory.

The usual insertion in this order is into the base of the fifth metacar-

* xxix., page 164. +t i., page 10, and fig. 6; lxil., page 27. +t iv., page
15. §xxxvi., page 126. || xxx., page 19. 4] xxix., page 164; xxxvi., page
126; and lxxii., page 229.

46

pal, e.g., in Phascolarctos, Phalangista maculata, Thylacine (sometimes),
Phascolomys, and Myrmecobius.* But where there are two tendons of
insertion one may pass to the os hamatum, while the other goes to the
fifth metacarpal, as in Phascogale and one specimen of Thylacinus
(Cunningham), or as in Dasywirus and Sarcophilus,t both tendons pass
to the metacarpal bone of the fifth digit.

In Echidna Mivart{ notes the muscle as both ectocondylar and ulnar
in origin, i.e.,from clecranon. Westling$ mentions also a fleshy origin
from the ulnar shaft. The latter I have not been able to verify from
dissections. Mivart merely gives as its insertion the outer side of the
dorsum of the fifth digit, but Westling describes it as joining the
extensor tendons of the fifth digit, and being inserted into the lateral
borders of the middle and base of the terminal phalanx. Wenzel
Gruber,|| on the strength of Mivart’s observations, holds that in
Echidna the “ ulnaris externus” is simply an “ ulnaris digiti quinti.”’

In Ornithorhynchus Brooks found the origin ectocondylar only, and
that the tendon of insertion passed along with that of the extensor
minimi digiti, and divided at the wrist into two. Of these one was
inserted, as Westling found the tendon inserted in Echidna. The
other, deeper, was joined by a slip from the abductor minimi digiti,
and was then inserted into the base of the proximal phalanx of the
little finger. Here also, therefore, as Brooks remarks, the muscle is
converted into an ulnaris quinti digiti.

This description is remarkably different from that given by Coues,**
who specially states that, while all other muscles lying on the forearm
are more or less condylar in origin, this one ‘‘ arises wholly from the
ulna.” Further, he states that it is inserted into the base of the fifth
metacarpal, ‘ partaking somewhat of the general tendency to aponeu-
rotic expansion that characterises all the tendons coming down on the
back of the hand.”

Brooks’ view is in agreement with Meckel’s. The latter,++ in men-
tioning the muscles attached to the ectocondyle, and after noting the
extensor communis digitorum, proceeds :—“ Sequitur hunc latus et
crassus, ulnaris externus, phalangi prime digiti quinti insertus.”’

Coues has plainly taken for extensor (his “ flexor’’) carpi ulnaris
what Meckel and Brooks describe as “ extensor indicis et pollicis,”
while he has taken the true extensor carpi ulnaris for extensor minimi
digiti, apparently entirely overlooking the real extensor minimi, which
lies more deeply. This author’s description of the mode of ending of
the extensor tendons is extremely vague and unsatisfactory. In par-
ticular, I cannot understand his statement that the tendon of his
“flexor” (“ extensor” of ordinary anatomists) carpi ulnaris is inserted
into the fifth metacarpal. Asa matter of fact, the tendon of the muscle in
question does not pass at all near to the fifth metacarpal, but, as Brooks
describes it, passes beneath the posterior annular ligament in the same
compartment with the tendon of the extensor communis digitorum,
and on the back of the hand distributes slips to the dorsal expansions

* Ixxli., page 229; iv., page 15; xxix., page 164; and xxvi., page 816.
tiv., page 15; xxxvi., page 126; and xxx., page 19. + xxxix., page 387.
§ lxii., page 27. ||lx., page 24. (i., page 9. **iii., page 154. “Tf xxxvil.,
page 27.

47

upon the pollex, index, and medius; hence Meckel’s name for it of
extensor pollicis et digiti indicis.

I have satisfied myself by dissection that the accounts given by
Meckel and more fully by Dr. Brooks are correct descriptions, and
there can be little doubt that the muscles are correctiy named in their
writings. It may be remarked that the quite superficial fleshy and
aponeurotic origin from the ulna of the extensor pollicis et indicis
reminds one of the origin of the human extensor carpi ulnaris. Here,
however, the resernblance ends. It may also be noted that in Echidna
the ulnar origin of the former muscle is not superficial, as it is in
Ornithorhynchus, being overlapped by the olecranon fibres of the
extensor carpi ulnaris, which he close up to the posterior border of the
ulnar shaft. Accordingly, there is a superficial resemblance between
the ext. carpi ulnaris in Hchidna and the extensor pollicis et indicis in
Ornithorhynchus, so far as the relations of their fleshy bellies are con-
cerned; but the homologue of the latter muscle in Echidna will be
found beneath the former.

In Chlanvydophorus* the muscle is very weak, ectocondylar in origin,
and inserted into metacarpal V.

In Orycteropus,t origin ectocondylar, insertion by two slips into
metacarpals [V. and V.

In Dasypus sexcinctus,t ectocondylo-ulnar in origin, insertion V.
metacarpal.

In Bradypus gularis§ two muscles are present; one ectocondylar
inserted into metacarpal IV., the other, ectocondylo-ulnar (mainly
ulnar) in origin, inserted into metacarpal V.

In Cyclothurus,§ also two muscles; one ectocondylar only, inserted
inte metacarpal III.; the other, ectocondylo-ulnar (mainly ectocon-
dylar), inserted chiefly into metacarpal V., but sending a delicate slip to
metacarpal IV.

In Manis,§ also two muscles; one, ectocondylo-ulnar in origin, is
the smaller, and is inserted into the palmar surface of metacarpal V.;
the other—more internal—arises from the ectocondyle, “between the
preceding and the extensor communis, and divides a little above the
wrist into two broad tendons; the outer and smaller of these is in-
serted into the outer side of metacarpal V., and the inner is continued
along the outer side of digit IV. to the terminal phalanx.”?’ Humphry
remarks in reference to this arrangement that the three elements just
described in /anis correspond to the peronei in the hind limb, and
he proceeds—“ In the forelimb the three muscles are in several ani-
mals blended into one, the extensor carpi ulnaris. In others there are
two—the extensor carpi ulnaris, constituting the homologue of the
peroneus brevis and longus, and the extensor minimi digiti, which may
pass to two or more digits, constituting the homologue of the peroneus ©
tertius. All these, together with the extensor digitorum, belong to
what I describe as the ‘superficial layer.’’’|| Against this view St.
John Brooks maintains that the extensor minimi digiti appertains not
to the superficial stratum at all, but to the deep or extensor brevis
stratum, such as is found in Hatteria. Upon this question c.f. Brooks’
papers and discussion on his views.{

* XXVIL, page 257. fxv., page 583. txiv., page 543. § xxii., page 46.
XXll., page 46. 4i., pp. 1 e¢ seq., and Ixxii., pp. xv. and xix.

48

MM. supinator radii brevis (figs. 16 and 17, s.7.b.). (This muscle
is systematised by Dr. Brooks* as a delaminated portion of the
radial sector of the superficial extensor stratum.)

It takes origin from the lowest part of the ectocondyle by a
narrow origin, and is inserted into the outer surface of the shaft
of the radius as far distally as the insertion of the M. pronator
radii teres, encroaching upon both dorsal and palmar aspects of
the bone. The posterior interosseous nerve (N. radialis prof.)
appears at its dorsal border between it and the extensor ossis
metacarpi pollicis.

The muscle is relatively well developed in Votoryctes, occupying
three-fifths of the shaft of the radius, and it is deeply placed
under cover of the superficial extensor muscles.

Cunningham notes the muscle as feebly developed in the three Mar-
supial forms dissected by him,+ but Macalister notes it as well devel-
oped in Koalat, occupying two-fifths of the shaft of the radius, in
Wombat as occupying two-thirds of the bone, in the Tasmanian devil,
Wallaby and Giant Kangaroo one-third, and in the Opossum only the
upper fourth.§

In Dasyurus it is limited to the upper fourth,|| and MacCormick
here notes an origin from the orbicular ligament of the radius. In no
Marsupial has an ulnar region been described.

In Hchidnaf the muscle is purely condylar in origin, and has an
extensive insertion into four-fifths of the radius.

In Ornithorhynchus it also possesses a condylar origin only, but its
insertion is much less extensive, viz., into the upper third of* the
external border, and slightly into the anterior surface of the radius
(Brooks**).

In Chlamydophorus the supinator brevis is poorly developed, and it
is absent in Tatusia, but in several other Edentata it is large, e.g.,
Cyclothurus and Pholidotus.+t

It is absent in the Talpidet? amongst the Insectivora, but present in
the Hrinaceide.$$ It is present also in Rodentia|||| and Carnivora.

The deep stratum of the extensor muscle of the antibrachium
is represented in JVotoryctes by two muscles. The first is
M. extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis (figs. 9-12 and 17 e.m.p.). This |
isa broad muscle arising from both bones of the forearm between
the supinator brevis on the radial, and the extensor indicis on
the ulnar side, and extending as far proximally as the lower
border of the anconeus externus, or even beneath it. At the
wrist the muscle narrows and gives place to a fine tendon, which
escapes obliquely from under cover of the common extensor of
the digits, and, crossing the tendon of the extensor carpi radialis,
it winds round the summit of the radial styloid and passes

*i., page 1. tiv., page 16. {xxvili, page 130. § xxix., page 165,
|| xxxvi., page 128. {| xxxix., page 387. **1., page 9. {7} xxvil., page
255. tf xxvi., page 8ll. §§ ‘viii. page 395. |||| xl., page 400.

49

further obliquely on to the apparent palmar (but still morpho-
logically dorsal) aspect of the carpus to reach the base of the
metacarpal bone of the pollex, into which alone it is inserted.

In Cuscus Cunningham found this muscle partly subdivided, one slip
being inserted into the trapezium. He regards this as corresponding
to the separation in the human subject of an extensor primi internodii
pollicis. In Thylacinus the subdivision was complete, while the condi-
tion in Phascogale resembled that in Cuscus.* A like condition is noted
both by Young} in Koala, and by Macalister also in that animal, as
well as in the Wombat and Tasmanian devil and others.¢ The charac-
ters of the muscle in Koala are rather striking. It has the usual radio-
ulno-interosseous origin. Halfway along the forearm its radial border
developes a tendon which almost immediately separates from the rest
of the muscle. This tendon is of even width and much slenderer than
the broad flat tendon of the rest of the muscle, which begins just above
the wrist. Both tendons pass through a special fibrous theca at the
wrist, crossing the supinator longus and radial extensors of the carpus.
The long slender tendon is inserted into the radial border of the meta-
carpal of the pollex, and lies close to but unconnected with the abduc-
tor brevis pollicis. The thick, strong tendon of the rest of the muscle
is inserted into the trapezium.

Extensor profundus in Petaurista taguanoides§ consists of extensor
secundi internodii pollicis and extensor medii digiti, the latter con-

nected also with the second and fourth digits.

In Dasywrvs|; MacCormick found only the pollicial attachment. So
also Sidebotham in Chironectes.1 In Myrmecobius it is attached only to
the trapezium.**

According to Carlsson (quoted by Leche) ,** the insertion in Didelphys
is into the first metacarpal and into the “ preepollex.”’

In LEchidna++ Mivart describes it as a delicate muscle, interosseo-
ulnar in origin, pollicial only in insertion. It is closely associated with
the common extensor, according to Westling.+{

Brooks found practically the same condition in Ormithorhynchus.§§

In Chlamydophorus the muscle is very large, ulnar in origin, and
inserted into the metacarpal of the pollex. It is very much the same
in Tatusia and Dasypus, but in Cyclothwus it is “ humeral in origin,
and is inserted into the ossicle, which is the rudiment of the first
metacarpal, or “of trapezium and others,’’? according to Humphry.
In Orycteropus it is inserted into the trapezium only, and into this
bone and partly into the first metacarpal in Myrmecophaga. || ||

Dobson does not mention the muscle in Gymnwra,71 and according
to Leche it occurs in all except this Insectivore.

Leche quotes from Carlsson to the effect that in Castor and Rhizomys
besides the usual insertion (into the pollicial metacarpal) there is a
tendinous slip to the praepollex, and in Cercolabes the latter is the only
insertion.***

M. extensor indicis et medi digits proprius (figs. 9, 11, 12, and

*iv., page 15. + Ilxxii., page 229. } xxviii., page 431, and xxix., page
164. §xix., page 176. ||xxxvi., page 126. (liii., page 10. ** xxvi., page
817. tt xxxix., page 387. +t} lxil., page 28. §§i., page 9. |||| xxvii., page
258, amd xxii., page 48. UI viii. *** xxvi., page 818.

D

50

17, ¢.7.m.). This second deep extensor arises from the posterior
aspect of the shaft of the ulna by a narrow, pointed, fleshy belly,
which extends upwards on the bone as far as the base of the
olecranon, from which its highest fibres arise. The muscle covers
the attachment to the shaft of the ulna of the anconeus externus,
and in the distal part of the forearm it is directed obliquely to-
wards the radius under cover of the extensor carpi ulnaris, so as
to enter the same fibrous compartment of the dorsal annular
ligament which transmits the tendons of the extensor communis
digitorum. Still running obliquely its tendon passes beneath the
tendons of the latter muscle, and comes to lie by their radial side.
It then divides into two slips, the stronger of which passes to
the dorsum of the index, where it is inserted, partly by lateral
expansions into the base of the proximal phalanx and _ partly by
a direct prolongation of itself into the base of the ungual phalanx.
The other (weaker) division of the tendon is inserted into the
radial of two slight tubercles on the prominent dorsal projection
of the base of the ungual phalanx of the third digit.

M. extensor secundi internodi pollicis (extensor pollicis longus)
is unrepresented, or rather the above muscle is the sole repre-
sentative of the muscular mass from which the extensor secundi
is typically differentiated.

In Thylacinus and Phascogale, according to Cunningham, there isa
single muscular mass sending tendons to pollex, index and medius,
which he designates as extensor secundi internodii pollicis. It is of
course the equivalent of the muscle now under consideration, with the
addition of a pollicial division.

In Cuscus the author just mentioned found the same mass repre-
sented by two distinct muscular factors connected respectively with
pollex and medius.

The origin of the compound muscle in T'hylacinus and Phascogale
resembles that in Notoryctes. There “it springs from the radial side
of the olecranon and from the upper third of the posterior border of
the ulna.’’*

Macalister} describes an extensor secundi internodii pollicis arranged
“as usual” in Koala, but Young{ could find so such muscle in that
animal, nor did he find any such indicator muscle as Macalister also
describes “ giving a filmy slip to the pollex.”” Young expressly says
that “the thumb has no special extensor of the phalanges beyond the
slip derived from the common extensor.”

Both authors describe an extensor secundus digitorum supplying the
fourth and fifth digits, and the extensor medii digiti was conjoined
with this in Young’s dissections, but separate in Macalister’s. The
slips to the fourth and fifth digits Young holds to represent the
extensor minimi digiti. It arises from the shaft of the ulna along
with the extensor medii digiti (cf. page 44).

I am strongly of opinion Young has described, as part of the ex-

*iv., page 16. + xxviii, page 131. +t Ixxiis page 229.

51

tensor communis, those muscular elements which Macalister has
rightly recorded under the names of extensor secundi wmternodi pollicis
and indicator respectively.

As has already been mentioned (p. 44), Young states that the com-
mon extensor is inserted into all five digits, an arrangement which
Cunningham has pronounced to be unusual amongst marsupials.
Macalister, on the other hand, passes over the common extensor in
Koala as arranged “ as usual.”’ And when we look at Young’s descrip-
tion in detail, we note that he found the two radial tendons of his
common extensor passing beneath the annular ligament in a separate
compartment from the others, and going to the pollex and index. Are
these not in all probability Macalister’s extensor secundi and indicator
together ? This explanation would largely harmonise the discrepancies
between the statements of these two observers.

I have verified by careful dissection the accuracy of Macalister’s
description. I find that an extensor pollicis longus (secundi inter-
nodii) is undoubtedly present. It is separable from the rest of the
deep extensor stratum, except high up at its origin from the olecranon,
where it is only partially separable from the fibres of the indicator
muscle. The latter arises from the proximal part of the ulnar shaft
and the aponeurosis covering it. Distal to this again, and separated
from it by a small bare area of the ulnar shaft, is the origin of the
extensor medili digiti proprius. Extensor pollicis longus passes
through a special theca, and opposite the metacarpal its long and
strong tendon is connected by a broad, flat, tendinous vinculum with
the indicator tendon. It passes to the usual insertion. The tendons
of the indicator and of the proper extensor of the middle finger pass
through a common fibrous compartment beneath the dorsal carpal
ligament.

In his Monograph on the extensor indicis proprius, &c., Wenzel
Gruber* states that in a specimen of Phascolarctos cinereus he found
an extensor pollicis longus (secundi internodii pollicis), an extensor
indicis proprius, and an extensor digiti medii proprius. The first-
named had a special sheath in the dorsal carpal ligament, while the
other two passed beneath that hgament in a common sheath, with that
tendon of the common extensor of the digits going to the index. The
arrangement here described is very similar to that I have just noted in
Koala. But in my specimen there was no tendon of the common
extensor going to the index at all, hence the indicator and extensor
medii tendons were alone in their theca.

In Dasyurust MacCormick found a small and fusiform extensor
secundi internodii pollicis arising from the radial side of the olecranon
and overlapping the lower part of the insertion of the anconeus
externus, and thus corresponding In part to the origin of the extensor
indicis et medii digiti in Notoryctes. He also found a muscular mass
in series with the extensor secundi, and arising from the posterior
surface of the ulnar shaft. It accompanied the extensor secundi under
cover of the extensor communis, and divided into slips for the second,
third, and fourth digits. It was very variable in size and connections.
Sometimes the slip to the fourth digit was absent, and sometimes the
indicial part was a distinct muscle.

* lxi,, page 46. xXxxvi., pages 127-8.

52

In Sarcophilus* Macalister describes an “ extensor indicis” giving
ships to second, third, and fourth digits, in addition to an extensor
secundi internodii pollicis, as in Dasywrus. The author views this
series of slips as forming a third group of extensors of the digits. His
second group, or extensor secundus digitorum, is constituted by the
homologue of the human extensor minimi digiti, which in Sarcophilus
arises with the extensor communis, and supplies tendons to the third,
fourth and fifth digits.+

In Wombat,* extensor pollicis longus is present, but the extensor
indicis is absent, and the extensor secundus digitorum supplies only the
fourth and fifth digits.

It is at least difficult to reconcile this overlapping of the series of
slips from Macalister’s extensores secundus and tertius respectively,
with Brooks’s view{ that the extensor minimi digiti is simply a dis-
placed element of the extensor brevis series of slips which form
originally an extensor profundus in the forearm.

In Chironectes§ an extensor secundi internodii pollicis is present,
giving slips to both pollex and index, and a like condition obtains in
Murmecobius|\.

In Ormthorhynchus Dr. Brooks, following Meckel,{ has described an
“extensor indicis et pollicis,’ giving tendons to pollex, index, and
medius. Itis large, ulnar in origin (extending up to and upon olec-
ranon), and it is subcutaneous for a large part of its extent. This
muscle is plainly the one noted by Coues** under the name of “ flexor’’
(extensor) carpi ulnaris, though the insertion given by him is inexplic-
able tome. I have already alluded (p. 46) to the confusion introduced
by Coues’ unfortunate statements. I have made dissections which fully
corroborate Dr. Brooks’ description in almost every detail. Coues’
description of this region must, therefore, be put aside as erroneous.

In Echidna neither Mivart++ nor Westling~ has described any deep
extensor, save the extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis. Indeed, Mivart
expressly states that neither extensor secundi internodii pollicis nor
extensor indicis are present. I have already (p. 47) referred to the
presence of such a muscle in dissections I have made of the forearm of
Echidna. It is quite a large muscle, arising from the proximal half of
the dorsal aspect of the shaft of the ulna and from the base of the
olecranon. Its origin upon the shaft of the ulna is parallel with that
of the extensor ossis metacarpi, which indeed is slightly overlapped by
it. It is largely covered at its origin by the origin of the extensor
carpi ulnaris, and under cover of this the upper pointed end of its
erigin touches the insertion of the anconeus externus. Below, the
muscle passes beneath the extensor communis, which position it occu-
pies for the rest of its course, hence in Westling’s figure it does not
come into view. On the dorsum of the hand its tendon flattens out
beneath the expansion of the common tendon which it joins, but fibres
of it may be traced to all the four outer digits.

Thus the condition in Echidna is essentially the same as that in
Ornithorhynchus. Itis probable that the muscle just described is repre-
sented in Westling’s account by the deep head of the extensor communis

*xxix., page 164. { Cf., also iv., page 17. fi., page 14. § liii., page 10.
|| xxvi., page 818. {1 i., page 10, and fig. 6; lxii., page 27. ** iii., page
Od, (ep oxix. “PP ixii.

53

digitorum of that author. I found the tendons separable from those
of the extensor communis as above stated, hence I take it to be a true
deep extensor muscle.

The condition of the corresponding muscle in Chlamydophorus is
thus described by Macalister* :—“ Extensor indicis (‘ quamvis etiam
ad pollicis fasciolam fibrosam ablegaret, quae sola pollicis extensioni
sufficere debet’) arises high up from the ulna as high as the olecranon ;
it is very large, larger than its neighbour the extensor ossis metacarpi
pollicis. I found its main tendon passing as usual to the dorsum of
the index, but a broad slip of fascia stretches along the dorsum of the
thumb to the last phalanx, justifying the words of Prof. Hyrtl before
quoted.”’

In Tatusia the same author found it also exceedingly large and
strong, and here it ended in two tendons inserted into the index and
medius. So also in Orycteropus.t ;

In Dasypust the tendons are inserted into the index and pollex. In
Bradypus (didact and tridact)§ the insertion is into the index alone,
and in Manis (Philodotus, Macalister) Dalmanni)$ into the terminal
phalanges of each of the first three digits.

In Manis multiscutatus Macalister|| found no long extensor indicis,
but the extensor brevis digitorum on the back of the carpus was
indicial in its insertion. He found the muscle ulnar in origin and
pollicio-indicial in insertion in Myrmecophag«a.

In Edentata separate and distinct extensors of the thumbs are rarely
present, if we exclude the extensor ossis metacarpi as an abductor
longus. Macalister notes the extensor pollicis longus (secondi inter-
medii) as a very small muscle in Wyrmecophaga and Manis.‘ .

Among the Rodentia the extensor indicis is present in many forms,
amongst others in Hystrix, Arctomys, Custor,** Cavia, Lepus,and Dasy-
procta.t+ Of these it sends a tendon also the pollex in Lepusty+ and
Castor (usually)**, so that the muscle represents the extensor secundi
internodii pollicis as well. In Dasyprocta and others the extensors of
the thumb are absent.

In Capromysti a special extensor secundi internodii pollicis is present
along with the extensor indicis.

In Chrysochloris among the Insectivora Dobson found extensor indicis
as a single muscle, so also frequently in Hrinaceus.$$

For further details of the morphology of this muscle cf. Gruber’s
monograph. || ||

Muscles of tlexor aspect of forearm are four in number.

M. pronator radii teres (figs. 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, and 16, p.r.t.) is
a muscle of considerable size, and forms the preaxial member of
the group of muscles arising from the entocondyle. From its
origin onwards it lies partly under cover of the flexor carpi
radialis, but a strip of it is superficial. Its origin is partly

* xxvii., page 258. {xv., page 581. {xiv., page 542. $xxii., page 49.
and Pl. 252, fig. 1. || xxxv., page 506; Cf. also, xvi., page 252. 4] xxxv.,
page 506. **xxxviii., page 551. {t+ xL, page 405. tf Dobson quoted by
Leche, xxvi., page 819. §§ lxi., page 45. ||j| 1xi.

54

fleshy and partly tendinous from the entocondyle, and its fibres

pass distally to be inserted into the shaft of the radius on the

palmar aspect of its distal fourth. It overlaps the insertion of
the biceps, and the large median nerve passes under cover of it.

- The I. pronator quadratus is entirely absent.

{ am not aware of any other Marsupial in which the pronator quad-
ratus is absent, and in many it occupies the whole length of the.
interosseous space,” e.g.,in Wallaby and Perameles.

The coronoid head of the pronator radii teres is never present in any
Marsupial, and its general characters in the order are very constant,
varying chiefly in size and extent of insertion into radius. In some
cases (Cuscust+) it is inserted into the distal half of the shaft,in others
(Thylacinus and Dasyvrus+ ) into the middle third or so of the radius,
and in Macropus{ into the upper third.

Both in Ornithorhynchus and Echidna the pronator teres is very
strongly developed, is entocondylar in origin, and is inserted into the
radial shaft as low as the wrist.

There is no trace of a pronator quadratus in the J/onotremata.

Amongst Hdentata the condition of the pronator quadratus is very
variable.

In Chlamydophorus$ Macalister found the pronator quadratus repre-
sented by a fibrous band, whilst Hyrtl found no trace of it.

It is rudimentary in Tatusia, absent in Pholidotus and Dasypus,||
while in Orycteropus{ Galton found it occupying the whole interosseous
space, though Humphry found it small. Galton found it in Cyclo-
thurus** ag in Orycteropus.

. Macalister notes it as absent in Manis, and as reaching the whole
length of the forearm in Myrmecophagat++.

The pronator teres in Edentata is always inserted into the distal
part of the radial shaft for an extent varying from one-third (Chlamy-
dophorus) to two-thirds (Janis). The coronoid head is invariably
absent.**

Macalister’s paper{{ on the Pronator muscles in Vertebrates may be
further consulted on the morphology of these muscles.

M. flexor carpi ulnaris (figs. 6, 7, 9, 12,13, 14, and 15 fie.w.).
This muscle arises by two very distinct heads—one from the
olecranon, the other from the entocondyle. Just above the wrist
these bellies unite to form a strong tendon, which is first
developed upon the superficial aspect of the muscle, and is united
with the overlying aponeurosis of the tendon of insertion of the
latissimus dorsi. The tendon is inserted into the elongated pisi-
form bone near to its base (figs. 14 and 15).

At their origin the two heads of the muscle are in relation
with the distal border of the M. anconeus internus, and together

*xxxiii., page 337. fiv., page 17, and xxxvi., page 130. { xxix., page
162. §xxvii., page 253, and xxiv., page 39. || xxvii., page 253, and XIV.
page 546. {I xv., page 586. ** xvi., page 253. tt xxxv., page 504. {{ xxxiil.,
page 335.

5D

with it they limit a small triangular interval, at the bottom of
which the ulnar nerve may be found.

The muscle is relatively a very powerful one. As has already
been mentioned, it is covered by a strong aponeurosis, which
forms the continuation of the tendon of insertion of the M. latis-
simus dorsi.

The arrangement of this muscle in Notoryctes is practically identical
with that found by Cunningham in Thylacinus and Phascogale,* and is
fairly typical of marsupials generally. In the three forms examined
by the last-named author the insertion was into the pisiform in each
case; so also is the case in Sarcophilus} and Dasywrus.t In Phasco-
lomys+ it is inserted into the fifth metacarpal, and in Phascolarctos$
into both the above-mentioned bones‘as well as into the os hamatum.
In Chironectes into pisiform and fifth metacarpal. ||

In Macropus}+ the condylar origin is lacking.

In Echidna the muscle is “ enormously wide’? (Mivart{]), arising not
only from entocondyle and olecranon, but also from the inner border
of the ulnar shaft as far as the wrist. Mivart states that its tendinous
surface “receives the tendon of the first part of the latissimus dorsi ;
and the two muscles becoming thus ultimately united, are together in-
serted into the pisiform bone.’’ Westling, however, distinguishes this
“first part of latissimus’’ from the rest as a “ dorso-antebrachialis,’** the
latissimus dorsi itself being arrested at the entocondyle. As I have
indicated above (p. 16), this “ dorso-antebrachialis’’ is inseparable from
the latissimus in Notoryctes, and indeed forms the only insertion of
the muscle, cf. also Cones’ description in Ornithorhynchus.7 t

The flexor carpi ulnaris in Ornithorhynchus resembles that in Kchidna.
The fibres of its strong tendon are completely arrested at the pisiform
bone; it is only quite indirectly that it has an attachment to the
bases of the fourth and fifth metacarpals, as Meckel describes it ;{}
hence Leche is mistaken in classifying its insertion with others as
deviating from the typical mode.$$

Amongst the Hdentata the muscle varies considerably in different
forms, froma slender separate muscle with two scarcely separate heads,
inserted into pisiform in Chlamydophorus, to an enormous mass of
four segments, condylo-pisiform, posterior ulno-pisiform, anterior
ulna-pisiform, and olecrano-pisiform in Cyclothurus.

No special features require note in the other orders reviewed.

M. flexor carpi radialis (figs. 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15). This
muscle arises from the entocondyle close to the entocondylar head
of origin of the M. flexor carpi ulnaris.:

It forms a broad fleshy belly on the flexor aspect of the fore-
arm, which suddenly narrows a little above the wrist and forms a
rounded tendon, which passes through a canal in the “scapho-
carpal” (fig. 10, for.fe.r.). In this bony canal the tendon divides

*iv., page 18, + xxix., page 163. {xxxvi., page 131. § lxxii., page 230.
. || liii., page 9. 4] xxxix., page 388. ** Ixii., page 23, and Taf. iv., fig. 12.
Tt iii., page 147. tt xxxvii., page 28. §§ xxvi., page 827.

56

into two. Entering the palm these are inserted one into the
base of the metacarpal of the pollex, and the other into the base
of the metacarpal of the index (fig. 15).

Considerable variety prevails among Marsupials with respect to the
mode of insertion of this muscle. Thus in Thylacinus* it is inserted
partly into the trapezium and partly into the metacarpal of the pollex ;
in Phascogale* into the trapezium alone; in Cuscus* the tendon splits,
and the slips are inserted into the palmar aspects of the bases of the
metacarpals of the index and medius respectively. In Dasywrus+ its
tendon occupies a special compartment in the outer part of the anterior
annular ligament, and is inserted partly into the palmar aspect of the
trapezium and partly into the bases of the second and third metacarpal
bones. In Chironectes{ it is inserted into the radial side of the base
of the metacarpal of the medius only, and in Phascolarctos$ also the
insertion is so limited. In Phascolomys, Phalangista, Didelphys, and
Perameles the muscle passes from the entocondyle to the third meta-
carpal,|| but in Sarcophilus|| a slip in addition is attached to the trape-
zium. In Myrmecobius{ it is attached to the carpus only (scaphoid
trapezium and hg. carpi volare). It is inserted into the bases of the
second and third metacarpals in Petawrista.**

In Ornithorhynchus the muscle is relatively very large, and is deep
palmo-dorsally ; the pronator radii teres les embedded in its ulno-
palmar aspect. Its origin is from the entocondyle at its tip, but ex-
tending deeply on its distal aspect to the very edge of the humero-
radial articulation. Part of the muscle arises from the neck of the
radius.

Just above the carpus the broad fleshy belly narrows with great
abruptness, and a single rounded tendon results which is wholly in-
serted into the radial sesamoid bone, and has no connection except by
means of carpal ligaments with the metacarpal bones. This radial
sesamoid is situated on the palmar aspect of the radio-carpal joint and
scapho-lunar bone, and is united to the latter by ligament.

In Echidna the muscle is not relatively quite as large as in Ornitho-
rhynchus, but it has substantially the same origin and relations in the
forearm (I could not make certain that any of its fibres actually took
origin from the radius in the specimen I examined for this purpose).

In the lower part of the forearm it does not contract in width so
markedly as does the corresponding muscle in Ornithorhynchus, but a
stout tendon (derived from the tendinous investment of the muscles)
appears along its palmar border. The deeper part of the muscle is
continued, partly fleshy and partly tendinous, into the carpus. Here
it encounters the radial sesamoid bone into which it is inserted, and
this bone is in turn connected by strong ligamentous fibres with the
large scapho-lunar bone in front of which it is placed. The more super-
ficial tendon of the palmar border of the muscle as it enters the hand
flattens out and passes in front of the sesamoid. Westling says it is
connected with the first and second metacarpals. I find, however, that
such a connection is at most quite indirect through the palmar carpo-
metacarpal ligaments with which the tendinous fibres are connected.

* iv., page 17. + xxxvi., page 130. {ft liii., page 9. § lxxil., page 230.
xxix., page 162. ‘[ xxvi., page 822. ** xix., page 176.

a7

The chief part of the tendon is really inserted into the trapezium and
the scapho-lunar, distal to the radial sesamoid.

The descriptions just given differ somewhat from those given by
other observers,* though on the whole I can corroborate the account
given by Westling of the arrangement of the muscle in Echidna.

The radial sesamoid in Ornithorhynchus is very firmly attached to the
palmar aspect of the scapho-lunar, but I could find no indication what-
aver of any special continuation of the tendon of the flexor carpi
radialis to the base of the second metacarpal, such as is alleged to exist
in Meckel’s descriptions. ¢

In Chlamydophorus, Cyclothurus, and Tatusiat this muscle is small,
and is inserted into the metacarpal of the pollex only; into third,
second, and first metacarpals in Pholidotus ;{ into the index meta-
carpal, with the intervention of a radial sesamoid bone, in Orycteropus,$
and into the carpus only in Dasypus (os multangulum) || and Choloepus
(scaphoid and os multangulum). {

In Dasyprocta (and in Hare, Rabbit, and Guineapig){ the muscle is
entocondylar in origin, but is inserted into the base of the first phalanx
of the index. But in rodents in general Meckel speaks of it as arranged
as usual,** and Leche gives the index metacarpal as the insertion in the
Rabbit.++

Amongst the Insectivora it arises in Chrysochloris, not only from the
entocondyle, but, from the proximal third of the ossified tendon of the
flexor profundus digitorum. It is then inserted into the index meta-
carpal, as also in Hrinaceus. tt

Amongst Carnivora the muscle is inserted usually into the index
metacarpal, but may be also into the first or third, e.g., dog.

As already stated, there is no M. palmaris longus present in
Notoryctes, and the MW. flexor sublimis digitorum being also
absent, there is only one long digital flexor present forming the
representative of the M. flexor profundus digitorum (+ flexor
longus pollicis) of other forms.

M. flexor digitorum (figs. 12-15 f.dig.) consists of a muscular
mass imperfectly segmented into four portions.

Following Windle’s classification §§ of the constituents of the
deep flexor mass, we may here distinguish representatives of
(a) condylo-ulnaris, (b) condylo-radialis, (c) ulnaris proprius, (d)
radialis proprius. 1 found no trace of a centralis element.

All the parts of the muscle are attached to the large palmar
sesamoid bone (figs 13-15 p.ses.). See also Stirling’s description. | ||

From the distal portion of this bone the tendons of insertion
proceed.

Condylo-ulnaris and condylo-radialis (f.dig. 1 and 2 in figures)
arise side by side from the slight pit-like depression on the distal

* xxxvii., page 27; iii., page 152; xxxix., page 388 ; and Ixii., page 25.
{ xxxvil., page 27, and xxxvill., page 543, { xxvii., page 250. § xv., page
584. || xiv., page 544. I xl., page 400. ** xxxvii., page 544. ft xxvi.,
page 821. +t xxvi.. page 822. §§ Ixviii., page 73. ||| liv., page 177, and

Pl. viii., fig. 5.

58

aspect of the entocondyle. They are partially distinct as far as
the sesamoid bone, into which they are inserted, partly fleshy,
partly tendinous, rather in front of the other two portions.

Ulnaris proprius (f. dig. 3 in figures) arises from the whole of
the hollow inner surface of the large olecranon and from the
inner surface of the proximal half of the ulnar shaft. It is
partly overlapped by the condylar heads of the muscle, and
largely by that of the flexor carpi ulnaris. It is inserted into
the proximal end of the palmar sesamoid by a stout rounded
tendon, side by side with, and on the ulnar side of, the insertions
of the condylar heads, though slightly on a deeper plane. The
tendon of insertion is continued up in the substance of the
muscle ; and into the superficial aspect of the tendon, in the
upper part of the forearm, are inserted many short fleshy fibres,
which arise from the intermuscular septum between the muscle
and the overlying flexor carpi ulnaris.

The remaining portion—vradialis proprius (f. dig. 4 in figures)
—is deepest of all. It takes origin by fleshy fibres from the
shaft of the radius, extending up as far as the insertion of the
biceps, and downwards as far as the lower end of the radius. It
is inserted into the deeper aspect of the proximal end of ihe
palmar sesamoid, close to its radial corner.

The distal extremity of the palmar sesamoid gives origin to
two short, very thick, and rounded tendons; and a third, more
slender, tendon arises from the radial border of the bone, close to
its distal end. The latter passes on to the palmar aspect of the
second digit, and courses distally in front of its proximal phalanx,
to whose palmar surface it is secured by a fibrous ring. It then
passes on to be inserted into the palmar aspect of the base of the
terminal phalanx.

The other two thicker tendons are inserted into the palmar
aspects of the strong ungual phalanges of the third and fourth
digits respectively.

A tendinous vinculum connects the medial with the indicial
tendon (fig. 15, v2.).

Lumbrical slips are entirely absent.

Windle* has shown that where the flexor profundus attains a rela-
tively great development, the flexor sublimis is proportionately re-
duced, and this he states to be the case in many of the Carnivora, and
some of the Marsupialia.

Such a condition is typically illustrated in the case of Dasywrus,
where flexor sublimis was found by MacCormick+ to consist of a
slender tendon lying in a shallow groove in front of the great flexor
tendon, and arising from the front of the upper part of the latter.
This author describes the great deep flexor mass in four parts, the first

* |xvili:, page 73. + xxxvi.. page 132.
b) fo} > fo}

59

of which he takes to be equivalent to the origin of the flexor sublimis ;
but this is independent of the muscle he describes, as above quoted,
and is, in fact, plainly identical with Windle’s condylar portions.
MacCormick’s fourth division of the deep flexor is evidently a typical
centralis element.

Palmaris longus is well developed in Dasyurus. An essentially
similar condition obtains in Phuscolarctos,* Chironectes,t and Myr-
mecobius. t

In Cuscus$ Cunningham found the flexor sublimis arising by four
minute fleshy slips from the surface of the deep flexor mass, but he
regarded as the real equivalent of the origin of the flexor sublimis
what Windle has since taught us to regard as condylo-ulnaris and
-radialis portions of the deep flexor. Practically the same arrangement
was found in Thylacinus and Phascogale.§ So also in Phascolomys and
Sarcophilus,|| according to Macalister, who also accepts the condylar
origin as a sublimis, inseparable from profundus, and explains the
arrangement as practically a digastric condition of the sublimis.

I find no case recorded in the literature of marsupial myology in
which the flexor sublimis or palmaris longus are entirely absent.

Westling§ and Leche{ both state (authority not given) that in
Macropus (as in Echidna) no distinct flexor sublimis is present, but
Macalister states|| that in the Wallaby the sublimis “ arises from the
inner condyle inseparably united to the profundus; but from the
tendon of the common flexor above the wrist the fleshy fibres of the
sublimis arise and form a lower belly, which sends tendons to all the
fingers but the first.” Hence the condition in certain species of
Macropus, at least, is similar to the ordinary marsupial one.

Flexor digitorum gives tendons to all five digits in marsupials
generally. Flexor sublimis usually goes to the four ulnar digits, but
in Vyrmecobiust and Chironectest the tendon for the fifth digit is
lacking.

I find no record of the existence in any other marsupial of a palmar
sesamoid, such as is found in Notoryctes. The nearest approach to
such a condition is recorded by MacCormick in Dasywrus. In that
animal there is just above the wrist “an exceedingly strong tendinous
mass, which, on its deep surface, is covered by a pad of fibro-cartilage,

292k

In Echidna there is a single large flexor mass, a small partially
separable superficial portion of which Mivart surmised might represent
the palmaris longus. He also took the condylar part uf the mass to
represent the flexor sublimis element.j+ Westling{{ does not refer to
any subdivision of the mass.

At the wrist an exceedingly strong tendon is developed, and in this
1s a sesamoid bone (one or two, Mivart). Below this the tendon splits
into five tendons inserted into the terminal phalanges by each of the
digits.

In Ornithorhynchus, too, there is only oue flexor mass in the fore-
arm, with a similar arrangement as regards the digits. Coues found

* Ixxii., page 231. tliii., page 9. }xxvi., page 823. $iv., page 18.
|| xxix., page 163. {] lxii., page 24. ** xxxvi., page 132. fT xxxix., page
388. tf lxii., page 23.

60

“‘ several small irregular gritty specks like imperfect sesamoids”’ in the
tendon at the wrist* (cf. also Meckelt).

In this animal, however, Coues found a small fusiform belly
embedded in the substance of the muscle, and ending in a fine tendon,
which was traced distinctly to the wrist, and then lost. This he took
to be palmaris longus. He also found in the palm a small muscle, or
rather four small muscles, arising from the palmar aspect of the tendon
of the deep flexor. The fine tendons of these slips he found partly to
join those of the deep flexor, and partly to be arranged like those of a
flexor sublimis, to which accordingly he homologises it.

Meckel refers to the last, but does not name it; and he states that
the four small tendons are inserted, not into bone, but into the inter-
digital membrane.$_ I think Coues’ view of the homology is probably
correct, and if so the condition in Ornithorhynchus falls well in line
with that described, ¢.g., in Cuscus, by Cunningham (supra p. 172),
where the flexor sublimis was reduced to four small fleshy slips arising
in the forearm from the surface of the deep flexor mass. There is,
however, another possible view of the palmar fleshy slips in Ornitho-
rhynchus, viz., that they represent a palmaris longus. The superficial
position of the slips, and the somewhat indefinite ending of their
tendons in sheathing the digital flexor tendons is at least equally ex-
plicable upon such an hypothesis. There is certainly no other repre-
sentative of the palmaris longus present.

I have traced the small fusiform muscle which Coues found embedded
in the flexor mass in Ornithorhynchns. Its fine tendon, surrounded by
the musculo-tendinous fibres of the rest of the muscle, is attached to
one of the sesamoid bones in the common tendon. It undoubtedly
corresponds, not to the palmaris longus, as Coues thought, but to the
‘“centralis” flexor eiement of Windle.|| It is indeed a fairly typical
example of this factor of the flexor mass.

Both in Echidna and Ornithorhynchus the great flexor muscle is ulnar
and entocondylar in origin.

In Chlamydophorus there is a palmar sesamoid ossicle, and to it three
muscles are attached, according to Macalister. The first he regards
as flexor sublimis, and is the only condylar part of the flexor mass. . It
as attached to the ulnar side of the palmar sesamoid. I should think
it highly probable that this in reality is only the condylar portion of
the deep flexor, or at least of an only partially differentiated flexor
mass. There are, at any rate, no insertion slips which correspond to
those of a flexor sublimis. The other sectors of the flexor mass attached
to the palmar ossicle are an ulnaris (Macalister’s flexor profundus) and
a radialis (flexor longus pollicis). The three sectors seem to be quite
separable in the forearm. From the distal end of the ovate ossicle five
tendons proceed, including an exceedingly fine one to the pollex.

But Macalister describes in addition** seven fine fleshy bundles
arising from the sesamoid bone, which are inserted into each side of
the second phalanges of the fingers except the thumb, and the ulnar side
of the minimus, “ forming short fiexors.’”” These slips at once remind
one of the very similar slips in Ornithorhynchus, and, as in that animal,

See E Ma : a ae = ee Be

* l., page 154. A XXXVil., page 28. F ul., page 155. S XXXV tra RAES 28,
and xxxviil., page 559. || Ixvlii., page 74. {| xxvii., page 251. XXVil.,
page 252.

61

are at least highly suggestive of true flexor sublimis elements, here
again shrunk down into the palm. Such a reduction, complete or
partial, is, in fact, found in other well-known forms, as in Hatteria ;*
and amongst the Mammalia in Viverra civetta,t where that part of the
flexor sublimis, at least, which is inserted into the fifth digit, arises not
with the rest of the superficial flexor fibres in the forearm, but from
the annular ligt. and pisiform. The tendon to the fourth digit, too, in
this animal receives an accessory short slip which joins the proper
flexor perforatus tendon. Finally, im the Jerboa,{ according to
Humphry, “the flexor sublimis passes to the three middle digits only,
the other digits (J. and V.) receiving delicate muscular superficial
flexors from the supernumerary carpal ossicle which is present in that
animnal.”’

Further, in Chiamydophorus there is a large, thin superficial palmaris
longus$ condylar in origin and fleshy to the wrist nearly. “ Its tendon
expands over the palmar ossicle, and ends in four superficial slips lost
in sheathing the tendons over the digits.” Hyrtl was doubtful whether
the latter insertion was not that of a flexor subiimis. Macalister’s
rejection of this tentative view is doubtless right, but I am inclined
to believe that his “sublimis”’ is only part of the deep flexor mass,
and that the true sublimis is represented by the small fleshy slips re-
ferred to arising from the palmar sesamoid.

In Myrmecophaga jubata|| Macalister says that the flexor sublimis is
unrepresented, but that a strong bicipital palmaris longus is present
inserted by two slips, one on each side of the first phalanx of the
powerful middle digit. The flexor profundus is very large, with five
heads, but forming a single fleshy belly ending in three tendons—one
central, enormous, for the third digit; one smaller, to the fourth toe;
one still smaller to the index, and a very fine slip to the pollex

The same author notes the presence in Myrmecophaga of “a small
superficial flexor of the fifth digit, arising from the annular ligament
on its inner side by a tendon; this small muscle gives off a slip to the
ulnar side of the lumbricalis for the medius.’”’4

In the absence of a flexor sublimis this muscle bears an interesting
resemblance to similar slips in the Civet and Jerboa for the fifth digit
(v. supra). No such arrangement was found in any of the other
insectivorous Edentates examined by Macalister.

The arrangements of the flexor mass vary so considerably amongst
Edentates that it is scarcely possible to give a synopsis of them.
There is, however, a general tendency to imperfection in the segmen-
tation of flexor sublimis, from the palmaris longus on the one hand,
and from the flexor profundus stratum on the other; and in several
cases flexor sublimis is entirely absent. The arrangement of the ten-
dons of the deep flexor varies, of course, with the skeletal modifica-
tions of the manus. It is interesting to note the presence or absence
of the palmar sesamoid which in several Edentate forms assumes large
proportions, as in Notoryctes. It is present in Manis, but is absent in
the other ant-eaters, and in Orycteropus Macalister remarks that “ its
presence in Jas is interesting, as 1t is characteristic of all the cata-
phractous edentates.’’{]

*xx., page 176. Tt xxil., page 172. }xx., page 176, Note. § xxvii.,
page 250. || xxxv., page 502. 4] xxxv., page 503.

62

In Talpa* the flexor mass forms one single unsegmented muscle,
from which comes a strong tendon; but in Evinaceus* all the factors
are present. In Chrysochlorist the flexor sublimis is very small, and

passes only to the second finger. In the latter form the flexor profun-—

dus has a large ossification in 1t which reaches to the carpus.

The sublimis and profundus are generally well differentiated in this
order.

Among the Rodentia Windle} notes that the flexor sublimis is nearly
always a somewhat deeply placed muscle owing to its being overlapped
by the large palmaris longus and flexor carpi ulnaris. According to
the same author, the sublimis is reduced to a minimum in the Car-
wivora, existing nearly always merely as “an offshoot from the condylo-
ulnaris near the lower end of the forearm.”’ In this respect the Car-
nivora would seem to resemble the Marsupialia.

It would appear from Mivart’s and Murie’s account of the anatomy
of Dasyprocta§ that a flexor brevis mantis exists as a small superficial
muscular mass superficial to the flexor tendons, and arising from their
surface, in addition to a long flexor sublimis. It had an apparent at-
tachment or insertion into the proximal end of the fifth digit. In the
right limb the long flexor sublimis gave tendons to the second, third,
and fourth digits; on the ieft side to the fifth as well. It is probable
that this flexor brevis mantis is simply a short accessory portion of the
flexor sublimis corresponding closely to that found in the Civet (v.
supra, p. 61). The condition in the Guinea-pig would also seem to be
similar, according to Humphry,|; though Mivart and Murie state that
they failed to detect a corresponding structure in that animal.

IntTRINsSIC MUSCULATURE OF THE MANUS.

Three muscles only are present, viz.

M. abductor pollicis,

WW. flexor brevis pollicis, and

M. flexor brevis indicis.

M. abductor pollicis (brevis) (figs. 6, 7, 10, 12, 13, 14, and 15,
ab.p.). This muscle is contained in the prominent fold of naked
‘skin which corresponds to the ball of the thumb, and which near
its proximal part or base is in close relation to the projection of
the rudimentary fifth digit.4]

It is a small but fairly thick quadrate muscle which arises
from the aponeurosis of the manus near the wrist at a point cor-
responding to the anterior annular ligament (which is not very
specially developed). It is inserted into the (morphologicaily)
preaxial or radial manubrium** which juts out from the proximal
phalanx of the pollex.

M. flecor brevis pollicis (figs. 13 and 14, f-b.p.) consists of two
small flattened muscular bands arising together from the base of
the metacarpal of the third digit. They are inserted into oppo-

* Ixviili,, page 76. + xxvi. » page 824. + Ixviil., page 77. § xl., page 402.
||xx., page 176, Note. 7 Figs. 2 nt be 13, 14,°15, and Ay 2.7 xx Fig. 15,
sep, Nee

63

site sides of the proximal phalanx of the pollex, the radial inser-
tion being in close relation to the insertion of the abductor.

Along with this may be described the VW. flexor brevis indicis,
represented by one small fleshy belly taking origin from the
palmar aspect of the third metacarpal and inserted into the
palmar aspect or perhaps the ulnar border of the base of the
proximal phalanx of the index.

I know of no other instance amongst the Marsupials where modifi-
cation by suppression of the intrinsic musculature of the hand has gone
on to such an extent as in Notoryctes. And with regard to Marsupials
generally, Young has remarked* that in no other class of mammals has
the common mammalian “type’”’ of this musculature been so con-
stantly adhered to as in the Marswpialia. The case of Notoryctes is
therefore the more noteworthy. There can be little doubt that the
extreme degree of structural modification here exhibited is simply the
result of a very marked specialisation from functional requirements.
A study of the skeleton of the hand will amply confirm this conclusion. +
Further, be it noted, that the structural modification of this group of
muscles is wholly in the way of suppression, and that in so far as
intrinsic muscles are present their homologies are quite easily inter-
preted. There is no representative whatever of the palmar layer
of “adductores’? The only representative of the dorsal layer of
*“‘ abductores’’ is the abductor-pollicis; while the intermediate layer of
“flexores”’ is represented by three bellies, viz., both bellies of the
flexor brevis pollicis and the ulnar belly of the flexor brevis indicis.

In view of the anomalous reduction in the musculature of the region
under notice, it is unnecessary to institute any systematic comparison
with other forms, and it will suffice to take note of the condition as
regards the muscles of the hand in a few animals in which we might
expect similar, or at least parallel, modifications.

As already stated, the condition in Notoryctes is quite unique
amongst marsupials. And although the Echidna is a powerful digger
and burrower, a glance at its skeleton is sufficient to discourage one
from expecting any very marked myological resemblance to the hand
of Notoryctes. It is, however, the case that in Hchidna we have an
instance of considerable reduction from the type. The muscles
present (apart from the lumbricals), with one exception, belong to the
dorsal layer of abductores. These latter are—Abductor pollicis (Flexor
brevis pollicis of Fewkes{), and five interosseous muscles. The re-
maining muscle is reckoned by Mivart$ as a sixth interosseous, but
Westling takes it to be equivalent both to a flexor brevis and an
opponens pollicis.t It arises from the tendon of the flexor carpi
radialis, and is inserted, according to Westling, into the proximal
phalanx and metacarpal cf the pollex on its radial aspect.

In Chlamydophorus|| Macalister found a slender cylindrical abductor
pollicis, an opponens pollicis, and a muscle which he regarded as con-
joint flexor brevis and abductor pollicis. He further states that these
polliceal muscles are absent in Cyclothurus, Bradypus, and Cholepus,|

* xxxv., pages 158-9. t+ liv., Pl. viii. {xii., page 28. § xxxix., page
389. || xxvii., page 253.

64

though elsewhere* he describes a superficial polliceal muscle in Cyclo-
thurus inserted into the rudimentary trapezium and preaxial side of
the manus.

In his “ Report on the Insectivorous Edentates,” the same author
states that “the short muscles of the hand are very well developed.’’*

The only indication of the condition in Chrysochloris which I can
find is in the following statement from Leche :—‘ Wihrend bei Myo-
gale noch besagte Flexores br. und Adductor pollicis die Hand-
musculatur bilden, fehlt eine solche bei Chrysochloride und Talpina
gainzlich.’’+

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* xxxv., page 503. + xxvi., page 835.

65

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XXIII. Humpnry, G. M., “On the Disposition and Homologies
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XXIV. Hyrti, Jos., “ Chlamydophort truncati cam Dasypodi,”
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XXV. Haveuron, S., “ Myology of the Crocodile.” Ann. Mag.
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XXVIT. Macatister, A., “Anatomy of Chlamydophorus
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XXVIII. Macatisrer, A., “On the Muscular Anatomy of the
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p. 153.

66

XXX. Macatister, A., ‘Further Observations on the Myology
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XXXI. Macatisrer, A., “On the Homologies of the Flexor
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XXXII. MacatistEr, A., “On the Myology of Bradypus tri-
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XXXII. Macauister, A., “On the Arrangement of the Pro-
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XXXIV. Macatister, A., “‘ Catalogue of the Principal Muscular
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XXXV. MacatistEr, A., “ Report on the Anatomy of the Insec-
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XXXVI. MacCormick, ALEx., “The Myology of the Limbs of
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XXXVII. Mecxet, J. F., “ Ornithorhynchi paradoxi descriptio
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XXXVIII. Mecxet, J. F., “System der Vergleichenden Anat-
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XX XIX. Mivartr, St. GeorGe, “ Anatomy of Echidna hystrix.”
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67

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NOTORYCTES TYPHLOPS MYOLOGY.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PuateE II.
Fig. 1.—Dorsal aspect, superficial. x 2.
References, j ;
7.a. ML. cervico-auricularis.
c.t. ** cleido-trapezius (‘‘clavo-cucullaris ”’).

d.t. ‘* delto-trapezius (‘‘ trapezio-deltoid,” ‘‘ cephalo-humeral”’). .

a.t ** acromio-trapezius.
s.t. ** spino-trapezius.
rh. ** rhomboideus.
i.d. ** latissimus dorsi.

p.c. ** panniculus carnosus (humeral portion).

tr. ‘* triceps extensor antebrachii.

te. ** temporalis.

s.d. ‘* spino-deltoideus.

Au. External auditory meatus.
Pa. Parietal region of skull.
F. Muscles of forearm.

69

Prare FL.
Fig. 2.—View of right side of body, panniculus removed. x 2.

s.m. M. sterno-mastoideus.
s.th. ‘* sterno-thyroideus and sterno-hyoideus.
m.h. ‘* mylo-hyoideus.

ZY. ‘* zygomaticus.

ma. ‘* masseter.

te. ‘© temporalis.

aa. ‘* attrahens aurem.

sid “* spino-deltoideus (‘‘ acromio-deltoid,” ‘scapular deltoid ’’)

P.d. Parotid duct passing forwards to mouth.
S.g. Submaxillary gland and duct.
B.g. ‘Buecal” or ‘‘ zygomatic” salivary gland.
Au. External auditory meatus.
0. Incision through abdominal walls.
Ol. Olecranon.
Vz Nail of fifth digit.
i: Left manus.
(Other references as in Fig. 1.)

PuatTeE IV.

Fig. 3.—Ventral aspect. x 2.

é.t. M. cleido-trapezius.

SM. ‘¢ sterno-mastoideus.

s.d.t. ‘* spino-deltoideus, together with the conjoint delto-trapezius.
c.d. ** cleido-deltoideus (‘‘ clavicular deltoid ’’)
p.a. ‘* pectoralis a.

p.o. y es dD.

p.- Cc. ce ce «

$.th. ** sterno-thyroideus.

sh. ** sterno-hyoideus.

mh. ‘* mylo-hyoideus.

0.h. ** omo-hyoideus.

ZY. ‘* zygomaticus.

ma. ‘* masseter.

a.0. ‘* attrahens aurem.

Ss. ‘* subclavius.

fd. ** flexor digitorum.

r.th. ‘* rectus abdominis.

d. ‘* digastricus.

P.g. Parotid gland.

B.g. ‘* Buccal,” or ‘‘ zygomatic” salivary gland,
Au. External auditory meatus.

S.d. Duct of submaxillary gland.

PLATE V.

Fig. 4.—Deeper dorsal muscles of shoulder and neck. x 2.

rh. M. rhomboideus.

1... ‘** cervico-auricularis (with attachment to meatus).
te. ‘* temporalis (covered by aponeurosis).

ZY. ‘* zygomaticus.

c.d.t. Cut edge of cleido- and delto-trapezius.
¢.d.t.1. The same muscle turned aside.

a.t. M. acromio-trapezius.

St. “¢ spino-trapezius, reflected.
s.d. “* spino-deltoideus.

iT. ‘* triceps extensor antebrachii.
Ac. Acromion process.

Mss. Root of meso-scapular spine.

S.d.1. Part of origin of spino-deltoid.

Fig. 5:—Muscles of right side of head, neck, and showder. x 2.

ZY. M. zygomaticus.
te. ** temporalis.
d.t. “© delto-trapezius.

c.d.t. ** cleido-trapezius, with M. delto-trapezius, conjoint.
c.t. ** cleido-trapezius.

a.t. ** acromio-trapezius.

Sit. ‘* spino-trapezius.

tr. ** triceps extensor antebrachii.
s.d. ‘© spino-deltoideus.

S.m. ** sterno-mastoideus.

T Ob: ‘* cervico-auricularis.

a.d. ‘¢ mandibulo-auricularis (attrahens aurem).
mM. ‘¢ masseter.

m.h. ** mylo-hyoideus.

B.g. Buecal gland.

Ol. Olecranon process.

Puate VI.

Vig. §.—Right anterior extremity. Muscles of axillary region and mner
aspects of scapula and arm, and of palmar surface of forearm (clavicle
turned outwards out of sight). x 4.

rabd. M. rectus abdominis.
SC3 ** subclavius. Its insertion has been exposed by turning

outwards the clavicle with the clavicular deltoid as
well as the delto-trapezius.

55058: ‘** subscapularis.

tm. ** teres major.

S.MU). ‘* serratus magnus (anterior major portion).

8.t7. Scapular head of triceps.

a.h.tr. Inner humeral head of triceps.

ld. M. latissimus dorsi.

Ld.t. Its tendon or aponeurosis where it spreads out over flexor
carpi ulnaris.

an.t. M. anconeus internus (epitrochleo-anconeus).

Ca *¢ flexor carpi ulnaris (condylar and olecranon heads).

ab.7. ‘* abductor pollicis. Its origin overlies the palmar sesamoid

bone, but is net attached to it, arising merely from
the palmar fascia.

d.t. ‘** delto-trapezius (pulled aside).

h.p. Humeral panniculus fibres becoming inserted into axillary
tendon of insertion.

p.t. M. pectoralis a | Cut; a and ) turned somewhat outwards,

p.b. m: sy b + andc turned upwards to show tendon

p.c. ; se 3 c of panniculus, biceps, &c.

73056: ‘* biceps flexor antebrachii.

b.a. ‘* brachialis anticus.

C..7 ** extensor carpi radialis.

71

p.tt. M. pronator radii teres.

Gi. ‘*¢ flexor carpi radialis

U.t Ulnar (postaxial) tuberosity.

CLI. First costal arch, giving origin to M. subclavius and inser-
tion to M. rectus abdominis.

sty. Radial styloid.

I., I1., 11.,1V. Nails of respective digits.

Puate VII.

Fig. 7.—Right anterior eatremity. Muscles of wner aspects of scapula and
arm and of palmar surface of forearm (clavicle turned outwards). x 4.

B56: M. subclavius (turned upwards).

rh. ** rhomboideus.

s.mg. ** serratus magnus.

oh. ** omo-hyoideus.

sbs. ** subscapularis.

t.m. ‘© teres major.

re ‘* cleido-deltoideus, turned aside with clavicle.

p.a. ** pectoralis a

p.b. eS ia b Cut, and a and / turned outwards.
p. C: ee 66 C

ach. Section of axillary tendon connected with humeral panniculus.
Ld. M. latissimus dorsi.

S.t7. Scapular head of triceps.

i.h.tr. Inner humeral head of triceps.
f.b.c. | M. biceps flexor antebrachii.

ant. ‘* anconeus internus (epitrochleo-anconeus).
faCou. *¢ flexor carpi ulnaris (two heads).

OT. *¢ flexor carpi radialis.

Dats *¢ pronator radii teres.

e.0.7. ‘* extensor carpi radialis.

ab. p. ‘** abductor pollicis (freed of its origin).
C.C./. Coraco-clavicular ligament.

eb: Radial tuberosity of humerus (preaxial).
U.t. Ulnar tuberosity of humerus (postaxial).

Co. Coracoid process.

int.ep. Ulnar or postaxial epicondyle (ento-condyle).
O/. Olecranon.

sty. Radial styloid.
p.ses. Palmar sesamoid bone.

Prate VIII.

Fig. 8.—Right anterior extremity. View of deeper dorsal muscles of scapula
and humerus. x 4.

M.S. Meso-scapular spine.
PSS. Post-scapular spine.

mM. SPY. Meso-scapular segment.
p.s.m.ligt. Postscapulo-metacromial ligament.
cl, Clavicle.

d.p.tub. Deltopectoral tuberosity.
ol. Olecranon process.

Sas. M. supraspinatus.

SC: ** subclavius.

1.8. ‘¢ infraspinatus.

bea. ** prachialis anticus.

8.tr. ** triceps (scapular head).

72

sor. Surface of origin of scapular triceps.

o.tr. M. triceps (outer humeral head).

an.e. “* anconeus externus (anconeus quartus),

ext. Extensor muscular mass of antebrachium.
Puate IX.

Fig. 9.—Right anterior extremity. Dorsal aspect of forearm and manus,
viewed slightly from the ulnar side. x 4.

6 if. Scapular head of triceps.

ld. M. latissimus dorsi.

an.e. “* anconeus externus.

€.€.U- i extensor carpi ulnaris.

Ct ad 7 ad communis digitorum (first and second parts).
C:C.1 . a carpi radialis.

€.1.M. $8 s indicis et medii digiti.

€.1. Dp. a rf ossis metacarpi pollicis (abductor poll. longus).
fC.4L. ‘* flexor carpi ulnaris.

d.c.lig. Dorsal carpal (posterior annular) ligament.

rad. sty. Styloid process of radius.

ect. Ectocondyle.

Ol. Olecranon.

I1I., Iv., V. Claws of 3rd, 4th, and Sth digits respectively.

PLATE X.
Fig. 10.—Right anterior extremity. Muscles of palmar aspect of forearm.
x 4.
pect. Pectoral muscles.
faUce: M. biceps flexor antebrachii.
b.a. ‘* prachialis anticus.
Dt. “* pronator radii teres.
C07 ** extensor carpi radialis.
flex.dig. ‘* flexor digitorum.
abd.poll. ‘* abductor pollicis (brevis).
€.m.p. ‘* extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis (abductor pollicis longus).
€.U.M. ‘* extensor indicis et medii digiti.
p.Ses. Palmar sesamoid bone.

rad.sty. Styloid process of radius.
for.f.c.r._Foramen in scapholunar for tendon of M. flexor carpi radialis.
1.,11., 1. Claws of Ist, 2nd, and 3rd digits respectively.

PuatTe XI.

Fig. 11.—Right anterior extremity. View of radial aspect of forearm and
manus. xX 4.

Css Te M. extensor carpi radialis.

p:7.t. ** pronator radii teres.

tae *¢ flexor carpi radialis.

€.M.p- ** extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis (abductor poll. longus).
€.0.M. “* extensor indicis et medii digiti.

e.c.d.1. ** extensor communis digitorum (tendon for digit 3).
vrad.sty. | Styloid process of radius.

p.ann.lig. Dorsal carpal (posterior annular) ligament.

pel, Proximal phalanx of pollex.

1.,11., 11. Claws of Ist, 2nd, and 3rd digits.

73

PuatEe XII.
Fig. 12.—Right anterior eaxtrenity. View of palmar aspect of wrist, with
morphologically dorsal aspect of pollex and index. x 4.

Ds Tat M. pronator radii teres.

fee ** flexor carpi radialis.

f.dig. ** flexor digitorum.

JuC.U ** flexor carpi ulnaris

CC? ‘* extensor carpi radialis.

em). ** extensor ossis metacarpi (abd. longus) pollicis.
ab. p. ‘* abductor (brevis) pollicis.

é.1.M. ** extensor indicis et medii digiti.

N.med. Nervus medianus.

Wel. Proximal phalanx of pollex.

I.,11., 111. Claws of Ist, 2nd, and 3rd digits respectively.

V. Apex of pisiform where it meets apex of 5th digit.

Fig. 13.—Right anterior extremity. View of palmar aspect of manus (pollex
and index forcibly abducted and permanent opposition reduced). x 4.
j.c.u. M. flexor carpi ulnaris.

is oy 3 } ** flexor communis digitorum
ab.p. ‘* abductor pollicis.

J.b.p. ‘** flexor brevis pollicis.

(POE ‘* flexor carpi radialis.

I.-v. Claws of respective digits.
pt. Proximal phalanx of pollex.
p.ses. Palmar sesamoid bone.

pr. Pisiform bone.

PLATE XIII.

Fig. 14.—Right anterior extremity. Palmar aspect of manus (attitude as
in Fig. 13). x6.

rad.sty. Styloid process of radius.

4.¢. ere : i
ae Tendons of flexor communis digitorum to index, medius, and
aie. annularis respectively.

s00Ds M. flexor brevis pollicis.

m.I. a:
\ First and second metacarpal bones.

m.11.
5:6: Scaphocarpal.
LT. Trapezium.

(Other letters as in Fig. 13.)

PLATE XIV.

Fig. 15.—Right anterior extremity. Deep dissection of palmar aspect of
forearm. x4,

RCE M. supraspinatus.

Bp. Osc. ‘*¢ biceps flexor antebrachii.

b.a. ** prachialis anticus.

aNn.t. ‘* anconeus internus.

f.rad. ‘* flexor digitorum (radialis).

8.7.0. ‘* supinator radii brevis.

F.C: Ut. ‘* flexor carpi ulnaris (olecranon head).
Deft. “* pronator radii teres.

e2C.7. ‘* extensor carpi radialis.

74

Ae Surface of origin of scapular triceps.
d.p.t. Delto-pectoral tuberosity.

Ol. Tip of olecranon.

Ent. Entocondyle.

rad.sty. Styloid process of radius.

int.lig, Interosseous radio-ulnar ligament (inferior).

u.c.ligt. Very strong, thick, and tendinous-looking ulno-carpal ligament,
proceeding from the palmar aspect of the lower end of the
ulna to a prominent ridge of the scapho-carpal (to which also
the anterior annular ligament is attached).

PLATE XV.
Fig. 16.—Right anterior extremity: Deep dissection of dorsal aspect of

Sorearm.
ext, Origin from ectocondyle of superficial extensor muscles.
an.e. M. anconeus externus.
S720, ** supinator radii brevis.
€.C.U. ** extensor carpi ulnaris (cut) and its tendon of insertion.
€.C.7. ** extensor carpi radialis (cut).
C:C5L. Vee ue eer Tet
ec.d.2. J extensor communis digitorum tendons.
€.M.p). ‘* extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis (abductor pollicis longus).
€.1.m. ** extensor indicis et medii digiti.
Ol. Recurved tip of olecranon process.

111.-v. Claws of respective digits.

“I

iy

NOTES ON A NEW CLASSIFICATION OF THE
BRACHYSCELIDZ.

By W. W. Froeeart, Tech. Mus., Sydney, N.S.W.

(Communicated by Oswatp B. Lowsr, F.E.S.).
[Read April 3rd, 1894.]
[Abridged. ]

In the last Part of the Transactions of your Society, there is a

paper entitled “ Descriptions of South Australian Brachyscelid
ralls,” by J. G. O. Tepper, F.L.S., upon which I beg the favor

of being allowed to make the following remarks.

In this paper he ignores my classification of the coccids, which
is clearly stated and defined on the form, spines, tubercules, and
anal appendages of the female insect. He passes over the coccids
with a few brief notes, in which he alters my term ‘anal appen-
dages” into “ tail bristles ”—a very misleading term, as they are
certainly not at all like bristles, being hard, stout, and awl-
shaped.

Mr. Tepper makes a new classification of the family from the
galls produced by the insects, and passes over the latter, which,
with one exception, he does not even describe in his new species.

He says ‘‘a characteristic specific difference appears to be ex-
hibited in the direction of the axis of the gall,” and on this basis
gives a classification of the described galls. Now, this vertical,
lateral, or dependent form can often all be found in a series of
one species, and is of no value for classification. It is impossible
to classify galls of any genus, without an exact knowledge of the
insects that form them; and, until Mr. Maskell and I have pub-
lished our recently read papers, it is simply a waste of time
making a classification of the family and genera. He says—
‘‘ All Brachyscelid galls have a minute opening or aperture at or
near the summit, or eaceptionally at the base.” If he had known
anything about the genera Opisthoscelis and Ascelis he would
have found that the opening was oftener at the base than the
apex.

Again, Mr. Tepper says “ that regarding the duration of the
life of the gall, or insect, nothing definite seems to be known,”
but from his own observations, it may take several years to pro-
duce some of the larger woody galls. Now, the giant among
them all (B, duplex, Schrader) never takes more than a season to
become fully developed, and others, as B. pileata, Schrader, when

76

infesting young, vigorous saplings, grows with wonderful rapidity ;
the younger and more sturdy the tree, the quicker it grows.

Having dealt with Mr. Tepper’s classification, I should like to
make a few remarks upon his so-called new species, most of which
are described from aborted or abnormal forms of very common
species already described. If a classification of the galls were
admissable, there would be no end to new species, as many as a
dozen varieties of many of the galls being obtainable from
several species, all of which could be easily placed if the full-
grown female were examined.

Not content with dealing with the Brachyscelid proper, Mr.
Tepper figures and describes a gall on Beyeria opaca as a new
Brachyscelis, without the least idea of what insect formed it.
The figures show a very variable gall, which might be formed by
anything. The genus Brachyscelis only form galls on species of
Eucalyptus.

Ascelis multitudinea, Tepper, is treated in the same manner.
The galls figured are not like any Ascelis known to me, but very
much like the galls of a Psylla, while the insect figured as the
gall-maker, evidently an inquline, is not a female coccid of this
group.

The following “‘new species,” according to Mr. Tepper’s
descriptions and drawings, are synonymes of other species :—

(2) Brachyscelis ovicoloides, Tepper, is the curved form of
B. pileata, Schrader, if the section was taken as typical ; if the
gall, it is an aborted B. ovicola, Schrader.

(3) B. regularis, Tepper, is the broad, short-stemmed form of
B. pedunculata, Oliiff.

(4) B. glabra, Tepper, is an abnormal form of B. ovicola.

(5) B. subconica, Tepper, is one of the very common forms of
B. conica, Froggatt.

(6) B. urnalis, Tepper, is B. Schraderi, Olliff, found in the
western parts of N.S. Wales.

(7) B. strombylosa, Tepper, is B. erispa, Olliff, a very common
gall about Sydney.

The last two, called B. calycina and B. Neumann, are new ;
but as they both come from the same locality, and allied, if not
the same species of Eucalyptus, it is most likely that they are
only varieties of one species ; but this can only be settled by
examining females from each species.

I think I have proved that Mr. Tepper has, by the recent con-
tribution to our knowledge of the gall-making coccids, in his
haste to make new species, without a sufficient grasp of the
subject, added little new, and heaped up synonyms that will
bother all future students.

(org

New AUSTRALIAN HETEROCERA.
By Oswatp B. Lower, F.E.S., &e.
[Read May 1, 1894. ]

HEPIALID:.

HEPIALUS THERMISTIS, 2. sp.

Female, 108 mm. Head, thorax, palpi, abdomen, antennz and
legs ochreous-fuscous. Forewings elongate-triangular. Costa
slightly sinuate in middle ; ochreous-fuscous, strigulated more or
less with darker; costa with a few obscure darker quadrate
spots ; traces of an irregular darker band from costa at three-
fourths to inner margin at three-fourths, most distinct in middle.
Cilia ochreous-fuscous mixed with whitish. Hindwings with
hindmargin rounded ; vermillion pink; cilia as in forewings.
Underside of both wings vermillion pink. This species is very
different from any other known Australian species

One specimen from Mackay, Queensland.

HEpIALUS CYANOCHLORA, n. sp.

Male, 70-74 mm. Head and thorax grass-green, palpi whitish ;
abdomen reddish, posteriorly greenish tinged, anterior legs dull
purplish, tibize with a broad band of green, other legs reddish
tinged. Forewings elongate-triangular, costa slightly sinuate in
middle, hindmargin bowed ; pale grass-green, shading into opal-
escent blue in certain lights, crossed by several transverse strigulie
or correlated bands of opalescent whitish; a slightly curved
oblique white fascia from three-fourths costa to beyond middle of
inner-margin, edged posteriorly by a dark-green line, anteriorly
suffused into ground-colour; costa purplish-fuscous in middle,
with three small whitish-green spots at equal distances; cilia
opal-whitish, tinged with green. Hindwings with hindmargin
rounded ; pale opalescent blue ; costa and hairs at base salmon-
pink.

Two specimens at Mackay, Queensland, in December. My
specimens are not in the best condition, but quite good enough
to denote a peculiarly beautiful species.

BOMBYCID.

PINARA ERUBESCENS, 2. sp.

Male, 50 mm.; female, 75 mm. Head, palpi, legs and thorax
ochreous, terminal joint of palpi purplish-red. Abdomen ochreous-

78

whitish, in male tinged with yellow; tibie and tarsi fuscous-
purple ; patagia fuscous-purple. Antenne fuscous-purple, pec-
tinations yellowish. Forewings elongate-triangular ; costa gently
arched, hindmargin obliquely rounded ; ochreous-pinkish, or pale
flesh colour, slightly darker posteriorly, veins neatly outlined
with yellow. Costa at base with a small spot of fuscous-purple ;
a reddish discal dot at one-third of disc. Hindwings with hind-
margin rounded, colour as forewings, in male strongly tinged
with orange towards hindmargin in middle; tinged on costa with
darker pink ; cilia yellowish-white.

Very similar to “fervens,’ but a much more chaste insect.
The cocoon of this is rugose, and of a pale-pink colour. Two
pair bred by Mr. G. Barnard, Duaringa, Queensland. The typical
insects are in the collection of the Brisbane Museum.

NOTODONTIDA.
NOYToDONTA CYCNOPTERA, 7. sp.

Male, 46 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, abdomen and thorax
- ashy-grey whitish. Thorax more whitish, with a large dark-
fuscous wedge-shaped patch. Antennal pectinations eight; apical
one-fifth simple. Legs very hairy, white; tarsi fuscous, with
whitish apical rings. Forewings elongate triangular, costa
straight, arched towards apex, apex round-pointed, hindmargin
obliquely rounded; ashy-grey-whitish; a white basal patch,
bounded by an irregular blackish line from beyond one-fourth of
costa to about one-third inner-margin ; in this patch are two
short black spots or streaks, one on costa in middle and one in
middle of base; a strongly irregularly dentate black line, poste-
riorly edged with white, from about three-fourths of costa to
near anal angle, with two acute projections, above and below
middle veins beyond this outlined suffusedly with black ; a lunate
white mark at end of cell; a suffused, rather thick, waved white
subterminal line; a black hindmarginal line, somewhat inter-
rupted at extremities of veins ; cilia ashy whitish, darker at apex.
Hindwings with hindmargin rounded ; white, with a broad black
hindmarginal band, broadest at apex, hardly reaching anal angle ;
cilia white, with a narrow blackish basal line.

Two specimens, Duaringa, Queensland, in March. (Coll.
Barnard. )

Geometrina.

HY DRIOMENID2.

HYDRIOMENA CALLIZONA, 7”. Sp.
Male, 30 mm. Head, palpi, thorax and abdomen dark-fuscous,
abdomen with second segment broadly white. Legs and antennz
greyish, antennal ciliations one-sixth, palpi one and a-half. Fore-

fhe

wings triangular, hindmargin waved, rounded, oblique; dark-
fuscous ; posterior edge of basal patch from one-eighth, costa to
one-eighth inner-margin, somewhat curved; anterior edge of
median band from one-third of costa to one-third inner-margin,
strongly dentate, and curved inwards ; posterior edge from two-
thirds of costa to two-thirds inner margin, contracted on inner
margin, with a moderate bidentate projection above middle; a
large black discal dot between, but nearest anterior line; the
ground-colour between basal patch and anterior line of median
band is occupied, except along costa, by a large white blotch; a
similar white blotch above anal angle, suffused with ground-
colour towards hindmargin ; a moderate rounded white spot on
middle of hindmargin, and an irregular white blotch immediately
above, curved towards apex, but not reaching it; a black hind-
marginal line, interrupted by ochreous-white spots at extremities
of veins; cilia light fuscous. Hindwings with hindmargin
waved; colour hindmarginal dots and cilia as in forewings, white
blotches absent, posterior edge of median band nearly straight,
from two-thirds of costa to two-thirds inner margin, limited by a
blackish dot-like line, immediately followed by a fine dark fuscous
line. An abnormal-looking species, unlike anything I have pre-
viously seen. It approaches somewhat “brujata,” Gn., but I
hardly think it is a variety of that species.

One specimen ; Billopp, Tasmania, in February (Coll. Barnard).

XANTHORHOE (?) PLATYDESMA, 7”. sp.

Female, 31 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and abdomen
deep chocolate ; thorax with a blackish suffused anterior band.
Legs fuscous, post pair greyish. Forewings triangular, costa
moderately arched, hindmargin waved, obliquely rounded ; deep
chocolate, anterior edge of basal patch limited by a fine obscure
whitish line, immediately followed by a thick black streak or
transverse band, median portion of median band wholly suffused
with ochreous-whitish, and containing numerous irregular waved
fuscous transverse lines, anterior edge from about one-third of
costa to one-third inner margin, posterior edge from three-fourths
costa to three-fourths inner margin, with a bidentate projection
in middle, suffusedly edged with whitish-ochreous throughout,
veins beyond irregularly dotted with whitish-ochreous ; subter-
minal line formed by whitish-ochreous dots, the middle one much
larger and conspicuous ; a waved black hindmarginal line; cilia
fuscous-chocolate. Hindwings with hindmargin waved, rounded ;
deep chocolate; veins dotted here and there with numerous
whitish-ochreous spots; markings obliterated, except posterior
edge of median band, which appears as a fuscous-curved line,
dotted on veins with blackish, and edged posteriorly on inner

80

margin with ochreous-whitish ; hindmarginal line and cilia as in
forewings. Between repentinata, Walk., and anaspila, Meyr.
The ground is different from any other species I am acquainted
with.
One specimen in December. Duaringa, Queensland (Coll.
Barnard).
XANTHORHOE PELOCHROA, %. Sp.

Male, 25 mm. ; female, 25. Head, palpi, thorax, abdomen, and
legs dark-fuscous ; palpi one and a half, posterior legs ochreous-
tinged, abdomen in male with pairs of black dots at base of seg-
ments, in female with black segmental rings and a minute yellow-
ish spot on dorsum at base of segments, second segment paler.
Antenne fuscous, pectinations six. Forewings triangular, hind-
margin waved, obliquely rounded; dull ochreous-fuscous, darker
in male, with numerous waved transverse lines, and with a few
minute white scattered dots; outer edge of basal patch hardly
traceable, in male followed by a row of obscure minute black
dots ; median band hardly darker than ground-colour. Anterior
edge from beyond one-third of costa to one-third inner margin,
curved inwards somewhat ; posterior from near three-fourths of
costa to two-thirds inner-margin, with a moderate blunt projec-
tion in middle; a well-defined, sometimes obscurely-whitish
edged black discal dot in middle; a somewhat thick, irregular,
crescentic light-ochreous mark above, and immediately following
angulation of median band; an irregular, triangular, apical
patch of dull-ochreous, from which proceeds a fine subterminal
line of same colour ; not in female. A waved, fine, black, hind-
marginal line ; cilia ochreous-fuscous, tips whitish. Hindwings
with hindmargin waved, rounded ; dull-fuscous, with numerous
waved, darker, transverse lines, more distinct on inner-margin ; a
black discal dot at one-third from base above middle ; a broad,
irregular, waved, ochreous band from middle of costa to middle
of inner margin ; obsolete in female; a similar but more suffused
band immediately before hindmargin ; not traceable in female.
Hindmarginal line and cilia as in forewings.

Two specimens from G. Lyell, jun., Gisborne, Victoria. It
comes nearest ‘“ repentinata,” Walk.; the lunate mark beyond
median band is a good recognisable character.

MONOCTENIAD 44.

NEARCHA DIDYMOCHROA, 2. Sp.

Female, 29 mm. Head, thorax, legs, and abdomen pale ashy-
grey. Antenne ochreous; palpi dark-fuscous, 13. Forewings
triangular, costa hardly arched, apex acute, hindmargin slightly
sinuate beneath apex, thence bowed, oblique ; pale-ashy-grey or

81

slate colour ; a very indistinct black line from before one-third
of costa to one-third inner-margin ; a small median black discal
spot ; a fine black line from four-fifths of costa to beyond three-
fourths of inner-margin, with a sharp angulation beneath costa ;
a similar parallel line, starting from bend of angulation marked
with irregular wedge-shaped spots posteriorly. Between the two
lines the ground-colour is pale-ochreous-yellow ; veins between
lines and hindmargin neatly outlined with black, and with a row
of hindmarginal dots at extremities; cilia grey-whitish. Hind-
wings with hindmargin rounded ; colour, hindmarginal and discal
dots as in forewings, first line obsolete, second and third as in
forewings, without angulations, and not reaching costa.

Two specimens Duaringa, Queensland, in August (Coll.
Barnard). Distinct by the angulated lines. The heads of the
specimens are not in good condition, having become mildewed.

EPIDESMIA THERMISTIS, 7”. sp.

Female, 32 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax reddish-fuscous,
thorax posteriorly fuscous. Abdomen and legs greyish-ochreous.
Forewings elongate triangular ; costa hardly arched ; hindmargin
bowed, obliquely rounded : reddish-fuscous, darker posteriorly ;
costal edge red throughout, edged suffusedly beneath by a thicker
blackish-shade throughout ; a dull, reddish-fuscous spot on inner-
margin, at about one-fourth ; a large, roundish, blackish discal
spot beyond middle of disc above middle; an ochreous-red,
straight line from beneath costa at five-sixth to inner at four-
fifth, posteriorly edged by a broad, blackish band, inclined to be
separated into large spots, which are centred by smaller and
blacker spots ; area beyond this coppery-fuscous ; a hindmarginal
row of black spots; cilia ochreous-reddish tinged. Hindwings
with hindmargin rounded, slightly prominent towards apex ;
greyish-white, becoming broadly light-fuscous towards hindmar-
gin ; hindmarginal dots and cilia as in forewings.

One specimen at Uraidla, South Australia, in November. In
general appearance resembles a Vearcha.

DICHROMODES ORTHOGRAMMA, 7%. Sp.

Male, 22 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen fuscous-
leaden, minutely dusted with leaden-white. Antenne whitish,
annulated with fuscous ; ciliations three and a half, palpi two
and a half. Legs greyish. Forewings triangular ; costa nearly
straight, hindmargin bowed, oblique ; fuscous-leaden, minutely
dusted with whitish, markings dark fuscous ; a line from beyond
one-third costa to one-third inner-margin, slightly sinuate beneath
costa; an almost straight line, somewhat dot-like, from three-
fourths costa to two-thirds inner-margin, edged posteriorly by an

F

82

equal width of whitish ; a discal spot midway between the two
fuscous lines. Subterminal line fuscous, strongly waved through-
out and indistinctly edged posteriorly with whitish; a black
interrupted hindmarginal line; cilia fuscous-whitish, terminal
half grey-whitish. Hindwings with hindmargin rounded, fus-
cous ; hindmarginal line and cilia as in forewings ; a small black
dash on inner margin beyond middle, edged with whitish, below
which is a small piece of ground colour as in forewings.

Two specimens, Duaringa, Queensland, taken in November
(Coll. Barnard). Nearest estigmaria, Walk. ; the antennal pec-
tinations put it out. It is not unlike, superficially, a large
ischnota, Meyr.

XENOMUSA TETRAMERA, %. Sp.

Female, 40 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen pale-ochreous,
with a few scattered minute fuscous scales ; thorax posteriorly
with a fuscous patch, and two small fuscous dots on first segment
of abdomen. Legs greyish-ochreous, somewhat infuscated. Palpi
fuscous ; antenne yellow, dotted with fuscous. Forewings tri-
angular ; costa strongly arched near hase, thence tolerably
straight ; apex acute, hindmargin strongly waved, bowed,
oblique; pale greyish-ochreous, minutely scattered with small
dark-fuscous scales; four transverse dark-fuscous bands—First,
thick, curved outwards from one-fifth costa to one-fifth inner-
margin ; second, from one-third inner-margin to three-fourths
across wing, surmounted by a well-defined fuscous discal dot ;
third, moderately broad, from about three-fourths of costa to
about middle of inner-margin, gently curved inwards throughout;
fourth, thick, irregular, interrupted above and less strongly
below middle, at apex expanded as a suffused patch ; a hindmar-
ginal series of obscure fuscous spots ; cilia ochreous-grey. Hind-
wings with hindmargin strongly waved; colour, markings, &c., as
in forewings, but markings not so well defined ; first line absent.

One specimen, Victoria (in National Museum).

ONYCHODES EUCHRYSA, %. sp.

Male, 45mm. Head, legs, palpi, abdomen, and thorax yellow;
second segment of abdomen purplish. Antenne whitish, pecti-
nations ochreous. Forewings triangular; costa gently arched,
somewhat abrupt at base; hindmargin obliquely rounded; bright
yellow, strigulated with dull purplish, more especially along
costa throughout ; a small blackish dot above inner-margin at
one-sixth, another similar obliquely above and beyond; a blackish
median discal dot; an indistinct outwards-curved purplish streak
from one-third of costa to one-third inner-margin ; an irregular
thick dentate purplish streak from apex of wing to inner-margin
and there meeting first streak ; an indistinct row of small fuscous

OD

3

dots from costa before apex to one-half across wing; a hind-
marginal row of blackish dots; cilia golden-yellow. Hindwings
arith, hindmargin’ slightly crenulate, rounded ; colour and mark
ings as in forewings, but first streak straight. Forewings
beneath pale-whitish-yellowish ; a strongly dentate reddish line
from costa at four-fifths to three-fourths across wing. Hindwings
with colour and markings as in forewings.

One specimen, Mulgrave River, Cairns, Queensland, in Feb-
ruary (Coll. Barnard).

ARRHODIA ORTHOTOMA, 7%. Sp.

Male, 42 mm. Head, thorax, palpi, legs, and abdomen greyish-
ochreous ; abdomen sparsely irrorated with small black scales ;
thorax with a suffused anterior band. Antenne greyish, pecti-
nations four. Forewings triangular; costa straight, apex
rounded, hindmargin hardly waved, somewhat sinuate below
apex, thence oblique ; greyish-ochreous, suffusedly irrorated with
fuscous ; a dark fuscous, rather thick line from beyond one-third
of costa to one-third inner-margin, with a strong angulation
immediately beneath costa: a similar line edged posteriorly with
a suffused row of dark fuscous spots from three-fourths of costa
to beyond middle of inner-margin ; space between the first and
second lines suffused with whitish, especially on lower half, where
it is strigulated with fuscous ; the upper half contains two quad-
rate spots just below angulation of second line; costa from first
line to apex rather broadly paler greyish-ochreous, attenuated
anteriorly ; a suffused fuscous spot on costa near apex ; cilia
fuscous. Hindwings with a deep concavity at apex, making apex
prominent, thence broadly waved, rounded ; colour, except along
hindmargin, where it is greenish tinged, and markings same as
in forewings, but quadrate spots and first line absent; a small
transparent discal spot outlined with dark fuscous placed on
second line; cilia as in forewings.

One specimen, Duaringa, Queensland (Coll. Barnard). I have
seen a second specimen. In general appearance superficially
resembling Monoctenia obtusata, Walk. It has a curious char-
acter in possessing the transparent discal spot so common to that
genus ; the antenne, however, refer it to Arrhodia.

MOoNOCTENIA ODONTIAS, 7. Sp.

Female, 34 mm. Head, antenne, and palpi reddish-crimson ;
palpi whitish towards base. Legs ochreous-whitish, banded and
spotted with dull crimson. Thorax fleshy-white ; abdomen
fleshy-grey. Forewings triangular ; costa nearly straight, arched
at apex; apex acute, hindmargin strongly dentate, somewhat
sinuate in middle; greyish-flesh colour, costa yellowish, strigu-

» 84

lated with fuscous-purple ; a very indistinct fuscous discal dot ;
a small cuneiform spot on costa at three-fourths, from which
proceeds a curved row of suffused indistinct dots to beyond
middle of wing ; a suffused leaden-purplish mark on inner-margin
before anal angle; cilia white, basal half purplish-fuscous.
Hindwings with hindmargin rounded, dentate ; apex and middle
dentation prominent ; a hardly perceptible waved line (dotted on
points) from two-thirds of costa to two-thirds inner-margin ; cilia
as forewings. Underside ochreous-pink ; markings of upperside
more distinctly reproduced ; a small purplish blotch on middle of
hindmargin of forewings ; a similar blotch at apex of hindwing.
One specimen from Duaringa, Queensland; also one in Brisbane
Museum without record. This species is allied somewhat to
subustaria, Walk., but differs in the hindmargin, hindwings, «c.

MONOCTENIA ORTHODESMA, %. Sp.

Female, 54 mm. Head, antennee, palpi, thorax, and abdomen
pale-biscuit color; palpi beneath white. Legs pale-pinkish-white.
Forewings elongate ; costa almost straight, slightly curved at
apex; apex acute, hindmargin sinuate beneath apex, thence
bowed, oblique; pale-biscuit colour; an almost straight dark-
reddish line from costa just before apex to inner-margin at about
two-thirds, edged anteriorly throughout with a pale-yellow line ;
cilia dark-reddish. Hindwings with hindmargin almost straight ;
cilia, colour, and markings as in forewings; costa broadly snow-
white, becoming suffused with pale carmine pink at and around
apex.

One specimen, Brisbane, in October. Chaste and elegant ;
not to be confused with any other described species. The
hindwings beneath have a large purplish patch placed as in
vinaria, to which it is allied.

MONOCTENIA CYCNOPTERA, 7. Sp.

Male, 40 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen pale-greyish, some-
what tinged with slate colour; legs grey ; antenne ochreous,
pectinations four; palpi greyish-ochreous. Forewings triangular ;
costa straight, apex acute, hindmargin sinuate beneath apex,
thence strongly bowed, oblique; pale slaty-grey, minutely and
imperceptibly dusted with blackish ; a ferruginous spot on inner-
margin at about two-thirds, from which proceeds a faint paie-
yellowish streak towards apex; cilia pale-ferruginous. Hind-
wings with hindmargin rounded, somewhat prominent at apex ;
snow-white, without markings ; cilia white. Forewings beneath
with a large blotch of claret colour just below middle of hind-
margin.

ie 2)

5)

One specimen received from Mr. A. Zeitz, taken at Lake
Mulligan, South Australia. It is a conspicuously distinct species,
and is remarkable for the colour of hindwings, all the other
species known to me being more or less unicolorus.

MOonocrTeEntA (1) XANTHASTIS, 7. Sp.

Female, 55 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen pale-
ochreous-fuscous. Antenne yellowish, pectinations one. Legs
yellowish-brown. Forewings elongate-triangular, strongly dilated
posteriorly ; costa rather strongly arched, hindmargin rounded,
oblique (apex broken) ; pale-ochreous, finely dusted with light-
fuscous ; a straight dark-fuscous line from beyond one-fourth of
costa to one-third inner-margin ; a similar curved-inwards line
from three-fourths of costa to two-thirds of inner-margin; a
transverse linear discal dot midway between these lines; cilia
dark-brown, with a yellow line near base. Hindwings with
hindmargin rounded ; bright golden orange, markings and cilia
as in forewings, but first line and discal dot absent. Forewings |
beneath bright golden yellow, strongly sutfused with dark brown
strigulations along costa and hindmargin; discal spot much
larger. Hindwings with colour as forewings wholly strigulated
with dark brown, more thickly towards base.

One specimen from Mr. R. Lllidge, of Bulimba, Queensland,
who took it at Gympie in March. It is certainly not referable
to the genus Monoctenia, but is placed here provisionally, the
curious unpectinated antennz of the female would in itself
warrant a new genus being formed, but in the absence of the
male I shall place it in Monoctenia. The nearest approach to it
as regards superficial appearance is Humelea rosalia, Cram.

GEOMETRID4.
Evucuioris (IopIs) MICROGYNA, 7. sp.

Female, 22 mm. Head dull yellowish-green, fillet greenish-
glaucous. Antenne and legs yellowish-white ; posterior legs
white. Thorax and abdomen dull glaucous-green ; abdomen with
three minute snow-white crests on middle segments. Forewings
elongate-triangular ; costa gently arched, hindmargin slightly
angulated in middle, upper half straight, lower half oblique; dull-
glaucous-green, a darker green discal dot, a hindmarginal row of
minute snow-white spots at extremities of veins ; cilia greenish.
Hindwings with hindmargin angulated on vein four; colour,
markings, and cilia as in forewings; cilia lighter towards anal
angle. Between neptunus, Butl., and centrophylla, Meyr.

One specimen, taken by Mr. C. J. Wild at Brisbane (type in
Brisbane Museum).

86

EUCHLORIS GONIOTA, . sp.

Female, 29 mm. Head greenish-white ; palpi long, fuscous,
apex of second and terminal joints snow-white. Legs and an-
tenn fuscous, tibie and tarsi suffusedly ringed with white,
posterior pair white. Thorax bright pea-green ; abdomen light-
fuscous, beneath snow-white. Forewings elongate-triangular ;
costa rather strongly arched, especially at base; hindmargin
bowed, waved, with a rounded angulation on veins four and five;
bright pea-green, with scattered whitish strigule ; costa brownish
throughout (strigulated with whitish) attenuated at extremities ;
a large roundish pale flesh-colored patch, mixed with fuscous on
middle of hindmargin, continued narrowly along hindmargin to
apex, edged anteriorly very finely with fuscous or dark-fuscous ;
a narrow, waved, somewhat interrupted ferruginous line, obsolete
towards anal angle ; cilia greyish-ochreous or pale flesh-colour on
hindmarginal patch, green on posterior half of hindmarginal and
round anal angle, with a small spot of same colour at termination
of veins. Hindwings with hindmargin strongly waved and angu-
lated, more prominently on veins four and six ; colour, markings,
and cilia as in forewings, but hindmarginal patch with rounded
portion less prominent ; a small triangular spot at termination
of first vein ; cilia round, anal angle snow-white.

One specimen from Mackay, Queensland, taken by Mr. R. E.
Turner and presented to the Brisbane Museum, where the type is
preserved.

EUCHLORIS ORTHODESMA, 7. Sp.

Male (2), 30 mm. Head green; antenne white (?), broken ;
thorax glaucous-green, abdomen glaucous-green, posterior seg-
ments whitish, silkly, mixed with yellowish-ferruginous. Legs
white, anterior tibiz and tarsi tinged with fuscous. Forewings
elongate-triangular ; costa gently arched, apex hardly acute,
hindmargin bowed, obliquely rounded ; pale iridescent moonlight-
blue, extreme costal edge ochreous; a dark-green basal patch,
posterior edge nearly straight from one-third costa to one-fourth
inner-margin, a broad, dark-green, irregularly-edged, tolerably
straight transverse band from three-fourths of costa to three-
fourths inner-margin ; a darker green discal dot midway between
this and basal patch ; a rather narrow dark-green hindmarginal
fascia, narrower towards anal angle ; cilia pale-greenish. Hind-
wings with hindmargin strongly angulated on vein four; colour
cilia, and markings as in forewings, but transverse band broader,
especially towards anal angle ; hindmarginal fascia not reaching
anai angle.

Cairns, Queensland; one specimen, taken in September. This
species has a peculiar facies, and reminds one of the Indian
forms, to some of which it is doubtless allied.

8T

EUCHLORIS MEGALOPTERA, 1. sp.

Male, 38 mm. Head and palpi greenish-ochreous, crown and
antennz snow white, antennal pectinations five, ochreous. Legs
whitish, anterior pair greenish-tinged. Thorax and abdomen
green, sides and apex of abdomen white. Forewings elongate
triangular, costa strongly curved at base, thence straight, at
apex strongly curved, apex acute, hindmargin gently bowed,
oblique ; bright yellowish-green ; costal edge snow-white through-
out, attenuated at extremities ; a reddish discal dot just before
and above middle of wing; a fine ferruginous hindmarginal line ;
cilia whitish, terminal half ferruginous. Hindwings with hind-
margin strongly angulated on vein four; colour hindmarginal
line and cilia as in forewings ; a large reddish discal dot centred
with ferruginous.

One specimen from North Queensland, without further locality,
in collection Brisbane Museum. This species is the largest Aus-
tralian species known, and is very distinct, but not unlike in
shape of wing an Agathia.

Tortricina.
TORTRICIDA.
DICHELIA COSMOPIS, 2. sp.

Male, 13 mm. Head, thorax, palpi, legs, antenne, and abdo-
men dark-fuscous, legs ringed with dull white, anterior cox
ochreous. Forewings moderate, elongate, apex obtuse, hindmargin
obliquely rounded ; dark chocolate, with ochreous-yellow mark-
ings; a broad, nearly straight fascia, much broader on inner
margin from about one-third of costa to before middle of inner-
margin, containing traces of transverse lines of ground colour,
especially on costa and inner-margin ; a small triangular spot on
costa at about two-thirds containing a small dot of ground colour ;
two or three minute dots on costa towards apex, and a few
ochreous scales above anal angle ; cilia dark-fuscous. Hindwings
bright orange, a narrow blackish suffused hindmarginal band
tending to be produced along veins ; cilia fuscous, with a blackish
basal line.

Two specimens received from Mr. G. Lyell, jun., Gisborne,
Victoria. This species is very near lychnota, Meyr. (of which it
may ultimately prove a variety), but differs in the more sharply-
defined markings and the triangular costal spot. It is an easily-
recognised species.

Pyralidina.
SICULODIDA,
STRIGLINA HYALOSPILA, 1. sp.

Male, 36mm. Head, palpi, and antenne greyish-ochreous ;

88

thorax and abdomen reddish-ochreous, anteriorly broadly greyish-
ochreous. Legs ochreous-grey. Forewings triangular, costa
straight, arched towards apex, hindmargin slightly sinuate above
and below middle; yellowish-ochreous, reddish-tinged, reticulated
with numerous reddish strigule, obscure on basal half of wing,
which is dull purplish-fuscous. This colour is continued along to
apex, with a projecting tooth at about three-quarters; three
transparent iridescent roundish spots in a transverse slightly
oblique row, above .inner margin at two-thirds, reaching half
across wing, and rounded posteriorly by a patch of purplish-
fuscous ; a purplish-fuscous irregular patch just above middle of
hindmargin ; cilia yellowish, tinged with reddish-fuscous. Hind-
wings with hindmargin rounded ; colour and cilia as in forewings,
but reticulations more intense; a fuscous-purple apical blotch,
extending along hindmargin to vein five; a purplish-fuscous
transverse fascia from before middle of costa to before middle of
inner-margin, contracted above middle, bounded posteriorly by
three transverse rounded iridescent spots (transparent) placed in
about middle of wing, and anteriorly bounded by two similar
spots, longitudinally placed and more suffused ; cilia as fore-
wings.

One specimen taken in November at South Barnard Island
(Coll. Barnard).

Tineina.

XYLORYCTID.
UZzUCHA HYPOXANTHA, 1%. sp.

Female, 35 mm. Head, thorax, antenne and palpi ashy-grey,
abdomen and legs pale yellow, anterior legs somewhat infuscated,
basal segment of abdomen with a narrow ferruginous band.
Forewings elongate-oblong, costa very strongly and abruptly
arched near base, thence tolerably straight, basal third with dense
projecting hairs, apex obtuse, hindmargin obliquely rounded ;
ashy-grey whitish, the latter colour somewhat predominant ; a
large ill-defined roundish dark-fuscous blotch in middle of wing ;
cilia ashy-grey whitish, tips paler. Hindwings with hindmargin
rounded ; pale yellow ; apex and hindmargin somewhat suffused
with fuscous, most prominent at apex ; cilia pale whitish-yellow,
with a dark-grey basal line.

One specimen, Coomooboolaroo, Duaringa, Queensland, taken
in November (Coll. Barnard), and one specimen taken at Chin-
chilla, Queensland, in December (in Brisbane Museum Coll.).

The hairs on the costa give the species a curious and distinct
appearance; the species is undoubtedly referable to Uzucha,
although vein 7 of forewing really terminates slightly above the
apex.

89

PILOSTIBES ENCHIDIAS, Jeyr.

Dr. A. J. Turner, of Brisbane (who generously presented me
with a pair), has bred this species from a species of Hugenia(?)
found a few miles from Brisbane, Queensland. It has hitherto
only been recorded from New South Wales.

CRYPTOPHAGA STOCHASTIS, JJeyr.

I have received specimens from Oakleigh, Victoria, and Her-
berton, North Queensland. The types were from York, Western
Australia.

CRYPTOPHAGA PROLEUCA, Meyr.

I have seen specimens taken at Kewell, Victoria.

CRYPTOPHAGA PORPHYRINELLA, Walke.

Vide post.

CRYPTOPHAGA ECCLESIASTIS, Jeyr.

Mr. R. Illidge, of Brisbane, Queensland, has shown me the
male of this species (which unfortunately got damaged). The
colour of all wings is pale sooty-black, with an iridescent purplish
sheen. The size is 37 mm. It has hitherto only been recorded
from Victoria. Mr. IJllidge’s specimen was bred from trees
growing adjacent to Brisbane.

CRYPTOPHAGA FLAVOLINEATA, Walk.

Both Dr. A. J. Turner and Mr. R. Illidge have bred this
species from Eucalyptus growing in and around Brisbane. New
South Wales is the only previously recorded locality.

CRYPTOPHAGA EPADELPHA, Meyr.

Mr. R. Illidge, of Brisbane, has bred this species rather com-
monly ; the female was described by Mr. Meyrick (Trans. Roy.
Soc. 8.A., p. 36, 1890); the male is somewhat smaller, and differs
only in having black hindwings and no hindmarginal spots except
on forewings.

CRYPTOPHAGA BALTEATA, Walk.

I have seen specimens of this insect from both Sydney and
Wimmera district, Victoria; it has not been hitherto recorded
but from Mount Lofty, South Australia.

CRYPTOPHAGA STENOLEUCA, 7. sp.

Male, 40 mm. Head and thorax fuscous ; abdomen whitish,
with ferruginous segmental rings, second segment broadly orange-
red; antenne and palpi yellowish-white; legs grey-whitish.
Forewings moderately oblong, posterior slightly dilated. Costa
straight, apex obtuse, hindmargin straight, with a slight sinua-
tion beneath apex ; fuscous, finely irrorated with black scales ; a

90

narrow whitish streak along costa from very near base almost
to apex, attenuated at extremities ; two very suffused and hardly
traceable small dark-fuscous patches in centre of wing; two from
near middle ; cilia dark-fuscous, with a fine whitish line at base.
Hindwings with hindmargin somewhat projecting at anal angle ;
snow-white, infuscated along hindmargin and apical half of wing ;
cilia snow-white, towards apex slightly infuscated.

One specimen, Duaringa, Queensland.

Nearest irrorata, Lew., but differs from that species by the
white costal streak, besides. being a more slender insect.

CRYPTOPHAGA CEPHALOCHRA, %. Sp.

Female, 45 mm. Head and palpi ochreous-white, basal two-
thirds of second joint fuscous externally. Thorax ashy-fuscous,
anteriorly whitish-ochreous, edged posteriorly by a fuscous trans-
verse line. Abdomen ochreous-fuscous. Legs dark bronzy-
fuscous, posterior femora tinged with ochreous white. Fore-
wings elongate-oblong, costa gently arched, hindmargin sinuate
beneath apex, thence straight ; dark-fuscous, mixed with ashy-
grey ; veins outlined with fuscous ; a large suffused discal spot in
middle of wing. A yellowish hindmarginal streak or line, dotted
with fuscous. Cilia ashy-whitish, somewhat barred with fuscous.
Hindwings with hindmargin rounded; dark-fuscous; 6 and 7
stalked ; a narrow yellowish hindmarginal streak hardly reaching
anal angle, broadest at apex ; cilia greyish-fuscous, basal half
dark-fuscous, with a fine white basal line.

One specimen taken at electric light (Central Railway Station),
Brisbane, Queensland, in January, near the preceding, of which
it may prove to be the female.

CRYPTOPHAGA PLATYPEDIMELA, 7”. Sp.

Male, 42 mm. Head and palpi ochreous white. Antenne
white, pectinations yellow. Abdomen and legs ochreous-yellow,
anterior tibiz and tarsi fuscous. Thorax ochreous-white, with a
large purplish-fuscous median blotch ; patagia ochreous, with a
purplish-fuscous patch. Forewings elongate-oblong. Costa nearly
straight, hindmargin obliquely rounded; 2 from near middle
ochreous white, sparsely strigulated with faint transverse purplish
striga, a purplish-fuscous broad basal patch, its outer edge straight
from one-sixth costa to one-sixth inner-margin, leaving a patch
of ground-colour at extreme base; a large purplish-ferruginous
discal spot beyond middle ; a narrow irregularly dentate hind-
marginal fascia broadest at apex ; cilia dark-fuscous, with a well-
defined whitish basal line. Hindwings with hindmargin rounded ;
6 and 7 from a point; pale yellow ; cilia pale yellow.

One specimen received Mr. R. E. Turner, Mackay, Queensland.
Tt is a pretty and distinct species in the group of albicosta, Lew.

3h

CRYPTOPHAGA LURIDA, Meyr., var. ASEMANTA, Lower.

Differs from the typical form in being without discal spots of
forewings, otherwise precisely similar.
Three specimens from Sydney, N.S.W. (Coll. Melbourne
Museum).
CRYPTOPHAGA MONOLEUCA, %. sp.

Female, 36 mm. Head, thorax, antenne whitish, tinged with
dull-purplish (palpi broken). Legs fuscous-whitish, abdomen
whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex
hardly pointed, hindmargin rounded ; dull chocolate, darker to-
wards costa; a large quadrate white spot in disc, just before
middle, preceded by a smaller obscure white spot ; cilia whitish,
towards base mixed with chocolate, especially at anal angle.
Hindwings with hindmargin slightly sinuate beneath apex,
thence rounded : greyish- faceone hghter towards base; cilia
light greyish- fuscous, with a darker line near base.

“One specimen from New South Wales (the precise locality not
known) bred in February (Coll. Kershaw).

LICHENAULA UNDULATELLA, Walk.

Mr. R. Illidge has bred this species from pupe taken near
Brisbane. I have also taken two specimens at Mackay, Queens-
land, in November. Sydney, N.S. Wales, is the only previously
recorded locality.

XYLORYCTA PORPHYRINELLA, Walk.

Cryptolechia porphyrinella, Walk., 771; Cryptophaga porphyri-
nella, Meyr., T. Roy. Soc. 8.A., p. 32, 1890; Lithosia bisecta,
Lucas.

Mr. R. Tllidge having bred males of this species I am enabled
to make the above correction. Meyrick was led into placing it
in Cryptophaga through only possessing a female. Dr. Lucas
has made the astonishing error of describing it as a new Lithosia.

XYLORYCTA EPIGRAMMA, Jeyr.

Cryptophaga epigramma, Meyr., Tr. Roy. Soc., S.A., p. 31,
1890.

Mr. kh. Illidge having bred the male of this species, I am able
to place it in the correct genus. The Brisbane Museum possesses
a curious and well-marked variety, posterior two-thirds of fore-
wing occupied by a large white patch, which, however, does not
reach the inner margin.

The specimen was taken at Albion, near Brisbane, in
December.

XYLORYCTA HOMOLEUCA, 7. sp.

Male, 31 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and abdomen

92

white ; very faintly tinged with ochreous, abdominal segments
edged with dull-reddish, hardly perceptible. Legs light-fuscous.
Forewings moderate, elongate ; costa gently arched, apex obtuse,
hindmargin obliquely rounded ; shining white, faintly ochreous-
tinged, without markings ; cilia shining snow-white. Hindwings
pale-grey ; cilia as in forewings. Between orectis, Meyr., and
leucophanes, Lower. From the former it differs in absence of
orange costal edge, &c. ; and from the latter by the absence of
blackish costal edge, color of hindwings, aud shape of forewings.
The faint ochreous tinge is not very noticeable ; veins four and
five of the forewings are very closely approximated at base ; the
neuration is otherwise normal.

One specimen, ‘‘ Coomooboolaroo,” Queensland (Coll. Barnard).

XYLORYCTA SIGMOPHORA, 7. sp.

Male, 35 mm. Head and thorax ashy-grey whitish ; palpi,
legs, abdomen, and antenne same colour, antennal ciliations
one and a half; abdomen with ferruginous segmental rings,
anterior tibie and tarsi fuscous ringed and whitish ; terminal
joint of palpi infuscated. Forewings elongate-oblong, costa
slightly arched, apex obtuse, hindmargin obliquely rounded ;
ashy-grey whitish, minutely irrorated with black ; an obscure
patch of blackish scales towards base ; a blackish » -shaped mark
in middle of wing, followed by a small blackish suffusion ; a
hindmarginal row of confluent blackish dots, immediately followed
by a whitish line on extreme hindmargin; cilia ashy-grey
whitish, with a darker median line. Hindwings light fuscous ;
cilia grey-whitish, with a fuscous basal line.

Very like in general appearance species of Agriophara. It is
not near any other known to me.

TELECRATES HELIOMACULA, 7. Sp.

Male, 27 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax yellow; anterior half
of thorax dark purplish-fuscous ; abdomen yellowish-orange, seg-
mental margins broadly fuscous-purple, anal tuft orange. Legs
yellow, anterior and posterior tibie and tarsi fuscous, middle
femora infuscated. Antenne fuscous, ciliations one - half.
Forewings elongate-oblong, costa slightly arched at base, thence
straight, apex rounded ; hindmargin obliquely rounded ; dark-
fuscous, purple shining; markings yellow; an elongate spot
immediately beneath costa at one-third ; an irregular quadrate
spot immediately beneath on inner margin before middle ; a large
irregular ovate spot just before apex, beneath which is a smaller
spot suffused with three or four lines of ground colour; cilia
dark-fuscous, with a darker basal line and a fine ochreous hind-
marginal line. Hindwings orange-yellow; a narrow fuscous
hindmarginal band, broadest at anal angle ; cilia as in forewings.

93

One specimen, Brisbane (Type in Brisbane Museum, Queens-
land). A very chaste and distinct species.

AGRIOPHARA CREMNOPIS, %. Sp.

Male, 26mm. Head and thorax black, abdomen fuscous-grey,
antenne blackish, ciliations grey, three. Legs grey, suffused
somewhat with fuscous; all tibie and tarsi fuscous, tarsi with
whitish apical rings. Forewings elongate, costa moderately
arched, apex rounded, hindmargin obliquely rounded ; black, with
two fine irregular, hardly perceptible, blacker lines, anteriorly
edged with a few whitish scales ; a row of black dots from below
middle of costa, continued in a curve round to anal angle, an-
terior three edged anteriorly somewhat with whitish ; a row of
very small whitish dots on costa from middle to middle of hind-
margin, obscured on hindmargin ; cilia blackish-fuscous, with a
few whitish points. Hindwings grey, suffused with pale fuscous
posteriorly ; cilia greyish.

Distinct by the black forewings. The markings are obscure
unles examined in a side light.

One specimen, Duaringa, Queensland (Coll. Barnard).

(ECOPHORID 2%.
PALPARIA CALLIMORPHA, 1. Sp.

Male, 40 mm. Head, legs, antennz, and thorax orange-yellow ;

palpi very long, ochreous-whitish, terminal joint fuscous, second
joint with long hairs. Abdomen golden-fuscous. Forewings
elongate-oblong, costa strongly arched ; rosy carmine ; extreme
costal edge orange-yellow ; a darker narrow carmine streak along
fold from base to beyond middle ; a fuscous-carmine discal spot,
beyond which is a moderately broad blackish band-like suffusion
curved to middle of inner margin at two-thirds. Space beyond
this to hindmargin orange-yellow, except on costa ; cilia orange
mixed with fuscous (imperfect). Hindwings with hindmargin
rounded ; golden orange-yellow, cilia golden-yellow.
A fine and handsome species, closely allied to /ambertella, Wing.
I at first thought this might prove to be a variety of the last-
mentioned, but in a long series (bred by Mr. G. Lyell. jun., of
Gisborne, Victoria) I can find no specimen like it.

The one specimen known was taken at Cairns, Queensland, in
September.

HoplLiticA EUGRAMMA, 1%. sp.

Male, 20 mm. Head and antenne pinkish-grey, antenne
annulated with fuscous. Palpi pinkish, second joint white, apex
grey. Abdomen bronzy, segmental margins yellowish-ochreous.
Thorax pinkish-fuscous. Legs white, anterior tibie and tarsi

94

carmine tinged, posterior pair and middle tibiz and tarsi ochreous-
yellowish. Forewings oblong, moderately broad. Costa arched
towards base, apex obtuse, hindmargin obliquely rounded ; flesh
colour, minutely irrorated with deep pink scales, giving the
appearance of being wholly pink ; costal edge crimson through-
out; extreme costal edge towards base whitish ; a hardly percep-
tible minute blackish dot in disc before middle; a large very
distinct blackish dot in disc at two-thirds; a roundish dark-
fuscous suffusion on inner-margin at one-third; a similar spot,
but more than twice as large as last, on inner-margin just before
anal angle; a narrow hindmarginal streak, suffused and not
reaching anal angle ; cilia whitish-grey, mixed with pink, espe-
cially towards base. Hindwings light yellow; cilia greyish,
becoming fuscous around apical half and anal angle.

One specimen, Duaringa, Queensland (Coll. Barnard), taken in
September.

The large black spot on forewings is a well-marked character.
In the present species vein of the forewings hardly terminates
in the apex. Correctly speaking it is immediately below ; there-
fore seemingly a Helio causta. The balance, however, is in favour
of referring it to Hoplitica.

EOCHROIS POLYDESMA, 7. sp.

Female, 25 mm. Head and palpi whitish, second joint of palpi
externally fuscous. Legs whitish, tibie and tarsi somewhat
infuscated. Thorax fuscous-whitish; antenne fuscous. Fore-
wings moderately broad. Costa gently arched, apex rounded,
hindmargin almost straight ; ashy-grey, irrorated with white
and reddish-brown markings; a small ferruginous basa] spot,
anterior edge somewhat eet posterior edge darker and well
defined, angulated above and below middle ; ; a second similar but
narrower fascia from costa near beyond this and parallel to it; a
small irregular triangular spot of ground-colour on costa at two-
thirds edged with white ; immediately below this are two reddish-
brown spots, one on each side; another similar above inner-
margin at two-thirds, the three forming a triangle; a broad
bright ferruginous fascia from before five- ‘sixths costa attenuated
to anal angle, anteriorly suffused with yellowish, posteriorly well
defined, indented beneath costa and followed by a fine line of
eround-colour ; ; apical and hindmarginal area beyond this yel-
lowish-ferruginous ; an erect linear white streak immediately
before anal angle, reaching about one-third across wing, edged
anteriorly by a patch of darker ground-colour ; cilia white mixed
with greyish, at base tinged with ferruginous. Hindwings dark-
fuscous ; cilia fuscous, with a darker line near base. Wings
beneath dark-fuscous. Forewings with a common costal streak
from near base to near apex, broadest in middle.

95

Type in National Museum, Melbourne, Victoria. The speci-
men was taken in New South Wales, probably near Sydney.
The markings of this species are as intricate as they are
elaborate.
ZONOPETALA (?) ZYGOPHORA, 1. sp.

Female, 15-18 mm. Head snow-white. Palpi snow-white ;
basal half of second joint fuscous, tinged externally. Antenne
and thorax dark-coppery-fuscous. Legs ochreous-yellow, slightly
infuscated. Abdomen ochreous-fuscous. Forewings moderate ;
costa gently arched ; apex round-pointed ; hindmargin obliquely
rounded, snow-white ; a dark-fuscous basal patch just reaching
inner-margin ; a broad, reddish-fuscous fascia; anterior edge
curved inwards, posterior edge straight from middle of costa to
middle of inner-margin ; a moderate reddish-fuscous (blackish at
apex) hindmarginal fascia from apex to anal angle, from lower
extremity of which proceeds a reddish-fuscous tooth to middle of
median fascia ; the ground colour between the last two fascia is
tinged with yellow on costa; cilia yellow, mixed with fuscous,
and with a darker parting line. Hindwings yellow, tinged with
fuscous ; cilia greyish-ochreous.

Two specimens Duaringa, Queensland, taken in January and
February.

Nearest decisana, Walk., but markings less complex ; the shape
of wing is somewhat different from the other species.

EULECHRIA CEPHALOCHRYSA, 1%. Sp.

Female, 23 mm. Head, palpi, and legs orange. Abdomen
greyish-ochreous. Thorax shining snow-white. Forewings
moderately elongate, rather narrow ; costa slightly arched, apex
somewhat pointed ; hindmargin obliquely rounded, white, mark-
ings ochreous-fuscous ; costal edge dull-orange throughout, except
at base, which is fuscous ; a spot on fold at one-fifth from base,
another obliquely beyond, and slightly below it, suffusedly con-
nected with a somewhat curved streak in middle of wing to two-
thirds where it forms a sharp semicircular streak to anal angle ;
a suffused spot on apex ; a narrow, suffused line along hindmar-
gin ; cilia ochreous-whitish, becoming greyish at apex and anal
angle. Hindwings grey ; cilia pale-yellowish.

One specimen Duaringa, Queensland (Coll. Barnard), taken in
May. ,

Somewhat like a Philobata, being in form of wing like the male
“productella,” Walk. This, the present species, is referable to
the elcota group.

SPHYRELATA DICHROA, 7”. sp.
Male, 13 mm. Female, 15 mm. Head and palpi snow-white ;

96

basal two-thirds of second joint of palpi golden-brown externally.
Antenne fuscous; basal joint white. Legs dark-fuscous,
posterior pair ochreous-yellowish. Abdomen greyish-ochreous.
Thorax golden-ochreous, posteriorly with a white spot. Fore-
wings moderate ; costa arched, apex round-pointed ; hindmargin
obliquely rounded, snow-white, markings golden-ochreous; a
narrow basal spot, not reaching *nner-margin ; a broad, slightly-
curved fascia dilated on inner-margin from before middle of
costa to before nmuiddle of inner-margin ; a strongly curved fascia
from two-thirds of costa to anal angle ; a similar fascia from just
before apex, confluent at anal angle with previous streak, leaving
a triangular spot of ground-colour on costa ; a hindmarginal row
of six or seven minute fuscous dots ; cilia whitish, middle third
yellowish, at anal angle with a fuscous tooth. Hindwings grey ;
cilia grey, ochreous-tinged at base towards apex.

One specimen, Duaringa, Queensland (Coll. Barnard), taken in
May.

PILOPREPES LOPHOPTERA, %. Sp.

Male, 21 mm. Head, thorax, and palpi white ; second joint
of palpi internally and externally fuscous-tinged. Legs and
abdomen pale yellow, anterior legs pearly white, shghtly infus-
cated. Antennz fuscous. Forewings elongate, broadly dilated.
Costa strongly arched, especially on basal half; apex rounded ;
hindmargin strongly rounded, white ; a large patch of olive-green
extending from base to near middle, posterior edge slightly curved
from beyond one-third of costa to half of inner-margin, in the
blotch are contained a suffused irregular patch of white, a narrow
dentate milky-blue line proceeding from the white patch to
inner-margin, and a small white basal spot ; a suffused fuscous
discal spot ; a curved pale leaden fascia from middle of costa to
above anal angle, anterior edge very suffused, posterior well
defined, with an indentation in middle ; a deep leaden patch near
middle of hindmargin, hardly cut by veins of ground-colour ; a
smaller lighter spot above this ; a leaden line along hind-margin
and apical fourth of costa; cilia snow-white. Hindwings pale-
yellow ; cilia whitish ochreous.

One. specimen beaten from Hugenia myrtifolia at Kedron
Brook, near Brisbane, Queensland, in October. Intermediate in
form between anassa, Meyrick, and aristocratica, Meyrick.

TRACHYPEPLA CALLIDESMA, %. sp.

Male, 17; female, 19 mm. Head and palpi white, palpi mixed
with fuscous externally, especially at apex of basal joint. An-
tenne fuscous, annulated with dark-fuscous, ciliations one and
a-half. Legs fuscous, posterior pair grey-whitish. Abdomen
yellowish-ochreous ; thorax grey-whitish. Forewings moderate.

97

Costa gently arched, apex round pointed, hindmargin obliquely
rounded ; greyish-ochreous, suffusedly irrrorated with dark-
fuscous, some white scales towards base mixed with black, two
tufts of ochreous scales placed one above the other at one-third
from base, edged on upper portion by a blackish streak ; two
black dots, longitudinally placed in middle of wing, separated by
three small snow-white dots; immediately above the posterior
white dot is an ochreous spot, finely edged with black, and below
this is a large tuft of scales, snow-white anteriorly and yellowish
posteriorly ; a strongly-curved black line almost from black-edged
spot to anal angle; an irregular black suffused apical patch ;
three small white dots below this on hindmargin ; cilia greyish-
ochreous, with a suffused black median line not reaching anal
angle. Hindwings ochreous-grey, at base lighter; cilia greyish
ochreous.

Two specimens taken in January by Mr. G. Barnard at Win
dermere, Tasmania. The second Australian species, easily known
from melanoptila, Mey., by the white head, and tufts not being
black, &e.

PHILOBOTA ISOSCELIPHORA, %. Sp.

Male and female, 25 mm. Head deep yellow. Thorax and
antenne purple-fuscous, palpi fuscous, termimal joint yellowish.
Legs pale-yellowish, anterior pair fuscous ; abdomen yellowish,
sometimes dark-fuscous. Forewings elongate moderate, costa
gently arched, apex rounded, hindmargin slightly sinuate,
oblique; bright yellow ; markings dark purple-fuscous ; a narrow
basal fascia, curved outwards and continued to one-fourth along
costa ; an erect triangular patch on inner-margin near anal angle
reaching nearly half across wing ; a moderate fascia along hind-

“margin anteriorly curved outwards; cilia dark-fuscous. Hind-
wings dark bronze-fuscous, paler towards base ; cilia dark-fuscous.

Two specimens, Duaringa, Queensland, in October. Allied to
fascialis, Fab., of which it may ultimately prove a variety.

PELTOPHORA PSAMMOCHROA, %. Sp.

Male, 34 mm. Head, thorax, palpi, and antenne greyish-
ochreous ; palpi long, thorax narrowly dark fuscous anteriorly,
second joint of palpi fuscous towards apex, apical half of terminal
joint whitish. Antennal ciliations three, abdomen greyish-
ochreous, mixed with rufous on base of segments. Legs greyish-
ochreous, anterior pair infuscated, tibie and tarsi fuscous with
whitish apical rings. Forewings elongate, dilated posteriorly ;
costa gently arched, hindmargin obliquely rounded; greyish-
ochreous, with minute scattered blackish scales ; a black streak
along basal one-eighth of costa ;'a similar streak along basal one
sixth of inner margin, and a black dot between, the three form-

G

98

ing a disconnected fascia ; a black dot in the disc at about one-
third, another slightly beyond and below on fold; a third beyond
the first ; a curved mark in disc at two-thirds, sometimes divided
into three dots; a transverse curved line from five-sixths of
costa to anal angle, indented beneath costa, a hindmarginal row
o iblack dots; cilia greyish fuscous. indwings fuscous-grey ;
cilia grey-whitish, mixed with fuscous scales.

Allied to “ privatella,” Walk., but separable by darker ground-
colour, markings at base, and hindmarginal dots.

ikea specimens, Duaringa, and two " Busbae Qneensland, in
December.

PELTOPHORA PANXANTHA, 7.. Sp.

Female, 25 mm. Head and palpi yellow. Thorax yellow,
anterior half and shoulders deep purple. Terminal joint of palpi
and second joint externally fuscous. Antenne yellowish; basal
joint fuscous-purple. Legs pale yellowish-white. Forewings
moderate ; costa gently arched ; hindmargin obliquely rounded ;
deep-yellow, deepest posteriorly ; a minute purplish spot at base
of costa; cilia yellow. Hindwings light fuscous; cilia grey-
whitish, with a darker basal line.

Coomooboolaroo Ranges. Duaringa, Queensland, in October.

Its nearest ally is “ conzortia,’ : Meyr., but it is easily separated
from that species by the thorax, We.

PELTOPHORA HOLOCYCLA, 7. sp.

Female, 24 mm. Head and abdomen yellow. Palpi ochreous-
yellow ; basal two-thirds of second joint externally tinged with
fuscous. Thorax dull purplish-fuscous, with a white, quadrate
central spot. Legs ochreous-yellow, anterior pair infuscated.
Antenne fuscous. Forewings elongate, moderately broad ; costa
gently arched, apex rounded; hindmargin obliquely rounded,
snow-white, slightly shining; markings dark-fuscous, a narrow
spot in middle of wing at one-sixth from base; a straight,
moderate fascia, running obliquely from one-third of costa to
one-half inner-margin ; a large circular ring (somewhat elliptical)
above anal, and connected with costa by a short wedge-shaped
spot at three-fourths; a curved, narrow fascia along upper
two-thirds of hindmargin; cilia whitish, tinged with yellow,
especially round anal angle. Hindwings pale-ochreous; cilia
ochreous-yellow, darker at base.

Allied to mychzas, Meyr., but quite different in markings.

One specimen, Stawell, Victoria, from Mr. F. Spry.

PELTOPHORA EUGRAMMA, ”. sp.

Male, 25 mm. Head ochreous-white. Palpi, thorax, legs, and
antenne dark-fuscous, posterior legs and palpi externally ochreous.

)

antennal ciliations 5. Abdomen ochreous. Forewings elon-
gate, dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed,
hindmargin obliquely rounded ; pale whitish-ochreous; a thick
blackish streak along costa from base to middle, attenuated pos-
teriorly ; a nearly straight, irregularly edged blackish fascia from
posterior end of costal streak to inner-margin before middle,
thicker on lower half; a thick curved blackish fascia from five-
sixths of costa to anal angle, projecting inwards above middle,
from which projection proceeds a semicircular thick tooth, nar-
rowed above and ending above anal angle ; a dentate moderately
thick blackish hindmarginal line, joining last-mentioned fascia on
costa and anal angle, space between as ground-colour, separated
by fine lines of a blackish colour on lower half; cilia yellow, at
and below apex dark-fuscous. Hindwings bright yellow ; apex
suffused with fuscous ; cilia yellow, round apex fuscous.

One specimen from Springvale, Victoria. Exceptionally dis-
tinct and handsome.

PLEUROTA STENODESMA, 7. sp.

Female, 16mm. Head, thorax, palpi, antenne and legs ashy-
grey whitish, basal joint of antenne and second joint of palpi
internally and laterally fuscous. Abdomen greyish. Forewings
elongate, dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex rounded,
hindmargin oblique; ashy-grey whitish; all veins finely and
neatly outlined in blackish ; a fine blackish line from base above
middle to end of cell; a more distinct similar line from base along
fold to beyond two-thirds ; space above this clear white, con-
tinued to hindmargin below apex, but cut by a fine line of black
beyond end of cell; cilia ashy-grey whitish. Hindwings and cilia
greyish, cilia with a darker line at base.

One specimen taken at Highbury, South Australia, in Decem-
ber. The markings of this species are not unlike that of Sem-
noceros cranbella, one of the Depressariade.

CHSYRA EUCHRYSA, 7. sp.

Male, 15 mm; female, 17 mm. Head yellow, palpi and an-
tenne pale-yellow, palpi externally fuscous, antenne annulated
with fuscous. Legs fuscous, posterior pair ochreous-yellowish,
abdomen greyish-fuscous ; thorax purple-fuscous. Forewings
elongate, moderate, costa gently arched, hindmargin oblique,
slightly sinuate beneath apex; bright yellow; a dark-fuscous
narrow basal patch reaching both margins, shortly continued
along costa ; a bright reddish-purple hindmarginal band, bounded
by a blackish sinuate line from four-fifths costa to before three-
fourths inner-margin ; in one specimen the band contains a yellow
spot of ground-colour and four small spots of same colour along
hindmargin, and sometimes the median portion of the band is

100

suffused ochreous or ochreous-fuscous patches ; cilia purplish-
fuscous. Hindwings bronzy-grey, somewhat ochreous-tinged ;
cilia greyish-ochreous, with an indistinct darker line. Near
paracycla, Mey., and concisella, Walk., but it differs from the
latter in having the thorax wholly black and basal fascia, and
from the former by thorax and shape of wing. It is not unlike
Chrysoryctis xystidophora, Meyr. (Tineide).

Two specimens, Duaringa, Queensland, in September and
December.

CSYRA HELIOPHANES, 2. Sp.

Male, 17 mm. Head and palpi yellow, second joint of palpi
infuscated externally, except towards apex. Thorax, shoulders
and abdomen dark purple-fuscous, antennz fuscous, ciliations
nearly 2, abdomen yellow beneath. Legs dark-fuscous, post
pair yellowish. Forewings moderate, costa gently arched, apex
rounded, hindmargin obliquely rounded; shining deep yellow,
with purple-fuscous markings ; a basal patch from costa to inner-
margin, continued along costa to one-half, attenuated posteriorly ;
a broad hindmarginal band, occupying more than apical third of
wing, from costa at about two-thirds to inner-margin before one-
third. Cilia blackish-fuscous, purplish tinged. Hindwings and
cilia bronzy-fuscous, becoming fuscous round apex.

Two specimens, Duaringa, Queensland, in August (Coll. Bar-
nard).

CSYRA OPSIPHANES, 1. 57.

Male, 18 mm. Head and palpi yellow. Thorax and abdomen
purplish-fuscous. Legs fuscous, posterior pair ochreous-yellowish,
anterior and middle pair with yellowish tarsal rings ; antennz
fuscous. Ciliations 13. Forewings moderate; costa gently
arched; apex rounded, hindmargin obliquely rounded; deep
shining yellow, markings fuscous-purple, in some lights shining ~
purple; a narrow basal fascia reaching both margins, con-
tinued along costa to beyond half, attenuated posteriorly; a
broad hindmarginal band from two-thirds costa to beyond inner-
margin, and containing two wedgeshaped spots of ground-colour,
one on costa and one on inner-margin, which is suffused ; cilia
dark-fuscous, with a few yellow points. Hindwings and cilia
dark bronzy-fuscous ; cilia yellowish at base. Allied to the two
preceding. The purple is very resplendent in some lights.

Two specimens at Duaringa, Queensland, in February.

CHSYRA HETEROZONA, 7. Sp.

Male, 13; female, 15 mm. Head and palpi deep yellow, basal
half of second joint purplish-fuscous. Legs fuscous, posterior pair
yellowish-ochreous. Thorax deep purple-fuscous, collar narrowly
yellow, abdomen and antenne fuscous. Antennal ciliations 1.

101

Forewings moderate, dilated posteriorly ; costa somewhat arched,
apex rounded, hindmargin obliquely rounded; deep yellow,
markings fuscous-purple ; a narrow basal fascia; a strongly
curved (din some specimens nearly straight), rather thick trans-
verse fascia from two-thirds of costa to anal angle, continued
narrowly along costa to apex ; cilia yellow, in some specimens
tinged with fuscous. Hindwings and ‘cilia light greyish-fuscous,
cilia becoming ochreous at apex, and with an indistinct fuscous
line. In the “ocellaris” group; it resembles very much Lrachy-
nemata cingulata, Mey., but is larger, and the antenne are
different.

Five specimens (Coll. Barnard) taken near Duaringa, Queens-

land, in September.

CHSYRA OCHROCHOA, 2. sp.

Male and female, 17 mm. MHead, thorax, and palpi light
yellow, slightly shining; palpi whitish internally, slightly fuscous
externally. Antenne, abdomen, and legs fuscous; posterior legs
whitish. Forewings elongate, dilated posteriorly ; costa gently
arched, apex rounded, hindmargin obliquely rounded ; shining
yellow, costal edge towards base blackish : ; a very indistinct light
fuscous spot above anal angle; cilia pale yellow. Hindwings
light-fuscous ; cilia light-grey, with a darker basal line.

Three specimens from Gisborne, Victoria, sent by Mr. G.
Lyell, jun., taken in October.

OCYSTOLA OXYPTERA, 2. sp.

Male, 17 mm. Head and thorax yellow, posterior half of thorax
purplish-fuscous, shoulders purplish; abdomen, antennw, and
legs dark-fuscous ; antennal ciliations 13; palpi fuscous, in-
ternally yellowish. Forewings elongate, moderate ; costa gently
arched, apex acute, hindmargin sinuate beneath apex, thence
obliquely rounded ; deep golden yellow ; a narrow blackish costal
streak from base, where it expands into a spot to fascia; a pur-
plish fuscous hindmarginal band occupying apical half of wing,
anteriorly edged by a dentate black line fron. before three-fifths
costa to middle of inner-margin ; cilia reddish-ochreous, at apex
and round anal angle blackish. Hindwings and cilia blackish.

One specimen from Stawell, Victoria, bred from a portable case
found on Templetonia retusa in December.

GUESTIA PELADELPHA, 2. sp.

Male and female, 25 mm. Head, thorax, palpi, and antennze
brownish-ochreous, palpi externally grey. Legs light-fuscous,
tibie ringed suffusedly with white, posterior legs greyish-ochre-
ous; abdomen greyish-ochreous. Forewings “elongate- oblong,
dilated posteriorly; dull brownish- ochreous : ; @ black, well’

102

defined streak from base along fold to one-fourth; a narrow
linear black mark above and beyond this ; a small blackish suf-
fused mark at end of cell; a hindmarginal row of blackish dots
continued along apical fourth of costa, preceded by a similar but
very faint row of dots; cilia pinkish-ochreous. Hindwings and
cilia grey.

Three specimens taken in July at Parkside, South Australia.

It is essentially a winter species, being taken only in July, and
then rarely. JI have captured three species in as many years,
usually at light.

CHCOPHORA PENTOCHRA, 2. sp.

Female, 10 mm. Head and palpi ochreous-white; second
joint fuscous at base. Antenne and legs dark-fuscous. Tibiz
and tarsi ringed with whitish. Abdomen greyish. Forewings
blackish-fuscous, with ochreous-white markings; a small spot at
base of wing; a broad fascia from one-fourth of costa to one-
fourth inner margin, edges irregular; a similar fascia, more
oblique, from one-half of costa to before anal angle ; two quad-
rate spots, one at costa at three-quarters, and one on inner mar-
gin obliquely below. A similar spot on costa at apex. Cilia
ochreous-whitish, at base blackish-tinged. Hindwings and cilia
grey-whitish, tinged with fuscous at apex.

One specimen at Eucla, West Australia, in December.

MAcCROBATHRA MICROPIS, 7. 87.

Male, 19; female, 21 mm. Head whitish-ochreous. Antenne
and palpi blackish ; basal two thirds of second joint of palpi
whitish-ochreous. Thorax whitish-ochreous, suffused with fuscous,
anterior half black. Legs blackish, banded with white. Abdo-
men fuscous. Forewings elongate-lanceolate, black, markings
whitish-ochreous ; a moderate fascia, suffused with fuscous from
one-fifth costa to one-third inner margin, much dilated on inner
margin, constricted in middle ; a roundish spot on middle of costa,
and one opposite on inner margin, suffused with fuscous, and ill-
defined ; a sub-quatlrate spot (larger than that on middle of
costa) on costa at four-fifths; a small spot on anal angle; cilia
blackish, on costal spot ochreous-white, on anal angle whitish-
ochreous. Hindwings bronzy-fuscous ; cilia grey, darker at apex.
A neatly-marked species, somewhat like ‘“‘ceraunobola,” Mey.

Two specimens Coomooboolaroo Range, Duaringa, Queensland

(Coll. Barnard).
MACROBATHRA HETEROCERA, 2. Sp.

Female, 19 mm. Head and palpi ochreous-white; base of
second joint and apex of terminal fuscous externally. Antenne
dark-fuscous. Legs dark-fuscous, suffusedly banded with whitish-

103

ochreous. Abdomen yellowish-ochreous. Thorax dark purple-
fuscous, suffused with whitish. Forewings elongate-lanceolate,
shining dark bronzy-fuscous ; markings white ; a moderate fascia
from one-fifth costa to one-fourth inner-margin, but not nearly
reaching it, posterior edge with a small indentation above; a
narrower fascia from middle of costa to middle of inner-margin,
but not reaching it, narrowed on costa and towards inner-margin,
and with an indentation on each side, giving the appearance
roughly of a figure 8; a wedge-shaped spot on costa about three-
fifths, and a smaller round one on anal angle ; cilia dark-fuscous,
with a white, wedge-shaped spot at apex, and a small, whitish
spot at anal angle. indwings light-fuscous, with a white,
wedge-shaped spot at apex, and a small, whitish spot at anal
angle. Hindwings light-fuscous ; cilia greyish-fuscous.

Not very near any other. The whitish head is very con-
spicuous ; the second fascia is, no doubt, formed by the confluence
of the two median spots. In other specimens they may separate,
for which allowance should be made.

One specimen taken at “ Billopp,” Tasmania, by Mr. G. Barnard
in December.

MACROBATHRA DASYPLACA, 1. Sp.

Male, 17 mm. Head fuscous, mixed with*whitish ; palpi
yellow-ochreous, terminal joint externally infuscated. Antenne
and abdomen fuscous, antenne finely annulated with yellowish.
Legs fuscous, posterior pair yellowish-ochreous. Thorax yellowish-
ochreous, with a large, fuscous anterior, quadrate spot. Fore-
wings elongate-lanceolate, yellow; a moderate blackish basal
fascia, posterior edge curved inwards; an irregular, blackish
suffusion along inner margin, continued suffusedly to anal angle,
anterior edge almost touching base of fascia ; from anterior por-
tion of this fascia proceeds a fine line, which gradually expands
along dorsal portion of wing until it forms an elongate diamond-
shaped patch, posterior portion touching middle of hindmargin,
and leaving costa clear throughout, except basal fascia; cilia
yellowish, mixed with grey, beneath anal angle yellow. Hind-
wings dark-fuscous; costal cilia yellow, remainder greyish-
fuscous.

Rather an abnormal-looking species as regards markings. Be-
tween “euwryxantha,’ Meyr., and “ Chrysotoxa,” Meyr.

One specimen taken in March at Windermere, Tasmania, by
Mr. G. Barnard.

MACROBATHRA ASEMANTA, 7. sp.

Female, 20 mm. Head, abdomen, and palpi pale yellowish-
ochreous; terminal joint fuscous, antenne fuscous, annulated with
yellow. Thorax yellowish-ochreous, with an anterior quadrate

104

fuscous patch. Legs fuscous, tibize and tarsi banded with yellow-
ish, posterior pair yellowish-ochreous. Forewings elongate-
lanceolate; pale yellowish-ochreous, markings dull fuscous-
purplish, a small spot on base of costa ; a moderately broad fascia,
anteriorly edged with blackish, from about three-fourths of costa
to just before anal angle, anterior edge with a slight indentation,
posterior edge straight and dilated on inner margin, central por-
tion paler; a narrow wedgeshaped hindmarginal band, not
touching fascia, enclosed space as ground-colour ; cilia fuscous,
on middle of hindmargin yellowish. Hindwings bronzy-fuscous,
cilia fuscous, paler towards base.

One specimen, Windermere, Tasmania, in January, taken by
Mr. Geo. Barnard. This species is not unlike a Cesyra. The
absence of the first fascia, which is only represented by a dot, is
a well-marked character.

MACROBATHRA GONOLOMA, 7. Sp.

Male, 17 mm. Head dark-fuscous, palpi, abdomen, and thorax
yellow ; terminal joint of palpi fuscous-tinged, thorax with a
narrow collar of purplish-fuscous, antennze fuscous annulated
with yellow. Legs dark-fuscous, tibiz and tarsi suffusedly
banded with yellow, posterior legs yellowish-ochreous. Forewings
elongate-lanceolate ; yellow ; a broad purple-blackish basal patch,
posterior edge curved outwards from one-sixth of costa to one-
sixth inner-margin, apical two-fifths of wing occupied by a patch
of reddish-fuscous, anterior edge somewhat blackish, curved in-
wards on upper half and outwards on lower half; cilia greyish-
fuscous, at anal angle yellowish tinged. Hindwings dark-fuscous,
becoming blackish towards base ; cilia greyish, becoming yellow
at base and on costa. Nearest “ewryxantha,’ Meyr., but the
shape and arrangement of the fascia and band are conspicuously
distinct.

Two specimens, Duaringa, Queensland, in April (Coll. Barnard).

MACROBATHRA DIPLOCHRYSA, 7. Sp.

Female, 16 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, antenne, and legs
blackish-fuscous, tip of terminal joint of palpi ochreous-white,
second joint roughened with scales, tibize and tarsi ringed with
ochreous-whitish, abdomen ochreous, mixed with black. Fore-
wings elongate, moderately broad, apex somewhat pointed,
blackish-fuscous ; a broad black fascia from one-third costa to
one-third inner margin, broadest on costa, and edged anteriorly
by its equal width of reddish-brown ; a small reddish spot on
middle of inner-margin, edged above with black, and surmounted
on costa by an ochreous white dot ; a larger ochreous white dot
on costa at three-fourths, and a smaller one beneath on anal
angle, both irregularly edged with black ; cilia blackish-fuscous.

105

Hindwings dark-fuscous, becoming ochreous at base ; cilia dark-
fuscous, at base ochreous.

Five specimens received from Mr. R. Illidge, taken at Bris-
bane, Queensland. It is near cerawnobola, Meyr.

GLYPHIPTERYGIDX.
EUPSELIA HOLOXANTHA, 7. sp.

Male, 15 mm. Head, palpi, legs and antenne fuscous. Thorax
silver-grey, broadly dark-fuscous posteriorly, patagia silver-grey.
Forewings with costa nearly straight, apex round-pointed, hind-
margin slightly sinuate beneath apex ; silver-grey, with a few fine
obscure strigule ; a dark chocolate triangular patch on inner-
margin at one-third reaching more than half across wing, anterior
edge well defined, posterior somewhat suffused ; a large suftused
chocolate patch, occupying apical third of wing; a suffused spot
of chocolate at apex, separated from preceding by a suffused line
of ground-colour ; a snow-white discal spot on anterior edge of
large apical patch; cilia chocolate, with three darker lines.
Hindwings light-yellow ; hindmargin narrowly blackish ; cilia
blackish.

One specimen, Parkside, South Australia, on a fence during a
high wind. Differs from the other described species by the nar-
row hindmarginal line of hindwings, besides other points.

GELECHIADA,.
GELECHIA STROPHIOPEDA, 2. sp.

Male, 11 mm. Head, palpi and thorax ochreous, palpi tinged
with fuscous, thorax with a narrow anterior fuscous band. Legs
fuscous, posterior pair ochreous white, abdomen greyish, poste-
riorly blackish. Forewings elongate, moderate. Costa hardly
arched, apex obtuse, hindmargin obliquely rounded ; pale-ochre-
ous; markings dark-fuscous ; a narrow fascia from base of costa
to one-fourth inner-margin ; three small spots in a line; costal
largest, from before one-third of costa to inner-margin at one-
fourth, and meeting a suffusion from preceding fascia ; a moderate
fascia from just before three-fourths of costa to anal angle, dilated
on costa and anal angle; a small suffused apical spot reaching
nearly half across wing ; some scattered fuscous scales beneath
tinis ; cilia ochreous, tinged with fuscous. Hindwings grey ; cilia
grey, at base yellowish.

One specimen from Melbourne, Victoria.

GELECHIA ANTHRACEPHALA, 7. Sp.

Female, 15 mm. Head and palpi black, antenne black, thorax
white. Legs blackish, posterior pair whitish, abdomen greyish.

106

Forewings elongate, moderate, costa hardly arched, apex pointed,
hindmargin very oblique ; blackish-fuscous, with white markings ;
a moderately large roundish basal spot, separated from costa by
a streak of ground colour; a broad irregularly-edged whitish
fascia, anterior edge curved inwards, posterior edge with a slight
projection below middle, occupying median third of wing ; a tooth-
like patch on hindmargin immediately below apex ; a minute
white spot on costa at five-sixths; cilia fuscous, on tooth white,
at apex black. Hindwings fuscous; cilia greyish, becoming
ochreous-whitish at base.

One specimen, Sydney, New South Wales, from Mr. Froggatt.
The markings of this species are well defined.

GELECHIA MICROSPILOPLACA, %. Sp.

Male, 14 mm. Head, palpi, antenne and thorax blackish,
palpi externally mixed with whitish, apex of second joint and
apex of terminal joint whitish. Legs dark fuscous, mixed with
ochreous-white. Forewings moderately broad, somewhat dilated
posteriorly ; black ; a broad ochreous-white fascia, anterior edge
slightly sinuate inwards in middle from one-third costa to one-
third inner-margin, posterior edge from about middle of costa to
middle of inner-margin, suffused and having two black dots on
edge above middle ; within this patch or fascia is a small yet dis-
tinct black dot placed near posterior edge; an ochreous white
streak from costa at three-fourths to hindmargin above anal angle,
angulated inwards in middle so as to almost touch preceding
fascia ; a fine whitish hindmarginal line, not reaching costa ; cilia
fuscous, at base black. Hindwings and cilia light-fuscous, lighter
towards base.

One specimen, Sydney, New South Wales. Allied to the pre-
ceding ; the black dot on the fascia is very noticeable, and indi-
cates the species with certainty.

GELECHIA EPIMELA, 7%. Sp.

Male, 13mm. Head, palpi, thorax, palpi and antenne fuscous-
white, thorax with an anterior black transverse band broadest in
middle. Legs fuscous-white, posterior pair broadly banded with
black. Abdomen fuscous. Forewings moderate, elongate, costa
hardly arched, apex round-pointed, hindmargin obliquely rounded ;
fuscous grey-whitish ; markings black ; a strongly-curved fascia
from base of costa to inner margin at one-fourth, broadest on
costa ; two broad irregular quadrate spots on costa at one-third
and two-thirds respectively, reaching half across wing, and con-
verging to meet at base, leaving a small triangular spot of ground-
colour on costa; an apical streak reaching second spot at base ;
cilia fuscous grey-whitish. Hindwings and cilia fuscous.

One specimen, Brisbane, in December.

107

GELECHIA NANA, 7%. Sp.

Male, 13 mm. Head smooth, whitish; palpi and thorax pale-
brownish ochreous, second joint of palpi whitish externally, apex
of terminal joint with a blackish ring. Legs and abdomen grey-
ish. Antenne fuscous. Forewings elongate, slightly dilated
posteriorly ; ochreous-brown, a large irregular-cordate reddish
spot at one-third from base, finely edged with black, its apex
directed towards anal angle; seven fuscous spots on costa at
about equal distances, three before middle, and four beyond
smaller; a larger spot on fold immediately below first costal
spot ; a very fine blackish lunate mark, sometimes separated into
two dots beneath fourth costal spot ; a suffused fuscous dot-like
hindmarginal line; a suffused whitish patch immediately above
anal angle; cilia grey, basal half reddish-ochreous. Hindwings
' greyish-fuscous ; cilia greyish, at base darker.

GELECHIA H#MASPILA, 7. 87.

Male, 14 mm. Head, thorax, legs, palpi, and abdomen greyish-
ochreous ; anterior legs fuscous, with whitish tarsal rings ;
terminal joint of palpi with suffused blackish rings above and
below middle. Antenne light-fuscous, annulated with whitish.
Forewings shaped as in ‘nana ;” pale-ochreous ; six quadrate,
small fuscous spots on costa, two before middle, four beyond
middle ; two large reddish-fuscous spots edged with whitish, one
at one-third in middle of wing, the other at two-thirds somewhat
smaller ; some fuscous scales towards apex and at base; cilia
ochreous, tinged with fuscous. Hindwings light greyish-fuscous ;
cilia greyish-ochreous.

One specimen at light, Parkside, S.A., March 22, 1890.
Closely related to the preceding, but differently marked.

GELECHIA MESOCHRA, 7. Sp.

Male, 12mm. Head and palpi ochreous-white. Legs greyish.
Antenne and thorax fuscous (abdomen broken). Forewings
elongate-linear, apex pointed; whitish-ochreous; a_ blackish
streak along costa from base to near apex, attenuated anteriorly ;
a much thicker irregularly-edged streak along inner margin from
base to anal angle, and continued sutfusedly along hindmargin to
apex, where it almost touches costal streak ; cilia grey. Hind-
wings and cilia grey.

One specimen at Parkside, South Australia, in March, allied
to stratifera, Meyr., but smaller, and with a costal streak.

CLEODORA MELIPHANES, 7. sp.

Male, 11 mm. Head, thorax, palpi, antennz, and legs pale
whitish-yellow. Head more whitish posteriorly. Forewings

108

elongate, moderate, costa gently arched, apex pointed, hindmargin
obliquely rounded; palpi whitish-yellow; cilia pale whitish-
yellow ; at apex with a well-marked ferruginous patch. .Hind-
wings grey; cilia ochreous-grey.

One specimen at Blackwood, 8. Australia, in November.

POGONIAS (?) HELIODORA, “2. sp.

Female, 12 mm. Head, palpi, legs, and thorax light ochreous-
yellow ; second joint of palpi with three narrow, black, apical
rings ; terminal joint with some scattered black scales ; thorax
with a large, suffused, blackish central blotch. Antenne
yellowish, annulated with black, especially beyond middle. <Ab-
domen orange, anal segment somewhat blackish, posterior legs
with tarsal rings of blackish. Forewings elongate-linear,
ochreous-yellow, or clay colour, with six tufts of blackish scales,
arranged as follows: three in an oblique row from about one-
third costa to above one-fourth inner-margin ; two much larger
on inner margin (one at anal angle and one immediately before),
and one small above last, but nearly on costa. All these spots
appear anteriorly metallic when held in certain lights; the
ground-colour is darker at one-third, and at and towards apex ;
an obscure white spot on costa near apex; a narrow streak of
whitish around apex ; cilia dark-fuscous. Hindwing elongate-
lanceolate, dark-fuscous ; cilia dark-fuscous, at base lighter.

A curious species. The tufts have a curious effect when held
in different lights, appearing alternately colourless, iridescent, or
black.

I took a single specimen at Duaringa, Queensland, in Novem-
ber, amongst grass.

PoGow1As (!) TRISSODESMA, 7. sp.

Female, 15 mm. Head white ; palpi black, second joint white,
apex of terminal joint white. Thorax purplish-black. Antennz
and legs purplish-black. Tibi and tarsi ringed with white. Ab-
domen ochreous-whitish. | Forewings rather narrow, elongate-
lanceolate, purplish-black ; three narrow, irregular, white fascia,
first from one-fifth costa to fold, thence gently curved towards
centre of wing, but not reaching it ; second from middle of costa
to middle of inner-margin, dilated in middle, and finely narrowed
on lower half; third from five-sixths costa to just before anal

angle, broadest on costa, and dot-like above anal angle ; a minute
white dot beyond second fascia, and two similar, one above the
other, beyond first fascia ; cilia light-greyish at apex, dark-fuscous
on basal half. Hindwings and cilia fuscous.

A beautiful species, recalling a Macrobathra in general ap-
pearance. The second joint of palpi is somewhat tufted.

109

One specimen received from Gisborne, Victoria, taken by Mr
G. Lyell, jun.
POGONIAS HELIOTRICHA, 2. $p.

Female, 17 mm. Head, palpi, antenne and thorax blackish
fuscous, sparsely dusted with white, apex of second joint whitish
thorax with two narrow lines of white, starting anteriorly and
meeting posteriorly in middle (abdomen broken). Legs fuscous-
whitish. Forewings elongate-linear, apex pointed; blackish
fuscous, with darker small tufts of scattered scales; costa and
inner-margin obscurely edged with whitish ; cilia dark-fuscous.
Hindwings elongate-lanceolate ; blackish: cilia bright yellow-
ochreous, terminal portion and round apex and anal angle dark-
fuscous.

One specimen received by Mr. G. Lyell, jun. The yellow cilia
of the hindwings is a very definite character.

POGONIAS CAPNOPA, 2. sp.

Female, 19 mm. Head, palpi, antenne and thorax black,
second joint of palpi dense and spreading. Legs black, hairs
grey. Forewings elongate-linear, apex pointed; black, with
scattered tufts of blacker scales ; cilia greyish, blackish tinged.
Hindwings elongate-lanceolate ; blackish ; cilia as in forewings.

This unicolorous black species is immediately known by the
absence of markings.

One specimen received from Mr. G. Lyell, jun., of Gisborne,
Victoria.

POGONIAS PORPHYRESCENS, 7. sp.

Male and female, 11-14 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, legs,
thorax and abdomen, abdomen with narrow white segmental
rings, palpi, legs and abdomen beneath white. Forewings elon-
gate-lanceolate ; purplish-black, tufts same colour, apex and
middle third of wing finely and obscurely dusted with whitish ;
cilia dark-fuscous. Hindwings narrow, linear ; cilia blackish.

Parkside, South Australia, also Belair, South Australia, in

December. Two specimens.

TINEID i.
BLABOPHANES (?) HETEROGAMA, %. sp.

Male, 12 mm.; female, 18 mm. Head, thorax, and antenne
whitish, tinged with flesh-colour ; head densely hairy; abdomen
yellow-ochreous in male, greyish in female. Legs fuscous, in
male posterior pair pale-yellow. Forewings elongate, costa gently
arched, apex rounded, hindmargin obliquely rounded; dark-
fuscous ; a thick whitish streak along inner-margin from base to
anal angle, and continued to middle of hindmargin, indented

110

above hindmargin ; the two indentations cause two sharp angula-
tions of ground-colour; cilia whitish-fuscous, with a blackish
suffused hindmarginal line. Hindwings in male yellow, in female
grey ; apices in both sexes infuscated in male, continued mar-
rowly along hindmargin ; cilia in male fuscous, in female grey,
tinged with fuscous at base.

One pair taken (27 cop) at Coomooboolaroo, Duaringa, Queens-
land, in October (Coll. Barnard). This species may not be a true
Llabophanes. At the time of describing the species I had not
the characters of the genus, and consequently relied on memory,
which, however, I do not think is in error.

MIMOSCOPA OPSIPHANES, 7. sp.

Female, 23 mm. Head rough, whitish, mixed with light-
fuscous. Thorax white, patagiz fuscous, abdomen greyish ; palpi,
antenne, and legs grey-whitish ; anterior legs fuscous. Fore-
wings elongate, costa gently arched, apex rounded, hindmargin
obliquely rounded ; pale brownish-ochreous, with numerous suf-
fused blackish, fine longitudinal lines ; extreme costal edge white
from near base to near apex, most prominent in middle; a
moderately broad white longitudinal median streak from base to
apex, with a fine line of ground-colour, becoming bifurcate be-
yond middle, and continued nearly to apex ; a small black dot
on lower portion of white streak at two-thirds; cilia grey-whitish,
becoming fuscous at base and round apex; hindwings and cilia
grey-whitish, becoming fuscous-tinged at apex.

Two specimens beaten from Casuarina quadrivalvis at Black-
wood, South Australia, in April. Probably feeds on above-named
tree. The markings are (as Mr. Meyrick points out) very similar
to some species of Xyloryctide, e.g., Catoryctis tricrena, Meyr.

PLUTELLIDZ.

TRITYMBA XANTHOCOMA, 7%. sp.

Male, 20 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, legs, and thorax dark
fuscous. Abdomen yellow. Forewings elongate-lanceolate,
moderately broad ; dark bronzy-fuscous, shining; cilia bronzy-
fuscous, lighter at base. Hindwings dark bronzy-fuscous ; cilia
bright yellow, at and around apex and hindmargin dark-fuscous.

Two specimens Parkside, South Australia, in October.

Allied to scceopis, Mey., but the cilia of hindwings distinguish
it from that species.

TRITYMBA DASYBATHRA, 1%. sp.
Male, 21 mm. Head dull-ochreous ; antenne fuscous. Legs
fuscous, posterior pair greyish ; palpi greyish. Thorax and abdo-
men greyish ; thorax with a suffused blackish central spot. Fore-

111

wings elongate-moderate ; costa gently arched, strongly towards

apex ; apex acute, hindmargin oblique, continuous with inner-

margin ; silvery-grey ; a black basal patch, trifurcate on anterior

portion ; a blackish, round spot in middle of wing near apex ;

cilia grey, fuscous tinged. Hindwings fuscous ; cilia as forewings.
One specimen at Parkside, South Australia, in December.
Allied to the preceding.

DEPRESSARIAD 2b.
EN#MIA PYROCHRYSA, 7. Sp.

Male, 32 mm. Head, antenne, legs, palpi, and abdomen fiery-
orange ; posterior and middle legs and abdomen beneath whitish-
yellow. Thorax whitish-yellow, with anterior and median trans-
verse, narrow, fiery-orange bands, and a narrow, median, longi-
tudinal stripe. Forewings elongate-oblong, dilated somewhat
posteriorly ; light ochreous-yellow ; costal edge fuscous towards
basal third. Two very irregular transverse fuscous fascie : first
from beyond one third of costa to one-fourth inner-margin, suf-
fused on lower half, upper portion connected with a very large
apical and hindmarginal patch of dark-fuscous, which contains a
roundish spot of ground-colour beneath apex, and five small,
cuneiform spots of same in acurve at three-fourths ; second fascia
from lower portion of this patch, starting at end of cell, narrow
and dentate, ending on inner-margin just beyond middle, but
sending an oblique, narrow streak to anal angle from middle, the
veins on the patches of ground-colour are outlined with scarlet ;
cilia ochreous-white, with a fuscous hindmarginal line, except
beneath apex. Huindwings and cilia bright deep-orange.

One specimen from Cairns, Queensland, in October.

EN2MIA CALLIANTHES, %#. Sp.

Female, 25 mm. Head ochreous-white. Palpi, thorax, and
antenne dark-fuscous; terminal joint of palpi ochreous-white ;
thorax with a posterior ochreous-white triangular patch. Abdo-
men orange-red. Legs reddish-ochreous. Forewings moderate ;
costa gently arched, apex obtuse; hindmargin oblique, dark-.
brown, with ochreous-white markings ; a large, subquadrate patch
. at base, but not reaching costa ; two triangular patches, one on
costa at one-third, the other immediately below on inner-margin ;
two similar, but much larger patches at three-fourths, one on
costa, one on inner-margin opposite, their apices nearly touching ;
a small apical spot; cilia ochreous-white, at anal angle fuscous.
Hindwings reddish-orange ; a suffused, fuscous, apical blotch ex-
tending to middle of hindmargin ; cilia orange-red, round patch
fuscous.

Two specimens at Mackay, Queensland, in December.

112

PEDOIS NEUROSTICHA, 7. sp.

Male, 25 mm. Head, palpi, antennz, legs and thorax ashy-
grey whitish, second joint of palpi with black apical and sub-
apical rings, legs whitish externally, abdomen greyish-fuscous.
Forewings elongate-oblong, moderately broad, costa arched,
strongly at base, hindmargin obliquely rounded; ashy-grey
whitish, with innumerable spots and dashes and fuscous, a darker
obscure discal dot before middle, a second, in a line with first,
beyond middle ; a hindmarginal row of well-defined dark-fuscous
dots, sometimes extending to apical fourth of costa, preceded by
a dentate suffused line of dark-fuscous, from middle of costa to
anal angle ; cilia grey-whitish. Hindwings fuscous-grey, costal
third whitish ; cilia grey, with a darker median line.

Two specimens from Gisborne, Victoria, sent by Mr. G. Lyell,
jun., and taken in November.

GRACILARIADAt.

GRACILARIA POLYPLACA, 7. sp.

Female, 11 mm. Head whitish, maxillary palpi pale-crimson,
labial palpi white, second joint pale crimson, abdomen greyish-
ochreous. Legs ochreous-whitish, anterior pair tinged with pale-
crimson, all tarsi with slender blackish apical rings. Forewings
narrow, crimson, with five costal streaks, one hindmarginal, and
four dorsal streaks of creamy-yellowish; a hardly perceptible
creamy-yellowish spot on costa near base ; first costal spot small,
irregular quadrate ; second reaching half across wing, curved-
elongate ; third narrow-elongate, lying along costa ; fourth simi-
lar to second, fifth similar to third, but suffusedly margined
beneath with dark-fuscous; dorsal streak irregular, semiovate,
creamy-yellowish, first at about one-third, second in middle, third
near anal angle; hindmarginal streak distinctly yellowish-tinged
from just below apex to near anal angle ; a black spot on costa
near apex, edged suffusedly anteriorly with fuscous; cilia greyish-
ochreous, with a crimson apical hook. Hindwings and cilia
dark-grey.

One specimen at Duaringa, Queensland, in December. Between
Ida, Meyr., and formosa, Stt., but differs from either in having
less costal and dorsal streaks, besides other details.

GRACILARIA HETEROPSIS, 72. sp.

Male, 11 mm. Head and palpi snow-white, second joint of
palpi ochreous-tinged. Thorax and antenne golden-ochreous,
thorax with a snow-white anterior spot ; abdomen ochreous-grey,
beneath white. Legs white, anterior pair infuscated, tarsi of
posterior and middle legs fuscous. Forewings slightly dilated

113

posteriorly; golden-ochreous, with iridescent whitish-blackish
margined markings, except a broad white streak along inner-
margin from base te near hindmargin ; extreme costal edge slen-
derly-whitish from about middle to apex; a narrow sub-costal
streak from base to beyond middle of wing, slightly deflected to
middle ; an oblique streak from middle of inner-marginal streak ;
a similar oblique streak from middle of costa to middle of wing
above anal angle, and there almost touching a similar streak from
apex of broad inner-marginal streak ; two slender parallel fascia,
angulated in middle, starting from small wedge-shaped, snow-
white costal spots, and reaching anal angle, lower half of space
between fascia and hindmargin reticulated with blackish; a
cartridge-shaped white hindmarginal patch occupying apical por-
tion of wing, and containing a small black spot edged with dull
metallic ; a black hindmarginal line ; cilia golden-brown, with a
white tooth above black spot, and a smaller one on middle of
hindmargin. Hindwings fuscous ; cilia greyish-ochreous.

One specimen at Duaringa, Queensland. Nearest nereis, Meyr.,
but is very different.

114

REMARKS ON SOUTH AUSTRALIAN RHOPALOCERA.

By Oswatp B. Lower, F.E.S., &e.
[Read May 1, 1894.]

In vol. XVITI., Part IT., Transactions of our Society, Mr. J.
G. O. Tepper has given what purports to be a criticism, or reply,
to my paper published in Part I. of the same volume. TI shall
remark on the species serzatum.

DELIAS AGANIPPE, Don.

The figure in Mr. Tepper’s former paper (1881) either repre-
sents this or some fictitious species. It is certainly not “ Harpa-
lyce.” I have the whole of the catalogued Australian species,
and the figure approaches “aganippe” the most. If, as Mr.
Tepper suggests, it may be “argenthona,” all I can say is that
such plates are very misleading and worse than useless. Some
years ago I received a poor specimen of the latter species from
Mr. Tepper under the name of “aganippe.” This, I think, is
how the confusion has occurred.

D. HARPALYCE, Dov.
This has 2o¢ been taken in South Australia up to the present.

D. ARGENTHONA, Jab.

This is essentially an Eastern Australian insect, and has not
yet been recorded from Victoria. I should be very pleased to
place it on the list, but the locality requires confirmatory informa-
tion, Mr. Angas notwithstanding. It does seem strange that,
with so many zealous (‘) collectors, Mr. Tepper enumerates that
this species has been overlooked (?) for so long.

BELENOIS PERIMALE, Don.

This I did not include in my list. It has never to my know-
ledge been taken in S.A. JI have specimens from Port Darwin
and Sydney ; it does not occur in Victoria. As Miskin rightly
points out, this is the var. of Pzeris scyllara, Macleay ; it has
light-brown hindwings on the underside. Mr. Tepper exhibited
at one of our meetings species of Pzeris teutonia as this species,
hence the confusion.

DANAIS PETILIA, Séall.

This 7s a widely different species from chrysippus, Linn. I saw
in one of the Museum cases a specimen of a female Hypolimnas

115

misippus (as coming from 8.A.) labelled in Mr. Tepper’s hand-
writing as above, 1.e., chrysippus ; it is in this manner that errors
of locality are recorded.

DANAIS ERIPPUS, Crain.

This may be a “notoriously modern introduction,” but it is not
“« sporadic.”
XENICA ACHANTA, Don.

This was not in Mr. Tepper’s list, hence my reason for men-
tioning it.

PYRAMEIS ITEA, /a/.

Of this species Mr. Tepper says, “The stinging nettle cannot
have been the original food-plant of this species.” I did not say
it was the original food-plant, but I did say that the species
feeds on it, and can be reared in the usual manner. My Notes
were intended as a guide to future students.

P. Kersuawl, WcCoy.

I always admitted that this species is a very slightly divergent
form of “ cardwi.” My reason for adopting the first name was
on account of it being better known, and out of respect to Prof.
McCoy. Mr. Tepper miscontrues my remarks when he says that
“dry cowdung” cannot be the proper shelter of the chrysalides
of this species. I simply mentioned the fact as being of general
interest to collectors, and never thought for an instant that it
was the “proper” shelter, but more likely an adaptation to cir-
cumstances.

JUNONIA VELLIDA, Fal.

The word “ Junonisa” is wrong. I should have thought Mr.
Tepper would have noticed the error.

Lucia Lucanus, Fabr.

Most of the genera of Lyccenide are not separated by very
slight differences, as Mr. Tepper would have us believe. It is
not my intention to write a dissertation on the family, but I
could point out well-marked differences in the genera Polyommat-
tus, Cupido, Lucia, ke. The “qualifying terms” are not exag-
gerated in this instance. For the benefit of Mr. Tepper and
others not conversant with the species I may mention that
“lucanus” is in general appearance very like Lycena agricola,
D. & H., but has a fiery copper discal area; in “ wurifer” the
shape of wings is quite different ; in fact, as dissimilar as can be,
being in shape like Huchloris (Iodis) bipunctifera, Walk., with its
peculiar angulated hindwing. The chequered cilia of “/Jucanus”

116

is wanting in aurifer. I strongly suspect Mr. Tepper has not
yet seen the true “aurifer,” but is referring to ‘“ @nea,” Miskin.
Sir W. MacLeay did not confuse two species when he gave Mr.
Tepper the name “ discifer,” H.8., this name, as I mentioned.
being synonymic with ‘‘ /ucanus.” Kirby’s Synonymic Catalogue,
quoted by Mr. Tepper, is not a masterpiece on the subject, and
sadly requires revising. Mr. Tepper has miscontrued my remarks
with regard to this species frequenting ‘‘Stinkwort.” It is
incorrect to say I “suggested” this as being the food-plant. I
mentioned the fact of its “ frequenting” stinkwort for the benefit
of those interested in our branch of Natural History, and the
reference is not misleading.

Oeyris, MWeste.

Before making any remarks in answer to Mr. Tepper’s criti-
cisms, I would advise him to study Miskin’s revision of the genus
(Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1890), wherein the doubts and differ-

ences of several species are set at rest. What I wrote on this »

genus is substantially correct, and admits of no doubt, with the
exception perhaps of O. amaryllis. In reference to this species,
I have recently received a communication from Mr. E. Guest, of
Hoyleton, stating that he has taken this species and “oretes” in
cop. This almost convinces me that they are one and the same
species, but what I cannot understand is the well-marked differ-
ence on the underside of the two species. In thesexes of all the
other species the markings of the underside are identical, and it
seems very strange that such expert Lepidopterists as Hewitson
and Miskin should make mistakes. Miskin says Hewitson’s
figures represent females of both ‘‘oretes” and “amaryllis.” Mr.
Tepper says it is the male ‘‘oretes” which is shown. I possess
what is said to be female “ orwtes.” It is the identical species
which Miskin identified and based his conclusions on, but really
I must acknowledge that the specimen is not in a condition to
decide with any accuracy as to it being a female, as Miskin makes
it. In conclusion, I may here say that I intend to keep the
two(?) species separate until confirmatory evidence is forthcoming
to show that they are one and the same species. I think that
Mr. Tepper’s remarks respecting “idmo” and “halmaturia” call for
no special remarks, but as he has challenged my decisions I must
retaliate. I here again state that the so-called female “halma-
turia,”’ Tepp., is the male of idmo, Hew., and the so-called male
“halmaturia” is identical with Felder’s figure of the male “‘otanes.”
Miskin is in error in supposing it, 7.¢., ofanes, to be a small form
of “genoveva.” Any one has only to compare the published de-
scriptions of the above-mentioned species to see that there is no
difference. Kirby’s inclusion of Hewitson’s “ otrontas” (I pre-

1 BY

sume Mr. Tepper means “‘orontas”) with “ idmo” is either a mis-
print or mistake, and intended, it seems to me, for ‘‘ofanes,” as
orontas is without the large pale spot of the forewing of the
female—vide Mr. Tepper. The female “orontas” has a dull white
sub-apical patch on the forewing. So has “idmo.” So that it is
Mr. Tepper’s ideas which are “fanciful,” and not mine. This I
am prepared to prove at any time, only stipulating that he who
is in the wrong shall acknowledge the error in the Transactions
of this Society. Mr. Tepper’s concluding remarks respecting
“amaryllis’ being probably “sporadic,” express his private
opinion.

118

ON THE OCCURRENCE OF THE FISSURELLID
GENUS ZIDORA IN AUSTRALIAN WATERS,

By Proressor Rare Tare.
[Read May 1, 1894.]

The genus Zerdora was instituted by A. Adams in 1860, for
the reception of two Japanese shells having the outer aspect of
Emarginula and an internal shelf as in Crepidula. Reeve in
his monograph, 1873, figures the two species described previously
by Adams. Two species referrable to this genus occur in
Pliocene strata in Italy, upon one of which Sequenza, 1880, pro-
posed his genus Crepiemarginula, which Boog Watson, “ Chal-
lenger Report,’ 1886, relegates to a synonym. Mr. Beddome,
Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. for 1882, p. 169 (1883), founded his genus
Legrandia on an undoubted example of Zidora. Boog Watson,
op. cit., added another species to the genus, from the West Indies,
making four in all known in living creation. It is not at all
improbable that the shell I am about to describe is conspecific
with Beddome’s Legrandia Tasmanica. Fischer, “ Manuel de
Conch.,” 1885, emended the spelling of the generic name to
Zidora.

The genus is of extreme interest from a morphological point
of view, which is enhanced by the beauty of ornament and rarity
of occurrence of the shells. The animal of Zdora is unknown,
and despite the analogy that the shell presents to Emarginula
and Puncturella, Mr. Boog Watson is disposed to view the shell
as an internal one, and that “its true place will probably be
found among the Opisthobranchiata, perhaps in the neighbour-
hood of Pleurobranchus.”

The shells of the living species have hitherto been obtained
only from moderately deep water.

ZipoRA LEGRANDI, spec. nov. (1894).

Shell depressedly conical, cap-shaped, white, delicate, elliptic-
oblong in basal outline, rounded behind, truncately rounded and
deeply cleft in front, with a narrow sunken fissural band extend-
ing to the apex; back depressedly convex ; apex minute and
short, hooked and somewhat adpressed, almost reaching the pos-
terior margin.

The ornament consists of concentric threadlets and obliquely
radial threadlets, which produce an elegant cancellation of
rhombic spaces ; in the apical region the ornament is extremely:
fine, but beyond it the cancellation is visible to the unaided eye

119

(there are about nine rows of rhombic spaces in a radial distance
of 2 millimetres measured from the periphery). The margin of
the aperture is closely crenulate-serrate. The fissural band is
margined on each side by an elevated rounded keel, which is
crenately sculptured ; the scars on the fissural band are arched,
sharp and close, but not contiguous.

The inside is glossy and smooth ; the septum is narrowly cres-
centic (extending in the middle line to about one-fifth and on the
sides to about one-fourth of the length of the aperture), much
depressed posteriorly (about one-half the depth of the shell) be-
coming shallower on the anterior border, which almost reaches
the base of the shell.

Dimensions.—Antero-posterior diam., 9°5; lateral diam., 6°;
height, in about the middle line, 2° (vix); depth of cleft, 2 milli-
metres.

Localities.—Corney Point, Spencer Gulf, one example from
shell-sand (Dr. Perks), dredged in 7 to 20 fathoms in Backstairs
Passage, five dead examples (Dr. Verco).

Remarks.—Mr. Beddome’s definition of the genus and species
of Legrandia Tasmanica reads as follows :—

‘“‘ LEGRANDIA, shell emarginulaform, but with an internal plate
like Crypta.

LEGRANDIA TASMANICA, shell oval, radiately ribbed ; front edge
fissured ; interior with a shelly plate extending one-fourth the
length of the shell. Long., 5 mill.; lat., 3 mill. ; alt., °75 mill.
Habt., Kelso Bay, Tamar River, 17 fms.”

The specific description barely permits of a comparison with
the South Australian specimens, though there is a substantial
agreement in the size of the internal plate, and the exterior
dimensions are proportionately the same, the measures of the
Tasmanian shell being about one-half of the largest of the South-
Australian specimens.

Without comparison of actual specimens it is impossible to
establish identity, though there is presumptive evidence that the
two shells belong to one species. In this latter consideration I
have thought it best, as is the practice in botanical nomenclature,
when a generic name is suppressed to employ it as a specific
name for the type-species, and so preserve the intention of the
original author, in this case to compliment the veteran concholo-
gist of Tasmania, Mr. Legrand.

Of the three living species diagnostically known and figured,
Z. Legrandi seems to resemble Z. calceolina more than the others ;
but in one particular it differs from all, namely, by its apex
situated within the vertical plane of the posterior margin, and
not as in them projecting beyond the periphery.

120

DESCRIPTIONS OF MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA FROM
MORETON BaAy.

By A. JEFFERIS TURNER, M.D.
[Read March 6, 1894.]

I shall endeavor in these papers to give a complete list of the
species which I have been able to identify as occurring in the
neighborhood of Brisbane under the head of each genus treated
of ; and to describe any species believed to be new with regard
to whose generic position I feel satistied. The admirable work
of Mr. Meyrick on the Australian micro-lepidoptera has alone
rendered any such work by a local naturalist possible, and I
cannot too strongly express my indebtedness to his papers for
any worth that my own may possess. I must also express my
indebtedness to Mr. Lower, of Adelaide, for advice and assist-
ance, and to Dr. Lucas and Mr. Illidge, of Brisbane, for access
to their valuable collections.

GRACILARID.

GRACILARIA, Z.

This beautiful and easily recognised genus appears to be well
represented about Brisbane. Besides the twenty-one new species
here described, I have obtained here the following :—

Grac. xanthopharella, Meyr.
“< plagata, Stt.
“ qautadelpha, Meyr.
“ calicella, Stt.
‘“« chalcoptera, Meyr.
«formosa, Stt.
‘© ada, Meyr.
“< eumetella, Meyr.
“ laciniella, Meyr.
“ albomarginata, Stt. (2)

T have reared Grac. laciniella, Meyr., from larve, using the
leaves of Eucalyptus sp. I am not quite certain of the identifi-
cation of Grac. albomarginata, Stt., but I have one specimen
which generally corresponds to the description, except in having
blackish autenne.

Grac. PLAGATA, Sét.
Middle tibie very much thickened with greyish-ochreous

121

black-tipped scales, forming a distinct crest on their upper
surface.
Brisbane ; taken occasionally on fences in September.

GRAC. ALBOSPERSA, N. Sp.

14mm. Head, thorax, and maxillary palpi greyish-ochreous.
Labial palpi with apical fourth of second and terminal joints
thickened with scales, so as to form minute tufts, greyish-
ochreous; apical third of second joint, external surface and apical
half of upper surface of terminal joint suffused with dark
fuscous; extreme apex whitish. Antenne longer than forewings,
greyish-ochreous annulated with fuscous. Abdomen greyish-
ochreous. Posterior third suffused above with fuscous, beneath
with five pairs of black dots. Legs pale ochreous-fuscous ;
apical portions of tarsal joints dark fuscous ; middle tibiwe densely
thickened with dark fuscous scales. Forewings ochreous-fuscous,
sparsely irrorated with black scales, with irregularly outlined
white markings ; a white dot on costa, near base, reaching to
fold ; a larger oblong white area on costa at one-fifth, reaching to
fold ; a similar area at two-fifths ; two small irregularly outlined
white dots on costa at three-fifths and four-fifths, and two more
between the latter and apex ; apex and anterior margin of two
apical dots blackish ; five white dots on inner margin at three-
eighths, four-eighths, five-eighths, six-eighths, and seven-eighths,
the first of which is larger than those following ; cilia ochreous-
fuscous, with two imperfect dark lines; beyond anal angle dark
grey. Hindwings and cilia dark grey.

Resembles in coloring Grac. syringella, Fab. The minutely
tufted apices of the labial palpi appear to be a peculiar character.

Brisbane ; taken occasionally on fences in spring.

GRAC. CHLORELLA, 0D. Sp.

12 mm. Head, face, and thorax whitish-ochreous. Maxillary
palpi whitish-ocreous, with two black annulations ; labial palpi
externally blackish, extreme apex whitish-ochreous ; internally
whitish-ochreous, annulated with black at apex of second joint,
about middle of terminal joint, and again before apex. <An-
tenn whitish-ochreous, sharply annulated with black. Abdomen
dark ochreous-fuscous, becoming blackish at apex. Legs, anterior
and middle tibie ochreous-fuscous, densely irrorated with black ;
middle tibize much thickened with scales; posterior tibiz whitish,
annulated with black; tarsi whitish, annulated with black.
Forewings ochreous-fuscous with a greenish tinge, densely
irrorated with black scales, these are especially dense over costal
half of disc and towards base; five costal and four dorsal ill-
defined irregularly outlined whitish-ochreous spots; cilia ochreous-

122

fuscous irrorated with black, at anal angle and inner margin
dark grey. Hindwings and cilia dark grey.
In general appearance comes very near to Grac. syringella, Fab.
Brisbane ; one specimen on a fence in September.

GRAC. EURYCNEMA, ND. Sp.

15-16 mm. Head and thorax reddish-fuscous ; face and max-
illary palpi paler ; labial palpi, terminal joint as long as second,
stout, and obtuse at apex, dark fuscous, internal surface whitish.
Antenne longer than forewings, greyish-ochreous annulated with
black. Abdomen ochreous-fuscous, anterior half of upper sur-
face paler. Legs ochreous-fuscous ; tarsi annulated with dark
fuscous ; anterior and middle tibie dark fuscous, the latter
densely thickened with scales. Forewings reddish-ochreous-
fuscous irrorated with blackish scales, especially on costa and
inner margin ; cilia reddish-ochreous-fuscous on costa, dark fus-
cous on hindmargin, dark grey on inner margin. Hindwings
and cilia dark grey.

The resting position of this insect is an exaggeration of that
common to most of the genus. The first two pairs of legs form
a wide elevated arch on which the forewings closely appressed
appear to rest at a very steep angle.

Brisbane ; taken occasionally on fences in August and Sep-
tember.

GRAC. EUGLYPTA, N. Sp.

14 mm. Head and thorax reddish-ochreous. Maxillary palpi
whitish, apex reddish-ochreous ; labial palpi whitish, extreme
apex reddish-ochreous, and somewhat thickened with scales ;
terminal joint shorter than second, apex moderately acute,
reddish-ochreous with two transverse fuscous lines on external
surface. Antenne larger than forewings, whitish-ochreous
annulated with fuscous. Abdomen ochreous, upper surface
suffused with fuscous posteriorly, two pairs of black dots on
lower surface, apical tuft ochreous. Legs reddish fuscous ;
anterior femora upper half whitish, lower half dark fuscous ;
anterior tibie dark fuscous ; middle tibize densely thickened with
scales, bases of tarsal joints whitish. Forewings pale reddish-
ocherous irregularly mottled with darker reddish-ochreous, the
whole showing a violet reflection in oblique light ; costa whitish-
ochreous from one-fourth to apex ; a distinct black dot on costa
at one-fourth and another at one-half, beyond the latter are two
or three very minute costal dots ; cilia reddish-ochreous with two
incomplete hindmarginal lines, on inner margin dark grey.
- Hindwings and cilia dark grey.

Apparently allied to the preceding.
Brisbane ; one specimen on a fence in September.

123

GRAC. XYLOPHANES, Nl. sp.

9-12 mm. Head and thorax reddish-ochreous. Face and
maxillary palpi whitish-ochreous ; labial palpi pale reddish-
ochreous, second and terminal joint dark fuscous at apex, terminal
joint also with a dark fuscous line at one-third on external
surface. Antenne longer than forewings, greyish-ochreous
annulated with fuscous. Abdomen ochreous-fuscous, paler
beneath. Legs whitish, apex of tarsal joints fuscous ; lower
third of anterior femora dark fuscous ; anterior and middle tibize
dark fuscous, the latter densely thickened with scales. Fore-
wings reddish-ochreous, becoming whitish-ochreous on costa,
irregularly mottled with reddish-fuscous ; an ill-defined transverse
fascia of the paler ground-color at one-third, narrowing from
costa to inner margin ; a few minute fuscous dots on costa and
hindmargin ; cilia ochreous-fuscous with two darker lines, beyond
anal angle dark grey. Hindwings and cilia dark grey.

The forewings are shorter than those of the preceding and
proportionately broader. The markings of forewings are very
obscure.

Brisbane ; taken occasionally on fences in September.

GRAC. OCTOPUNCTATA, N. Sp.

10-12 mm. Head clear white. Thorax dark fuscous. Face
and maxillary palpi whitish ; labial palpi white, apex of second
joint dark fuscous, terminal joint with two dark fuscous trans-
verse lines at half and before apex. Antenne grey annulated
with dark fuscous. Abdomen above dark fuscous, beneath
ochreous-fuscous. Legs dark fuscous, tarsal joints white except
at apices, middle tibiz densely thickened with scales, upper half
of anterior femora yellowish-white. Forewings dark fuscous,
with four spots white, faintly yellowish tinged and narrowly
outlined with black ; first on inner margin at one-fourth, reaching
to fold, produced along margin almost to base ; second on costa
before half, parallel-sided, outwardly oblique, not quite reaching
fold ; third on inner margin at two-thirds, broadest on margin,
triangular or trapezoidal, reaching beyond fold ; fourth on costa
at three-fourths, similar to second, directed towards but not
reaching anal angle; cilia dark fuscous with three blackish
hindmarginal lines. Hindwings and cilia dark grey.

Brisbane ; three specimens taken at light in April.

GRAC. TRAPEZOIDES, n. Sp.

10mm. Head, thorax, and maxillary palpi pale grey; labial
palpi whitish, second joint at apex, and terminal joint at three-
fourths ringed with black. Antenne grey, not annulated.
Abdomen dark-fuscous above, whitish beneath. Legs whitish,

124

tarsal joints dark-fuscous at apex, anterior and middle tibie
dark-fuscous at base and apex, the latter scarcely thickened.
Forewings ochreous-fuscous, with four inner marginal dots clear
white and four costal streaks whitish-ochreous, all margined with
dark-fuscous ; first inner marginal dot close to base, parallel-
sided, fascia-like, reaching almost to costa, upper margin ill-
defined ; second at one-fourth, triangular, with rounded apex,
broadest on margin, reaching two-thirds across disc ; third at
half trapezoidal, broadest on margin, reaching slightly beyond
middle of disc ; fourth at anal angle, smaller, roundish—from it
is a narrow whitish suffusion along hindmargin towards apex ;
costal streaks narrow, parallel-sided, outwardly oblique, at half,
three-fourths, five-eighths, and just before apex ; the second is
twice as long as the others, and is directed towards but do not
reach anal dot; apical angle narrowly black-margined ; costal
cilia black, hindmarginal ochreous-fuscous, inner-marginal dark-
grey. Hindwings and cilia dark-grey.
Brisbane ; two specimens taken by Dr. Lucas.

GRAC. IRRORATA, n. sp.

6-8 mm. Head, thorax, face, and maxillary palpi white.
Labial palpi white, second joint at apex and terminal joint beyond
middle annulated with black. Antenne dark-grey. Abdomen
fuscous above, whitish beneath. Legs white, anterior tibiz
blackish ; middle tibiz very slightly thickened, blackish at base
and apex; posterior tibie with three blackish annulations,
clothed above with stiff white hairs ; basal joints fuscous at apex.
Forewings greyish-ochreous, with four white transverse fascie, all
finely irrorated with greyish-ochreous scales, and thinly and
irregularly outlined with black ; first perpendicular at one-fourth,
broad both on costa and inner-margin, produced along inner-
margin to base, anterior margin encroached upon by ground-
colour below centre of disc to almost half its thickness ; second
at half, perpendicular, margins slightly irregular ; third from
costa at three-fourths to inner-margin before anal angle, perpen-
dicular, attenuated in centre of disc, where it is also interrupted
by black scales; fourth from costa near apex to anal angle, where
it is almost confluent with third, posterior margin ill-defined ;
hindmargin greyish-ochreous, narrowly edged with black ; cilia
whitish-grey, with two black hindmarginal lines. Hindwings and
cilia grey.

Apparently allied to Grac. ordinatella, Meyr.

Brisbane ; two specimens at light.

GRAC. CALICELLA, Sét.

This species is occasionally variable in its markings. In many
Brisbane specimens the basal dot reaches costa to form a com-

125

plete fascia, as in Stainton’s original description. I have one
specimen in which the anterior costal dot is confluent with that
on inner-margin at anal angle; and have seen another in which
the anterior costal dot is altogether absent, while the anal dot is
produced to costa, absorbing the posterior costal dot.

Brisbane. Taken commonly on fences in August and Septem-
ber. Also one specimen at Bulli, N.S.W., in October.

GRAC. ALBOMACULELLA, N. sp.

7mm. Head, thorax, face, and maxillary palpi clear white.
Labial palpi white, second joint at apex, and terminal joint be-
yond middle annulated with black. Antenne dark-grey. Abdo-
men fuscous above, whitish beneath. Legs whitish, tarsal joints
fuscous at apex, anterior and middle tibiz dark-fuscous at apex,
the latter slightly thickened. Forewings ochreous-fuscous, with
one fascia and six spots, clear white, narrowly black-margined ;
first spot on inner-margin close to base, rounded above, not
reaching to fold; fascia before one-third, slightly outwardly
oblique, narrow and parallel-sided from costa to just before fold,
where it suddenly dilates to treble breadth, and is thus confined
to inner-margin ; second spot on costa at one-half, slightly out-
wardly oblique, reaching one-third across disc, rounded below ;
third spot on inner margin at three-fourths, larger than second,
rounded above, not reaching centre of disc, widely separated
from second ; fourth in disc at three-fourths, slightly above centre,
very minute, connected with costa by a blackish cloud; fifth very
small at anal angle; sixth parallel-sided, very oblique from costa
at seven-eighths to middle of hindmargin ; cilia ochreous-fuscous,
with a black line near apex, on inner-margin dark-grey. Hind-
wings and cilia dark-grey.

Closely allied to Grac. calicella. Stt., and Grac. hoplocala,
Meyr. JBesides minor differences it may be distinguished from
the former by the absence of one costal spot, and from both by
the presence of an additional inner-marginal and a discal spot.

Brisbane ; one specimen taken on a fence in August.

GRAC. OBSCURELLA, N. Sp.

8 mm. Head, thorax, face, and maxillary palpi ochreous-
whitish. Labial palpi ochreous-whitish, terminal joint annulated
beyond middle with pale-fuscous. Antenne longer than fore-
wings, greyish-ochreous, gradually darkening toward apical half,
which is dark-fuscous. Abdomen above ochreous-fuscous, beneath
ochreous-whitish. Legs whitish, tarsal joints fuscous at apices ;
anterior and middle tibiz fuscous, with two obscure whitish an-
nulations, the latter moderately thickened at apex with dark-
fuscous scales ; posterior tibiz whitish, clothed above with stiff

126

hairs. Forewings pale ochreous-fuscous, irrorated with darker
scales; with five narrow indistinct transverse fascie, pale
ochreous-fuscous, transverse or slightly outwardly oblique from
costa at one-eixth, two-sixths, three-sixths, four-sixths, and five-
sixths, the last two becoming obsolete towards inner-margin ; a
triangular whitish spot on costa before apex, extending into
costal cilia ; apex darker ochreous-fuscous ; cilia pale ochreous-
fuscous, with indistinct darker hindmarginal line. Hindwings
and cilia dark-grey.

A very inconspicuous species, not nearly allied to any with
which I am acquainted.

Brisbane ; one specimen on a fence in September.

GRAC. ENCHLAMYDA, DN. sp.

8-9 mm. Head and thorax whitish or ochreous-whitish. Face
and maxillary palpi whitish. Labial palpi whitish. Antenne
dark-grey. Abdomen above dark-fuscous, beneath whitish. Legs
whitish, tarsal joints dark-fuscous at apices ; anterior tibie and
first tarsal joints dark-fuscous; middle tibie with three dark-
fuscous annulations, not thickened. Forewings whitish or
ochreous-whitish, the middle third occupied by a broad fascia,
ochreous-fuscous, narrowly edged with black, anterior margin
outwardly oblique from costa, posterior margin less oblique,
slightly convex ; basal one-sixth of dise suffused with ochreous-
fuscous ; outside the transverse fascia are two variable longi-
tudinal, parallel black lines, one in centre of disc, the other
between that and costa; a roundish subapical costal spot,
ochreous-fuscous, margined with black, or entirely blackish ;
extreme apex ochreous-whitish ; cilia on costa ochreous-fuscous,
on hindmargin whitish-ochreous, with median black line; on
inner-margin dark-grey. Hindwings and cilia dark-grey.

A very distinct species, somewhat variable.

Brisbane ; three specimens taken on a fence in August and
September.

Grac. IDA, Meyr.

The typical form of this species is occasionally taken near
Brisbane.

GRAC. IDA var. ROSEA, n. var.

Very distinct in its coloration, forewings clear crimson-pink,
without any fuscous suffusion; markings more yellowish-tinged
than in the typical form, but agreeing closely in detail, though
both forms show slight variations.

This beautiful insect is common about Brisbane. I have fre-
quently beaten it from the native box (7'ristanza conferta), but
do not know the larva. It is quite distinct from G'rac. formosa,
Stt., which is also occasionally taken near Brisbane. .

127

GRAC. AURORA, N. Sp.

Head pale fuscous. Face silvery-white. Maxillary palpi
yellow. Labial palpi reddish-orange, bases whitish, extreme
apices fuscous. Antenne longer than forewings, whitish-ochreous,
with dark-fuscous annulations. Thorax reddish-violet above,
bright yellow on sides. Abdomen above anteriorly whitish-
ochreous, posteriorly ochreous-fuscous ; beneath whitish. Legs,
tibie reddish-violet, middle pair moderately thickened, tarsi
whitish. Forewings brilliant-yellow; an ill-defined reddish-
violet band, rather less than one-third breadth of disc, runs from
base along inner and hindmargins to apex; in this band is a
blackish dot at about one-fourth, and a second just outside this ;
several smaller blackish dots on inner margin, and five or six
similar dots on hindmargin ; cilia on costa yellow, on hindmargin
reddish-violet towards apex, grey towards anal angle. Hind-
wings and cilia grey.

This brilliant insect appears to be allied to (rac. adelina,
Meyr., from New Zealand.

Brisbane; one specimen taken on a fence in September by
Dr. Lucas.

GRAC. FLUORESCENS, 0. sp.

8-9 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-whitish. Face and
maxillary palpi white. Labial palpi white, second joint externally
pale-fuscous. Antenne dark-fuscous. Abdomen dark-fuscous
above, white beneath. Legs, anterior femora white, tibie dark-
fuscous, tarsal joints dark-fuscous at bases, white at apices ;
middle femora dark-fuscous, tibize whitish, slightly thickened, and
dark-fuscous at apices, tarsi as above; posterior tibize dark-
fuscous above, white beneath; tarsal joints dark-fuscous, with
white apices above, wholly white beneath. Forewings brassy-
fuscous; a sharply-defined inner-marginal streak, one-third
breadth of wing, yellowish-white, with brilliant metallic lustre,
ending abruptly just before anal angle, posterior extremity
dilated to one-half breadth of wing; the posterior margin of
dorsal streak is edged with black, and often contains a minute
black dot ; on disc at seven-eighths is a black spot of somewhat
irregular form, surrounded by an incomplete circle of brilliantly-
lustrous white scales; from this a yellowish-white metallic suf-
fusion extends to hindmargin just beyond anal angle; before
apex a black spot extends from costa to hindmargin; extreme
apex lustrous-whitish ; cilia on costa first black then ochreous-
whitish on hindmargin, ochreous-whitish becoming whitish at
anal angle, with a black basal line at apex, and a black sub-
apical hook, on inner-margin dark-grey. Hindwings and cilia
dark-grey.

Allied to Grac. nereis, Meyr.

128

Brisbane. Taken commonly on fences in August and Sep-
tember.
GRAC. NITIDULA, 0. sp.

6-7 mm. Head and thorax brassy. Face and palpi silvery-
white. Antenne grey. Abdomen ochreous-whitish, suffused
posteriorly with fuscous, beneath white. Legs white; tarsal
joints pale-fuscous at apices on external surface ; middle tibiz
slightly thickened at apices with fuscous scales. Forewings pale
ochreous-fuscous, with irregular fuscous suffusion, several metallic
areas, and a variable number of whitish-ochreous spots sometimes
forming interrupted fasciz; spots minute quadrangular, most
numerous on costa, the remainder on inner-margin, they form in-
terrupted slender transverse fasciz at one-fourth and one-third ;
basal fourth of wing occupied by a brilliant metallic patch with
reddish and violet lustre; a similar triangular patch on inner-
margin beyond middle, not quite reaching costa; a small oval
spot with long axis longitudinal in disc at seven-eighths, nearer
costa than anal angle, showing brilliant violet-blue reflections ;
apex occupied by a rather large black spot; cilia brilliantly
metallic on hindmargin, ochreous-whitish at anal angle, thence
grey. Hindwings and cilia grey.

A minute but very brilliant species of uncertain affinity.

Brisbane. Five specimens taken in tropical forest growth.

GRAC. MICKOTA, N. Sp.

7mm. Head and thorax ochreous-fuscous. Face and palpi
white. Antenne dark-fuscous, basal third grey, basal joint dark-
fuscous. Abdomen above dark-fuscous, beneath white. Legs,
femora white; anterior tibie and tarsi ochreous-fuscous, extreme
apices of joints dark-fuscous, last two joints whitish ; middle
tibixe and first two tarsal joints thickened throughout, ochreous-
fuscous ; posterior tibize upper surface with numerous stiff hairs,
whitish-ochreous, black at apex, beneath clear white ; posterior
tarsi above whitish, apices of joints black, beneath clear white.
Forewings ochreous-fuscous, confusedly marked with fine dark-
fuscous dots and lines which do not form any definite pattern ;
on inner-margin before and beyond middle are two obtusely-
triangular yellow spots reaching middle of disc; these contain
one or two blackish dots; a minute metallic spot just before
apex ; cilia ochreous-fuscous, with a blackish hindmarginal line,
on inner-margin dark-grey. Hindwings and cilia dark-grey.

An isolated species, unless it be distantly related to that next
described.

Brisbane ; One specimen at light.

129

GRAC. PYROCHROMA, N. sp.

9-10 mm. Head and thorax bright-yellow. Face and maxil-
lary palpi clear-white. Labial palpi white, second joint fuscous
at apex, terminal joint with a median fuscous ring, beyond this
yellowish. Antenne longer than forewings, grey, basal joint
yellow above, white beneath. Abdomen above fuscous, deepen-
ing in shade posteriorly, beneath white. Legs, amerior femora
white, tibize and tarsi fuscous ; middle tibie and first two joints
of tarsi densely thickened with scales, reddish-fuscous, terminal
joints not thickened, paler; posterior tibise and tarsi whitish.
Forewings glossy reddish-purple, with darker purple dots, forming
an interrupted line along costa; a bright-yellow dorsal streak
from base, terminating abruptly at anal angle, edged with black,
nearly half breadth of wing, indented to half its breadth, close
to base and approximately at one-third, two-thirds, and at anal
angle ; costal edge from near base to apex occupied by a narrow,
blackish-purple, irregularly-thickened line; internal to this is a
narrow yellow line, sometimes suffused with reddish-purple ; and
internal to this again a longitudinal line in disc from two-thirds
nearly to apex, with a metallic-blue lustre, narrowly bordered on
each side with blackish ; a brilliant-metallic spot at apex, and a
yellow hindmarginal line continuous with that on inner margin ;
cilia whitish on costa, with a dark apical spot showing in certain
lights a vivid-blue iridescence, on hindmargin reddish-fuscous,
becoming paler towards anal angle, thence dark-grey. Hind-
wings and cilia dark-grey.

This brilliant insect rests with its head appressed to the sur-
face. Except in the thickening of the basal tarsal joints of the
middle pair of legs, it appears to agree structurally with this
genus. I have not examined the neuration.

Brisbane ; five specimens on a fence in August and September.

GRAC. ALBISTRIATELLA, 0. sp.

7-8 mm. Head, thorax, face, and palpi white. Antennz
dark-grey. Abdomen above fuscous, beneath reddish-fuscous.
Legs, anterior and middle pairs fuscous, posterior whitish; middle
tibie not thickened. Forewings pale ochreous-grey, with a white
line along inner-margin, and five costal and three dorsal white
streaks ; first costal streak at one-third, outwardly oblique, nar-
rowly produced along costa half way to base; second from
beyond middle, very oblique outwardly, produced as a very slender
line to margin of fourth streak ; third shortly beyond second,
outwardly oblique, occasionally connected by a slender line from
its base with second; fourth lustrous, coalescing with third dorsal
to form an outwardly curved, slender, black-margined fascia from
costa to anal angle ; fifth a mere dot beyond fourth; first and

I

130

second dorsal streaks parallel and close, ontwardly oblique, from
about three-fourths ; a white line along hindmargin, broadening
from apex to anal angle ; a black dot shortly before apex ; cilia
grey, with a black apical dot and a black basal line along hind-
margin. Huindwings and cilia grey.

Brisbane ; three specimens.

GRAC. PARALLELA, Nn. Sp.

Smm. Head, face, and palpi pure white. Antenne dark-
fuscous. Thorax white, lateral margins fuscous. Abdomen
fuscous. Legs dark-fuscous, apices of tarsal joints whitish ; pos-
terior pair whitish beneath, middle tibize not thickened. Fore-
wings fuscous-grey, with a broad white stripe along inner-margin
from base to anal angle, upper edge wavy, black-margined ;
immediately beyond or continuous with this is a white line from
anal angle gradually alternating to about middle of hindmargin ;
a slender white black-margined line from costa to three-fourths to
hindmarginal line at anal angle ; a second similar line from costa
before apex to extremity of hindmarginal line; a slender white
line along costa from one-fourth to first streak, black-margined
beneath ; cilia white with a short median fuscous line at apex,
thence white to anal angle, on inner-margin grey. Hindwings
and cilia grey. )

Allied to Grace. didymella, Meyr., and Grac. ochrocephala,
Meyr. It may be distinguished from the former by the white
line on costa, and from the latter by the pure white head and
dorsal streak.

Brisbane.

GRAC. TRISTANIA, 0. Sp.

7-3mm. Head, face, and maxillary palpi pure white. Labial
palpi usually pure white, second joint sometimes fuscous at apex.
Antennal white, extreme apex fuscous. Thorax white, lateral
margins ochreous-fuscous. Legs whitish, tarsal joints fuscous at
bases, anterior and middle tibiz fuscous, the latter not thickened.
Forewings ochreous-fuscous, with a broad pure white streak -ex-
tending along whole of inner-margin, and continued along hind-
margin to end abruptly just before apex, its upper edge narrowly
margined with blackish, wavy, and twice indented, first slightly
opposite two-thirds of inner-margin, and again deeply so as to be
almost interrupted at anal angle; a white dot at apex; cilia
white, with a black hook at apex, at anal angle and on inner-
margin grey. Hindwings and cilia grey.

Allied to the same group as the preceding, but readily distin-
guished by the simpler marking of the forewings.

Larva slightly attenuated posteriorly, golden-brown without

131

markings, or with a fuscous oval spot placed transversely over
dorsum of each segment, or over first segment only. Mines con-
spicuous blotches under the epidermis of the upper-surface of the
leaves of the Native Box (Tristania conferta), and may be found
in abundance during the greater part of the year.

Brisbane.
GRAC. UNILINEATA, N. Sp.

7-8 mm. Head, face, and palpi white. Antenne white at
base, gradually deepening to fuscous. Thorax white, lateral
margins ochreous-fuscous. Abdomen above ochreous-fuscous,
darker posteriorly, beneath white. Legs whitish, tarsi ringed
with blackish fuscous, anterior and middle tibize blackish-fuscous
at apex. Forewings ochreous-fuscous; a white dorsal streak
from base ending abruptly close to anal angle, less than half
breadth of wing, straight-margined ; a white line along hind-
margin from anal angle nearly to apex; apex black; a short
longitudinal black line in disc beyond three-fourths, narrowly and
interruptedly margined with white externally; cilia white, with a
median black line and black subapical hook, at anal angle and
inner margin grey. Hindwings and cilia grey.

Brisbane ; two specimens.

GRAC. PLEBEIA, 0. Sp.

Head, face, and palpi white. Antenne white at base, gradu-
ally deepening to fuscous. Thorax white, lateral margins
ochreous-fuscous. Abdomen above ochreous-fuscous, beneath
white. Legs whitish, tarsi ringed with fuscous, anterior and
middle tibiz fuscous at extremities. Forewings ochreous-fuscous ;
a white dorsal streak from base ceasing abruptly close before
anal angle, half breadth of wing, straight margined ; along its
margin and at its extremity the ground colour is suffused with
dark-fuscous ; a triangular white spot on hindmargin, its apex
reaching nearly to costa; a white streak from costa at four-fifths
to extremity of inner-marginal line, ill-defined towards costa ;
apical portion of costa black, interrupted by a narrow white line,
which meets apex of hindmarginal spot; cilia white, faintly
ochreous-whitish at apex, with a black median line and sub-apical
hook, along inner-margin grey. Hindwings and cilia grey.

This and the preceding two species are very similar. Z'ristanie
may be distinguished by the indented inner-marginal line ;
unilineata by ‘the straight inner-marginal line, less than half
breadth of wing, and the “short longitudinal black line on disc ;
plebera by the straight inner-marginal line, half breadth of wing,
and the triangular hindmarginal spot.

Brisbane ; one specimen taken by Dr. Lucas.

132

CECOPHORID AR.

In dealing with this family, I have endeavored to adhere faith-
fully to the genera as laid down by Meyrick ; but have had to
describe a few new genera which appear distinct from any of his.
Of these the first two may not properly belong to this family at
all; but as they are very distinct insects, and easily recognised,
I hope that no confusion may arise from including them here
temporarily. Callizyga is peculiar in veins seven and eight both
running to hindmargin, in the short, stout, terminal joints of the
labial palpi, and in the disparity of the sexes.

In Scorpiopsis the neuration appears to be normal, except in
the sigmoid curve described by vein seven of the hindwings, but
the palpi and shape of forewing are peculiar.

CALLIZYGA, n. g.

Head loosely scaled, side-tufts moderate. Antenne stout, in
male strongly ciliated (3-4), pecten absent. Palpi moderate,
second joint reaching base of antenne, with appressed scales ;
terminal joint half as long as second, nearly straight, almost as
stout as second. Thorax smooth. Forewings dilated, apex mode-
rately acute, hindmargin sinuate. Hindwings as broad as fore-
wings, cilia very short. Abdomen moderate in male, broad in
female. Forewings with veins 7 and 8 stalked, both to hind-
margin, 2 from before angle of cell. Hindwings normal. Sexes
unequal.

CALLIZYGA DISPAR, N. sp.

Male, 21-22 mm.; female, 31-35 mm. Head and thorax
pinkish-grey. Face and palpi ochreous-grey. Antenne ochreous-
grey. Abdomen in male bright-orange, in female ochreous. Legs _
whitish-ochreous, anterior tibizee and tarsi pinkish-grey. Fore-
wings in male ochreous-grey, with a slight pinkish tinge; a few
scattered fuscous scales, sometimes forming a streak from hind-
margin below apex towards centre of disc; cilia orange-yellow ;
underside bright orange-red. In female pinkish-grey, with a
slight ochreous tinge; a few scattered fuscous scales towards
hindmargin ; cilia yellowish, Hindwings and cilia in male bright
orange-yellow. In female pale ochreous-yellow ; cilia sometimes
tinged with fuscous.

Brisbane. Beaten occasionally from Hugenia.

SCORPIOPSIS, n. g.

Head with appressed scales, side tufts moderate, closely
appressed, slightly projecting between antenne. Antennzx
moderate (ciliations in male unknown); pecten absent. Palpi
long, second joint exceeding base of antenne ; terminal joint
much shorter than second, rather stout, with a well-developed

133

short tuft on its posterior aspect shortly before apex. (Thorax
imperfect.) Forewings moderate, apex rounded, hindmargin
convex, not oblique. Hindwings broader than forewings, oblong-
ovate, cilia less than one-third. Abdomen rather stout. Fore-
wings with seven and eight long-stalked, eight to apex, seven to
hindmargin, two from before angle of cell. Hindwings with v.
7 bent in a sigmoid curve so as to be approximated to six on
disc, and diverging from it to hindmargin.

ScORPIOPSIS SUPERBA, N. Sp.

Female, 20 mm. Head and face red, mottled with pale yellow.
Palpi, second joint reddish-ochreous, internal surface whitish,
ringed with white at apex, extreme apex red; terminal joint
moderate, with a short posterior tuft about one-fourth its length
just before apex, red, basal half whitish on posterior surface,
apex beyond tuft whitish. Antenne stout, reddish-ochreous.
Thorax red mottled with pale yellow, shoulders white. Abdomen
ochreous-whitish, tuft whitish. Legs whitish, anterior tibize and
tarsi red, the latter with white annulations. Forewings some-
what dilated posteriorly, costa strongly arched, apex much
rounded, hindmargin convex, rounded beneath, not oblique,
inner margin sinuate; pale red irregularly suffused with fuscous,
with numerous minute pale yellow spots; in posterior half these
are arranged in longitudinal lines along the veins, which are_
slenderly outlined in fuscous between the spots; a fuscous line
along costa to three-fourths, costal edge red; three larger pure
white spots in dise at about one-fourth, and a fourth spot slightly
beyond these ; two lustrous silvery-white spots in costal portion
of disc at three-fourths, one of these a small circular spot near
costa, the other between this and centre of disc larger, oval, with
long axis transverse, both finely outlined with deep red; a narrow
fuscous hindmarginal line; cilia pale red with a pale fuscous
median line, apices whitish-ochreous. Hindwings white faintly
ochreous-tinged towards apices, cilia white.

Brisbane. One specimen taken by Dr. Lucas.

Patparia, Wing.

The following species of this genus have been taken in the
neighbourhood of Brisbane :—

Palparia aurata, Walk.
- uncinella, Z.
semiyunctella, Walk.
as pyroptts, Meyr. (MSS.).
conephela, Meyr.
ae rectiorella, Walk.

154

PALPARIA SUBROSEA, N. Sp.

Male, 25 mm. Head ochreous-fuscous. |Palpi broken.| | An-
tennee whitish-ochreous, ciliation in male 5. Thorax pinkish.
Abdomen ochreous. Legs reddish-fuscous, tarsi fuscous, posterior
tibie pinkish-grey. Forewings elongate, costa moderately arched,
apex slightly produced, acute, hindmargin sinuate, very oblique ;
pale-red, irrorated with whitish-ochreous scales, especially along
costa and hindmargin, where they replace the ground-colour ; an
ill-defined dark-fuscous line along posterior two-thirds of inner-
margin; a dark-fuscous dot in disc before and a second after
middle ; cilia whitish-ochreous, at apex reddish, with a terminal
fuscous dot. Hindwings as broad as forewings, whitish, towards
apex rosy; cilia rosy, deeper at apex, becoming paler towards
anal angle.

One specimen taken on Stradbrooke Island, Moreton Bay, by
the late Mr. Boreham.

Though the palpi are unfortunately broken off, there can be no
doubt as to the location of this species, which is allied to Palp.
eonephela, Meyr., and lewcosta, Lower.

Leprpotarsa, Jfeyr.

LEPIDOTARSA IRIOIDES, Meyr.

Brisbane ; one specimen from Casuarina in October.

LEPIDOTARSA CHRYSCRYTHRA, Nl. Sp.

Male, 16 mm. Head yellow, with a red spot on crown. Palpi,
second joint basal two-thirds whitish, apical one-third reddish--
fuscous ; terminal joint ochreous. Antenne ochreous. Thorax
yellow, mottled with bright-red. Abdomen pale-ochreous. Legs
ochreous, anterior tibie and tarsi red, mottled externally with
yellow, internally with fuscous. Forewings moderate, costa
slightly arched, hindmargin oblique ; yellow, coarsely reticulated
with bright-red, with alternate bars of yellow and red along
hindmargin; a pale-yellow streak along costa from base to
apex, its anterior three-fourths edged internally with fuscous ; a
broad fuscous line from base close to inner-margin, reaching
margin at one-fourth, and continued along it to three-fourths ; a
broad fuscous streak from anal angle obliquely towards centre of
disc, where it terminates in a fine point ; cilia red, apices fuscous,
at anal angle fuscous. Hindwings elongate-ovate ; pale ochreous-
whitish ; cilia whitish.

A fale brilliant insect.

Brisbane ; one specimen taken at light.

135

LEPIDOTARSA LEUCELLA, h. Sp.

Male, 13 mm. Head, palpi, and antenne white. Thorax
white, finely irrorated with greyish-fuscous. Abdomen whitish.
Legs white. Forewings white, faintly ochreous-tinged posteriorly ;
finely irrorated with greyish-fuscous ; cilia ochreous-whitish.
Hindwings and cilia ochreous-whitish.

Allied to Lepid. alphitella, Meyr., but without the discal dots.

Brisbane; one specimen beaten from ti-tree (Melaleuca) in
October.

Kocurots, Jey.

The following have been taken near Brisbane :—
Lochrois letiferana, Walk.
I have reared this species from larvee spinning together the
phyllodes of Acacia longifolia.

Eochrois matutinella, Walk.
. protophaés, Meyr.

Eomystis, JJeyr.

This genus was founded by Meyrick on a species of which he
captured one specimen at Albany, Western Australia. It is
interesting to note that another species, apparently belonging to
the same genus, is to be found in Southern Queensland.

EoOMYSTIS ACRIBES, Nn. sp.

15-16 mm. Head yellow; face yellow with two orange dots.
Palpi yellow, base of second joint orange. Antenne whitish
annulated with fuscous, basal joint orange. Thorax yellow
coarsely reticulated with orange. Abdomen ochreous. Legs
whitish, anterior pair dull reddish ; anterior tarsi with yellow
annulations ; middle tibiz purple-fuscous. Forewings moderate ;
costa strongly arched, apex rounded, hindmargin straight, oblique;
bright yellow coarsely reticulated with reddish-orange ; two
narrow purple-fuscous fascie, first straight from one-third of
costa to middle of hindmargin, second bent inwards in disc from
two-thirds of costa to anal angle, both dilated on costa and inner
margin; a purple-fuscous line along basal half of costa, and
another along hindmargin from beneath apex to anal angle ; cilia
purple-fuscous. Hindwings ochreous; cilia ochreous, slightly
fuscous-tinged at apex.

Brisbane. Two specimens.

EURYPELTA, 0. g.

Head with appressed scales, side tufts moderate, spreading,
meeting above. Antenne in male rather stout, with very short
fine ciliations (one-fourth), pecten absent. Palpi moderate,
second joint slightly exceeding base of antenne, thickened with

136

rough scales anteriorly. Thorax smooth. Forewings dilated,
apex rectangular, hindmargin nearly straight. Abdomen broad.
Forewings with vein 7 to hindmargin, 2 from somewhat before
angle of cell. Hindwings normal.

Differs from Homystis in the short ciliations of the antenne,
and from Eclecta in the absence of a thoracic crest.

EURYPELTA EPIPREPES, N. Sp.

Female, 23 mm. Head and face ochreous-yellow. Palpi
ochreous-yellow, anterior surface tinged with dull reddish.
Antenne whitish annulated with fuscous. Thorax ochreous-
yellow with a purple fuscous spot on each side. Abdomen
ochreous. Legs ochreous, anterior and middle tibize and tarsi
annulated with reddish. Forewings strongly dilated, costa
strongly arched, apex rectangular, hindmargin nearly straight,
very slightly oblique ; ochreous-yellow irrorated thickly with dull
reddish, markings dull purple fuscous; a transverse fascia close
to base, its posterior edge very irregular and ill-defined; a squarish
blotch on costa at one-third confluent with basal fascia, and
sending an irregular transverse line to inner margin; a larger
blotch on costa at two-thirds, from which proceed two wavy lines,
the anterior ending abruptly before reaching inner margin, the
posterior to anal angle; between the anterior of these lines and
the second fascia is an irregular suffusion of dull purple fuscous ;
hindmargin outlined with the same; cilia ochreous-whitish,
bases purple tinged. Hindwings and cilia ochreous.

Gympie, Queensland. One specimen taken by Mr. Illidge.

HEMIBELA, Nn. g.

Head with appressed scale, side tufts erect, spreading. An-
tenn moderate (ciliations in male unknown), with strong pecten.
Palpi, second joint reaching base of antennz, thickened towards
apex anteriorly with slight rough scales; terminal joint very
minute, pointed. Thorax smooth. Abdomen stout. Forewings »
somewhat elongate ; apex acute, slightly produced. Forewings
with vein 7 to hindmargin, 2 from slightly before angle to cell.
Hindwings normal.

Probably allied to Hochrois, but at once distinguished from any
other genus by the extremely minute third joint of palpi.

HEMIBELA TRISPORA, 0. Sp.

Female, 26-28 mm. Head and thorax dull fuscous grey. Palpi
fuscous, terminal joint pinkish. Antenne fuscous. Abdomen
ochreous. Legs whitish tinged with vinous, except posterior
tibie. Forewings elongate; costa moderately arched, apex
acute, slightly produced; hindmargin sinuate, oblique; dull

137

fuscous grey, irrorated with whitish scales except at base; inner
margin reddish-brown at base ; three small circular spots in disc
near base, ochreous-yellow outlined with reddish-brown ; basal
spot internal to fold, posterior and obliquely external to this lie
the other two spots in a line with the first ; hindmarginal edge
tinged with purple ; cilia pale reddish purple, on costa and anal
angle fuscous. Hindwings uniform ochreous-yellow; cilia
ochreous-yellow, on costa and towards anal angle tinged with
fuscous.

A singular-looking insect, not resembling any other known
to me.

Brisbane. Two specimens, both female, taken at light.

EupuIttra, MWeyr.

I have two new species certainly referable to this genus. The
antennal ciliations are 13 to 2.

EUPHILTRA THERMOZONA, N. Sp.

14-15 mm. MHead white, sides of crown with a dark fuscous
spot. Palpi white, extreme base of second joint dark fuscous.
Antenne dark fuscous. Thorax, anterior three-fourths black,
sometimes containing two white spots; posterior fourth white.
Abdomen fuscous, lateral margins and tuft ochreous. Anterior
and middle tibize fuscous ; tarsi ochreous-whitish ; posterior tibice
and tarsi ochreous-whitish. Forewings somewhat narrow ; costa
moderately arched, apex rounded, hindmargin very obliquely
rounded ; clear white; a triangular black spot at base of costa
not reaching to inner margin; a moderately broad reddish-
fuscous transverse fascia from two-fifths of costa to middle of
inner margin, dilated towards inner margin ; anterior edge con-
cave, margined with fuscous; posterior edge convex, not margined ;
a second similar fascia of equal breadth from two-thirds of costa
to anal angle, on costa and anal angle dark fuscous ; anterior
edge nearly straight, suffused; posterior edge sinuate, well defined.
These two fascia are connected in disc by a short oblique fuscous
line; an ill-defined triangular reddish-fuscous patch narrowly
separate from hindmargin and second fascia, some scattered dark
fuscous scales at apex and along hindmargin ; cilia pale reddish-
fuscous on costa and hindmargin, blackish-fuscous at apex and
anal angle. Hindwings dark grey ; cilia whitish-ochreous mixed
with grey around apex.

Closely allied to Euphiltra eroticella, Meyr., but may be dis-
tinguished by the broader second fascia.

Brisbane. Three specimens.

EUPHILTRA ANGUSTIOR, N. sp.
12-14 mm. Head white. Palpi white, base of second joint

138

dark fuscous. Antenne dark fuscous. Thorax white with two
fuscous dots ; shoulder tufts, anterior half fuscous, posterior half
white. Abdomen ochreous-fuscous. Anterior and middle tibize
and tarsi blackish-fuscous ; posterior tibie and tarsi ochreous-
whitish. Forewings somewhat narrow; costa slightly arched,
apex rounded, hindmargin very obliquely rounded; white, a
black spot at base of costa, not reaching inner margin; costal
edge reddish-fuscous from base to first fascia; a transverse
reddish-fuscous fascia from costa at two-fifths to middle of hind-
margin, contracted on disc above middle, broadest on inner
margin ; it contains a few darker scales, but edges are not out-
lined ; anterior edge concave, posterior edge sinuate; a very
ill-defined ochreous fascia from costa at two-thirds to anal angle,
thickly and irregularly irrorated with dark fuscous ; a very ill-
defined ochreous patch between second fascia and hindmargin,
also irrorated with dark fuscous; a few dark fuscous dots on
hindmargin ; cilia ochreous. Hindwings grey; cilia whitish-
ochreous tinged with grey.

Readily distinguishable from the other two species of the genus
by its white thorax.

Brisbane. Three specimens.

ZONOPETALA, Meyr.
The following have been taken near Brisbane :—
Zonopetala divisella, Walk.
m clerota, Meyr.
decisana, Walk.
glauconephela, Meyr.
EC quadripustulella, Walk.

————e ee EEE

FURTHER NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA,
WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW GENERA AND
SPECIES.

By tHe Rev. T. Buacksurn, B.A.
XV:
CARABIDZ.
TACHYS.

T. brightensis, Blackb. This name appears to represent the
same species as Lembidiwm striolatwm, Macl.; though the con-
clusion could not be arrived at from Sir W. Macleay’s description,
I think there is no doubt of its being correct, as Mr. T. G. Sloane
has recently sent me some examples of SB. striolatwm (named by
comparison with the type), which are undoubtedly my 7. bright-
ensis. The insect certainly cannot be placed in Bembidiwm , it
seems structurally to be a Vachys (or very close thereto) although,
as I have previously remarked, belonging to a group of Aus-
tralian species, that perhaps might with propriety receive a dis-
tinctive generic name.

SILPHIDi.
CHOLEVA.

C. antipodum, Blackb. I have received from Mr. Simson
an example of Choleva taken in Tasmania, which I think must
be referred to this species, although it is a little more elongate,
and parallel in form, and considerably darker in colour. I take
this opportunity to improve my description of the mesosternal
keel in this insect, which I said (Trans. Roy. Soc. S.A., 1891,
p. 87) “scarcely emerges forward from between the coxe ;” a
more correct expression would have been “becomes very feeble
in front of the coxe.”

LAMELLICORNES.
PALMERSTONIA.

P. minor, sp. nov. (Fem.) Nitida; valde convexa; picea, supra
glabra, clypeo levi; prothorace quam longiori dimidio
latiori, grosse minus crebre punctulato ; elytri is vix manifeste
A- costatis, obsolete seriatim punctulatis, stria suturali leviter
impressa ; subtus (abdomine fere glabro excepto) longe minus
dense hirsuta. Long., 8 1.; lat., 441.

140

The structural characters of this species seem to be quite the
same as in P. Bovilli, Blackb., from which it may be at once dis-
tinguished by its much smaller size and coarsely punctulate pro-
thorax; the coarse puncturation of the prothorax in contrast
with the almost obsolete puncturation of the elytra and pygidium
and the levigate clypeus and scutellum gives the insect a very
remarkable appearance. The propygidium (which is narrowly
exposed) is opaque, and very finely strigose transversely ; it is
probably an organ of stridulation. The vertical clypeus (at a
right angle with the hinder part of the head) and extraordinary
labial palpi render this genus one of the most remarkable among
the Dynastides.

N. Queensland ; sent to me by Mr. French.

BUPRESTID.
STIGMODERA.

S. pictipes, sp. nov. (Mas.). Sat lata; minus convexa; flava,
capite (nonnullorum exemplorum maculis quibusdam inter
oculos exceptis) prothoracis disco basique scutello elytrorum
basi summa antennis pedibus (femorum parte mediana ex-
cepta) prosterno medio mesosterni metasternique suturis
maculisque nonnullis et coxarum maculis nonnullis aureo-
viridibus, elytrorum fascia communi angusta postmediana et
apice lete ceeruleis ; capite minus crebre vix fortiter (quam
S. tricolorate, Waterh., minus crebre) punctulato, concavo ;
prothorace quam longiori duabus partibus (postice quam
antice fere duplo) latiori, minus crebre minus fortiter (latera
versus paullo magis crasse) punctulato, lateribus subtiliter
crenulatis a basi circiter ad medium arcuatim divergentibus
hinc ad apicem (vix sinuatim) convergentibus; elytris ad
apicem late sinuato-subtruncatis (truncature angulo interno
vix producto, externo nullo), punctulato-striatis, interstitiis
vix convexis sparsim minus subtiliter punctulatis, basi
sinuata (vix manifeste angulata) ; corpore subtus (abdomine
excepto) lanugine brevi argentea erecta vestito ; sternis in
medio sparsissime punctulatis; segmento ventrali apicali
postice sinuatim truncato. Long., 14 1.; lat., 541.

Much resembles S. tricolorata, Waterh., but differs from that
species (of same sex) by its form less convex and less narrowed
behind, its head considerably less closely punctured, its prothorax
much more evenly rounded on the sides (which are finely crenu-
late), its elytra having their base only sinwate (1.¢., wanting the
angularity that is so well marked in tricolorata a little within the
shoulder), their apex sinuately rounded without any spinose pro-
cess whatever except a slight sutural projection and their inter-
stices wider and flatter, its sterna much less closely punctured,

141

its green markings distinctly of a golden tone, its prothoracic
green marking continuous to the front margin, its post median
and apical elytral fascie much narrower, and its femora yellow
on their under-surface (except a narrow edging of golden-green
colour).

W. Australia; near York ; presented to me by Mr. French.

S. Caroli, sp. nov. (Fem.). Minus lata ; minus convexa ; supra
rufa, capite prothorace (hoc maculis 3 magnis rufis transversim
positis ornato) et elytrorum basi summa apiceque summo
eeneoviridibus ; subtus eneoviridis, abdominis segmentis
ultimis 3 rufo-maculatis ; capite vix concavo linea mediana
longitudinali impresso ; prothorace quam longiori paullo plus
quam duabus partibus (postice quam antice duplo) latiori,
crebre fortiter (latera et basin versus magis grosse minus
crebre) punctulato, lateribus crenulatis fortiter rotundatis
(latitudine majori pone medium posita), basi quam elytrorum
basis sublatiori ; elytris ad apicem rotundatis, punctulato-
striatis, interstitiis sat convexis sparsim punctulatis, basi
sinuatim truncata; corpore subtus latera versus confertim
fortiter inequaliter punctulato (hic illic vermiculato-rugu-
loso), parte mediana inequaliter sculpturata (sc. prosterno
antice transversim fortiter rugato, hoc postice metasterno et
abdominis basi sparsim punctulatis); segmento ventrali
apicali postice rotundato, ante apicem transversim depresso.

Var. elytris et prothoracis maculis pallide testaceis, illis pone
medium macula transversa communi nigra ornatis.

Maris (exempli descripti) prothorace concolori obscure eneo-
viridi, segmentis ventralibus (basali antice et in medio ex-
cepto) totis testaceis, segmenti ultimi parte apicali carente.
Long., 12—14 1.; lat., 5—6 1.

I have no doubt of the three specimens before me appertaining
to one species only. They seem to have been taken in company
with the preceding. I have described the female in preference to
the male on account of the latter being a considerably damaged
and breken example. I cannot specify any Stigmodera to which
this insect is very closely allied, though it bears a general resem-
blance to several; perhaps it comes nearest to Menalcas, Thoms.,
but that species, besides considerable difference in colour, is of
narrower and more convex form, more pilose on the under-surtace,
with its prothorax much less strongly rounded on the sides, &c.
In both the female examples before me the prothorax bears a
large testaceous or red spot on each side nearly touching the
lateral margin, and a smaller one on the hinder part of the disc
separated by only narrow intervals on either side from the larger
spots. As Mr. French’s surname has already been used by me
for a Stigmodera that was described almost simultaneously, but a

142

little earlier, in Europe, I have called the present species after

his Christian name, as so energetic a collector of the Australian

Buprestide ought certainly to be commemorated in Stigmodera.
W. Australia ; near York; presented to me by Mr. French.

S. oleata, sp. nov. (Mas.) Sat lata; minus convexa, nitida ;
cyaneo-nigra, elytris fascia communi sat lata ante-apicali
lete sanguinea ornatis; capite leviter concavo, fortiter sat
crebre punctulato ; prothorace quam longiori tribus partibus
(postice quam antice paullo plus quam duabus partibus)
latiori, subtiliter sat sparsim (latera versus grosse rugulose)
punctulato, lateribus anguste subdeplanatis (fere ut
S. Bonvouloirt, Saund.) fortiter rotundatis, latitudine
majori pone medium posita ; elytris ad apicem rotundatis,
punctulato-striatis, interstitils sat convexis sparsim subtiliter
punctulatis, basi sinuato-truncata; corpore subtus (abdomine
excepto) lanugine brevi argentea erecta vestito ; prosterno
in medio sparsim subtiliter (latera versus confertim rugulose)
punctulato; metasterno in medio sat crebre sat fortiter
(latera versus confertim fortiter vix rugulose) punctulato ;
abdomine in medio sat sparsim (latera versus confertim
rugulose) grosse punctulato; segmento ventrali apicali postice
sinuatim truncato. Long., 11 1.; lat. 51.

Scarcely differs in respect of colour and marking from
S. Minriszechi, Saund., but widely differs from it in almost every
other character. Placed beside S. Mniszecha the present species
is distinguished inter alia multa by the strongly rounded sides of
its prothorax and the simply rounded apices, and regular striation
of its elytra. Its shining surface causes it to appear as if it were
polished with oil.

W. Australia; near York ; presented to me by Mr. French.

S. oleata(?) (Fem.) Sat lata; minus convexa; nitida; supra
ferrugineo-picea, prothorace obscuriori, hujus (parte basin
versus excepta) elytrorumque lateribus aurantiacis ; ; subtus
nigra, Vix cyanescens ; segmento ventrali apicali rotundato,
ante apicem transversim depresso; cetera ut S. oleate

(maris). Long., 12—161.; lat., 54—621.

Notwithstanding the extreme difference of colour and marking,
Tam disposed to believe that this is the female of the species
whose male I have called S. oleata. I can discover no character
on which to separate the two apart from their colour and mark-
ings, and from distinctions that are obviously sexual. IJ have
seen three examples of this form (all females) and one of the
other. They have all been forwarded to me by Mr. French as
taken in the same locality (near York, W. Australia), and
probably about the same time.

a

143

The females bear a considerable resemblance in colour to
S. flavocincta, Lap., S. pubicollis, Waterh., and some others
thereto allied, but differ entirely inter alia by the smooth nitid
surface of the prothorax and the faint sparse puncturation of its
disc. In all the females before me the orange border of the pro-
thorax ceases abruptly a little in front of the base, so that the
hinder part of the margin is of the colour of the disc.

S. wnicincta, Saund. I believe this to be the male, and
S. flavicollis, Saund., to be the female of one species.

CURCULIONID:.

GONIPTERINI.

OXYOPS.

O. placida, sp. nov. (Fem.) Angustior ; picea, squamis fulvis
et nonnullis niveis (his maculatim dispositis) vestita, anten-
nis pedibusque obscure rufescentibus ; oculis minus promi-
nulis ; rostro lato brevi (ut O. bi/unaris, Pase.); prothorace
vix transverso, a basi antrorsum leviter arcuatim angustato
(fere subcylindrico), sat crasse ruguloso et granulis nitidis
crebre adsperso ; scutello sat elongato ; elytris striato-punc-
tulatis, puncturis sat magnis squamis fulvis repletis, inter-
stitiis angustis crebre granulatis, humeris parum prominulis.
hone, 4 |. > lat, 2.0

The snowy-white scales are thinly and singly sprinkled on the
prothorax, and forma patch on and around the scutellum, as
well as some very conspicuous spots on the elytra, the largest of

which are placed (one on each elytron) on the third interstice, a

little behind the middle. The principal characters of this species

seem to be :—Rostrum short and wide, without carine or sulci ;
prothorax elongate (to a casual glance longer than wide), without
any distinct constriction or longitudinal sculpture, and with its
front angles but little developed, coarsely rugulose, and covered
with strong, shining granules ; elytra evidently depressed on the
space within the third interstice, and without tubercles (except
the subapical nodosity which is not strongly developed), their
shoulders but little prominent; mesosternum only moderately
prominent in front.

Victoria ; taken by Mr. Froggatt near Bendigo.

O. pictipennis, sp. nov. (Fem.) Angustior; rufa, nigro-varie-
gata, squamis silaceis et nonnullis albidis vestita; oculis
minus prominulis; rostro minus brevi minus lato ; capite
inter oculos profunde sulcato ; prothorace leviter transverso,
sat crasse ruguloso et granulis nitidis crebre adsperso, carina
longitudinali mediana abbreviata instructo, lateribus a basi

144

antrorsum arcuatim convergentibus; scutello angusto ;
elytris striato-punctulatis, puncturis sat magnis, interstitiis
sat angustis minus distincte granulatis, humeris parum
prominulis. lLong., 4 1.; lat., 2 1.

Not unlike the preceding in form and sculpture, but differing
in several characters and in the colouring. The head and ros-
trum are black, the prothorax is dark-red, with the sides blackish,
the elytra are dark-red, variegated with black, which forms
irregular blotches. The antenne are reddish, with the basal
joint shining black, the legs red, more or less variegated with
black, the under-surface black. The rostrum is markedly longer
and narrower than that of the preceding species. The scales of
the upper-surface are thinly, inconspicuously, and somewhat
evenly distributed, and are slender and seta-like. The variegated
colours of the derm render this species a conspicuous one. The
mesosternum is distinctly, but not very strongly, prominent.

Victoria; taken by Mr. Froggatt near Bendigo.

ERIRHININI.

In part XIV. of this series of memoirs I expressed the inten-
tion of furnishing in this present part a tabulated statement of
the distinctive characters of the Erirhinid genera known to be
Australian. J regret exceedingly that it has proved impossible
to carry out the intention in a fully satisfactory manner owing to
difficulty in obtaining definite information about several of the
imperfectly described genera of Mr. Pascoe. Under these circum-
stances, and in view of the need there is for a comprehensive
treatise on these insects, I have thought it best to adhere to my
intention of laying such a treatise before the Society, in spite of
the knowledge that I may have wrongly identified some of Mr.
Pascoe’s genera, and that consequently the synonymy of my work
may very probably have to undergo more or less correction even-
tually. At present the descriptions of the Australian Hrirhinina
are scattered through a multitude of memoirs, and are many of
them extremely defective in character. The only attempt that
has been made at a comprehensive treatment even of the genera
consists in a tabulation published by Mr. Pascoe in the ‘Annals
and Magazine of Nat. Hist.” for 1872, dealing with only about
two-thirds of the genera now known, including a number of
genera that Mr. Pascoe afterwards stated he had erroneously
located in the group, and dividing the group into sections, of some
of which Mr. Pascoe himself said (perfectly correctly, I think)
‘they cannot be maintained satisfactorily, as some of the genera
might be placed in either of them.” That I have not succeeded
in arriving at certainty in the identification of some of Mr.
Pascoe’s genera is not due to any carelessness or want of effort on

145

my part. Some years ago I procured Mr. Pascoe’s consent to
compare a collection of generic types from my collection with his
own types, and in due course forwarded the collection to him,
accompanied with a second collection which I offered for his
acceptance. After an interval I received back from him the
specimens I had marked to be returned, but the only information
he furnished was a statement that only one (of which he furnished
the name) of the species was known to him. When Mr. Pascoe’s
collection passed into the possession of the British Museum, I
wrote proposing to exchange types of species and genera that I
had myself named against examples of those species, of which
there were several examples in Mr. Pascoe’s collection, and was
informed that there were not many specimens of most of the
species I desired, and that the proposal could not be accepted.
There was nothing more to be done, for the offer to compare
specimens I might send with Mr. Pascoe’s types did not meet the
difficulty; inasmuch as such a comparison would be unreliable
unless made by someone who should be able to devote more time
to minute examination of characters than it was. to be expected
the curators of the Museum could have at their disposal, and who
at the same time should be familiar as a specialist with the dis-
tinctive characters of the Australian Hrirhinini.

I am afraid Australian workers must make up their minds to
the fact that if they are to postpone describing the insects of
their country until they have ascertained them to be new by
comparison with types (in the case of genera or species that have
been insufficiently described in Europe) they will have to leave
the work almost entirely to be done outside Australia. For my
own part, I am convinced that the best course to adcpt is to re-
gard all descriptions that are insufficient for recognition as non-
existent (unless one can get at the types through one’s own
friends), and although unquestionably the result will often prove
to be that one’s nomenclature will have to be subsequently cor-
rected, I regard the author of the original insufficient description
as the person on whom must be laid the responsibility for any
confusion that may occur.

Returning to the subject of the Australian Zrirhinini, the
number of genera (including those I characterise in the present
memoir, and excluding those originally attributed to the group
by Mr. Pascoe, but subsequently removed from it by their
author) is 48. Two species have been described (by Schénherr
and Bohemann) as belonging to the genus Zrirhinus ; but this
may be confidently regarded as an erroneous nomenclature, and
therefore I do not consider that there is any ground for including
Erirhinus among our Australian genera. Of the 48 genera, I
have characterised 14 myself, four are Schénherr’s, and two are

K

146

Erichson’s. The remaining 28 are Pascoe’s. Among these there
are only five (all of them Pascoe’s) that I am not able to assign
a place in a tabular arrangement ; for which comparatively satis-
factory state of things I am largely indebted to Mr. G. Masters,
of Sydney, who furnished Mr. Pascoe with a large proportion of
the specimens on which he founded his genera, and having re-
tained examples in his own collection, has generously placed them
in my hands during the time that I have been working on the
present memoir. As the diagnoses of the five genera that I have
been unable to identify are quite insufficient for distinction from
the diagnoses of other genera, it is quite possible that I may have
re-named some of them ; nevertheless, as they all happen to have
been founded on species from W. Australia, and none of my new
genera are founded on W. Australian species, the probability is
that they all represent forms that have not come under my notice.
Although their characters are not sufficiently indicated by Mr.
Pascoe to enable me to assign these genera a place in a general
tabulation of the group, I have nevertheless been able to place
them, on the-strength of the few characters that their author
mentions, in a short separate tabulation that I have drawn up.
Subject to the remarks that will be found further on regarding
the genus Xeda, I may add that the two tabulations I supply
may be relied on absolutely as far as they go, for in the case of
every genus that I have. tabulated the characters have been taken
either from an authentic type or from the author’s own diagnosis.
In no case have I introduced into the tabulation characters passed
over by the author in silence unless I have had an authentic
type before me. The name that would be assigned to any speci-
men by comparison with the tabulation is the generic name of
that species, subject only to the inevitable condition that it may
be a species requiring a new generic name on the ground of its
differing from the type of the genus in respect of some character
that is mentioned neither in the tabulation nor in the author’s
diagnosis.

There are several terms made use of in the tabulation that it
is desirable to explain clearly. The first is the term “ quad-
rangular” as applied to the rostrum ; it signifies that the rostrum
differs from the ordinary furm (more or less cylindric) of that
organ through its sides being abruptly vertical and thus at right
angles to the upper surface. The next term is “subapical,” or
‘“submedian,” or “subbasal” as applied to the scrobe of the
rostrum, and which refers to the front extremity of the scrobe.
The third term requiring definition is “divergent” or ‘“ divari-
cate” as applied to the claws, the former meaning that the dorsal
border of each claw holds a direction at right angles to the direc-
tion of a longitudinal line passing down the tarsus (as in the

147

Longicorn genera Zygocera and Hebesecis); the latter meaning
that the dorsal border holds a direction more or less continuing
the direction of the supposed longitudinal line.

Among the genera that I have tabulated there are two re-
garding the identification of which I feel that there is an element
of doubt, and it seems necessary to indicate these genera and
specify the reasons of the doubt in each case. The first is Xeda.
I cannot say that I feel any genuine doubt about this, inasmuch
as X. amplipennis, Pasc., is among the types lent me by Mr.
Masters, and it agrees so perfectly with Mr. Pascoe’s specific
description and with his generic diagnosis in respect of all charac-
ters but one as to convince me that it is rightly named ; but,
nevertheless, its claws are divergent, whereas Mr. Pascoe calls
them divaricate. J am of opinion that Mr. Pascoe probably did
not use these terms exactly in the technical sense of Lacordaire,
but interpreted ‘“divaricate” as meaning “ very widely,” and
“divergent” as meaning “less widely ” directed apart. In most
cases this interpretation would lead to the same results as M.
Lacordaire’s. Moreover, it is to be noticed that the claws are
very easily forced into an unnatural condition in mounting,
and that for confidence in deciding whether the claws of a
specimen are divergent or divaricate it is necessary to be sure
that they are not artificially displaced. The second genus which
calls for remark is Cyttalia. The species that I have attributed
to that genus depart from the characters specified by Mr. Pascoe
in two respects : their femora are all dentate, whereas, according
to the diagnosis, the hind femora only should be dentate; and
their claws are divaricate, whereas they should be divergent. As
regards the latter discrepancy, the remarks I have made above in
respect of Xeda may perhaps apply here ; and in regard to the
former discrepancy I do not regard the exact number of dentate
femora.as important enough to be a generic character ; indeed,
Mr. Pascoe himself, in the case of the Anthonomid genus Diapel-
mus, does not hesitate to assign to it species that depart similarly
from the characters assigned by its author. It is, I think, at any
rate certain, that if the species I have called Cyttalia are not
really congeneric with that on which the genus was founded, they
cannot be referred to any other characterised genus, and therefore
no great harm will result from their temporary location under a
name that they are not really entitled to bear. The most
remarkable character of Cyttalia I take to be the elongation of
the antennal scape to the extent of its reaching back to the hind
margin of the eye, and this character is present in the species I
have assigned to the genus.

It is desirable to take this opportunity of referring to those
species that I have previously described regarding which I have

148

been led to modify my opinion by the fuller study of the
Erirhinini that I have made for the purposes of this memoir. I
am now strongly convinced that the character of the claws is of
the first importance in this group; from which it results that
two species which in the Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1892, p. 147,
I attributed to Myossita, having divaricate claws, cannot, in my
opinion, rightly remain under that name. One of them (JV.
munda) is undoubtedly congeneric with the species that I attri-
bute in this memoir to Cyttalia ; the other (JZ. crucigera) I
hesitate to place in Cyttalia on account of its antennal scape
being too short and its general form too robust for that genus.
I should treat it as the type of a new genus were it not that it
agrees fairly with the characters Mr. Pascoe assigns to Agestra,
but as the diagnosis of Agestra contains no reference to the
claws, I am barred from calling it an Agestra. Consequently, I
wish I had not described it, but as that, unfortunately, is a futile
wish, I can only suggest that it be placed under Agestra, with
the note added to its name, “?huj. gen.” The third species on
which I have to remark is that which I described in Proc. Linn.
Soc., N.S.W., 1890, p. 584, as Agestra punctulata, expressing at
the time grave doubt as to its real place. Itis a very remarkable
insect, for which a new generic name must be provided, but as I
have satisfied myself by a microscopic examination that its claws
are not really simple, I think, in spite of its Hrirhinid facies, it
must come out of the Hrirhinini altogether, and I shall therefore
reserve its fuller treatment for a memoir I hope to offer to the
Society at an early date, dealing with it and some other allied
forms of minute Curculionide, which at present I am unable to
assign to any of M. Lacordaire’s “tribes.”

The following is a tabulation of the characters of all the
Erirhinid genera as yet recorded as occurring in Australia, with
the exception of five imperfectly characterised genera, of which
I have been unable to procure the opportunity of examining a
type, and which, therefore, I have placed in a separate tabula-
tion :—

A. Tarsi not linear.
B. Funicle of antennz 7-jointed.
C. Tarsi 4-jointed.
D. Femora unarmed.
K. Eyes distinctly on the head, as distinguished
from the rostrum.
F. Scrobes connivent.
G. Ocular lobes distinct... o ... Aoplocnemis.
GG. Ocular lobes wanting ae ... Symbothinus.
FF. Scrobes not connivent.
G. Front tibize falcate.
H. Basal joint of hind tarsi elongate;
elytra not setose athe ... Qsnochroma.

149

HH. Basal joint of hind tarsi not elong-
ate; elytra clothed with pte
erect sete . :

GG. Front tibiz not falcate.

H. Rostrum quadrangular.

J. Tibiz mucronate at apex ...
IJ. Tibiz not mucronate at apex
HH. Rostrum not quadrangular.
I. Scrobes subapical; joint 4 of tarsi
equal to 1-3 together.
J. Rostrum constricted at base
JJ. Rostrum not constricted at base
II. Not having both subapical scrobes,
and joint 4 of tarsi as long as
1-3 together.
J, Front tibiz not bicalcarate at apex.
K. Claws divergent.
L. Eyes finely granulate.
M. Scrobes lateral, submedian.
N. Rostrum elongate
NN. Rostrum short ;
MM. Scrobes abruptly turned
under rostrum.
N. Elytra smooth
NN. Elytra tuberculate
MMM. Scrobes subbasal
LL. Eyes coarsely granulate
M. Basal joint of funicle not
or little longer than 2nd
joint
MM. Basal joint of funicle
much longer than 2nd
joint.
N. Ocular lobes present
NN. Ocular lobes wanting ...
KK. Claws divaricate.
L. Elytra not, or but feebly, bi-
sinuate at base.
M. Eyes finely granulate.
N. Prothorax rounded at
base.
O. Ocular lobes present ...
OO. Ocular lobes wanting
NN. Prothorax bisinuate at
base
MM. Eyes coarsely granulate.
N. Antennal club elongate,
very distinctly articu-
late.

O. Apical ventral segment
shorter than 2nd
segment.

P. Apical joint of tarsi
strongly exserted
PP. Apical joint of tarsi
but little ex-

serted

Olbiodorus.

Plesiorhinus.
Nemestra.

Anorthorhinus.
Desiantha.

Paryzeta.
Xeda

Olanza.
Rhachiodes.
Glaucopela.

Gerynassa.

Ethas.
Omorophius.

Cydmeea.
Dicomada.

Erytenna.

Epacticus.

Encosmia.

150

OO. Apicalventralsegment
longer than 2nd
segment.

P. Front of prosternum
evenly emarginate
PP. Frontofprosternum
very strongly
emarginate in
the middle

NN. Antennal club short,
compressed, indis-

tinctly articulate.

O. Front of prothorax

(viewed from the
side) strongly sinuous

OO. Front of prothorax
(viewed from the
side) straight

LL. Elytra very strongly bi-
sinuate at base
JJ. Front tibiew bicalcarate at apex... ;
EE. Eyes as much on rostrum as on head

DD. Femora (at least the hind femora) dentate.
E. Scape of antennz not or scarcely passing the
front of the eye.
F. Apical joint of tarsi more or less strongly ex-
serted.
G. Prosternum normal.
H. Eyes finely granulate.
I. Scrobes connivent, or nearly so
II. Scrobes not nearly connivent.
J. Basal joint of tarsi very elongate...
JJ. Basal joint of tarsi normal
HH. Eyes coarsely granulate
GG. Prosternum concave . ee sos
FF. Apical joint of tarsi not (or scarcely) ex-
serted zh
KE. Scape of antennz - reaching the back of the

eye.
CC. Tarsi 3- jointed

BB. Funicle of antennz 6-jointed.
C. Tarsi 4-jointed.
D. Apical joint of tarsi well exserted.
EK. Front tibiz mucronate
KE. Front tibiz simple
DD. Apical joint of tarsi scarcely exserted.
KE. Rostrum long and slender
EE. Rostrum short and stout (not longer than
prothorax)
CC. Tarsi 3-jointed es
BBB. Funicle of antenne 5 jointed...
AA. Tarsi linear

*It is doubtful whether this genus is really Australian (vide Tr. Roy.

Soc. 8.A., 1893, p. 315).

Eniopea.

Empolis.

Emplesis.

Epameebus.

Themelia.
Hedyopis.

Phrenozemia.

Orpha.
Meriphus.
Myossita.
Agestra.
Storeus.
Cryptoplus.

Cyttalia,
Thechia.

Antyllis.

Dyschenium.

*Endalus.

Niphobolus.
Misophrice.

Anarciarthrum.

Bagous.

"Sm A oe 4 hn he

wget Ae

=)
>" +=

151

Tabulation of Erirhinid genera not included in the general
tabulation preceding :—

A. Femora unarmed.
B. Scrobes not abruptly turned under the rostrum.
C. Eyes finely granulate.

D. Joint 2 of funicle short .. jee ... Nedyleda.
DD. Joint 2 of funicle long ... Asp ... Methone.
CC. Eyes coarsely granulate ee ... Empira.
BB. Scrobes abruptly turned under the rostrum ... Pheodica.
AA. Femora dentate (at any rate the hind femora) se) CLISIS:
SYMBOTHINUS.

S. nasutus, sp. nov. Hlongatus, valde angustus; totus ferru-
gineus, squamis albidis plus minusve manifeste vestitus ;
rostro sat robusto, ad basin subito arcuato, quam prothorax
parum longiori, sat fortiter punctulato et longitudinaliter
lineis elevatis subtilibus instructo ; capite prothoraceque sat
crebre sat fortiter punctulatis; hoc vix transverso, antice
posticeque angustato, lateribus modice arcuatis ; elytris vix
striatis, striis sat fortiter punctulatis, interstitiis subplanis ;
tarsorum articulo 3° sat dilatato, 4° minus exserto. Long.
(rostr. incl.), 12 1. ; lat., 2.1.

About the most narrowly elongate Hrirhinid known to me ;
the rostrum has a very peculiar curve at the base, of which a
good idea may be formed from the figure of the rostrum of
Agnesiotis pilosula, Pasc. (Journ. Linn. Soc., x. t. 18, fig. 6a),
although of course the rostrum of A. pilosula has no resemblance
in other respects to that of the present species. The unique
example before me is but sparsely clothed with scales, those of
whitish color lying chiefly along the suture of the elytra, but it
is quite possible that a fresher specimen would be more densely
scaly.

S. Australia ; I do not know the exact habitat.

PARYZETA.

P. vittata, sp. nov. Ovalis; ferruginea, squamis concoloribus et
nonnullis albidis vestita; his in capite condensatis, et in
prothorace vittas 2 latas i in elytrisque vittas plurimas (sc. in
interstitii 5' parte postica, in interstitii 6' parte antica, in
suture parte postica, et utrinque vittam obliquam ab humero
versus suturam directam) formantibus ; rostro (feminz) quam
prothorax fere duplo longiori, arcuato, ad basin compresso,
subtiliter punctulato, apicem versus fere levi; prothorace
vix transverso, antice fortiter angustato, crebre sat fortiter
punctulato, lateribus sat rotundatis; elytris punctulato-
striatis, interstitiis sat planis punctulatis; antennarum
funiculi articulo 2° quam 1" multo breviori, quam 3° sat
longiori. Long. (rostr. incl.), 2 1; lat., 4

152

I have not seen an authentic type of this genus, but this
species agrees well with Mr. Pascoe’s generic diagnosis, except in
its rostrum being very evidently compressed at the base (possibly
only in the female), which is a character not mentioned by Mr.
Pascoe. The elytra of the present species are at their widest at
the base, where they are about half again as wide as the base of
the prothorax, and whence they are narrowed hindward.

W. Australia; taken by E. Meyrick, Esq., near Albany.

OLANA.

O. metropolitana, sp. nov. Ovalis ; ferruginea, antennarum clava et
(versus apicem) tarsis infuscatis ; squamis concoloribus et non-
nullis albidis vel albido-viridibus vestita ; his in prothorace
trivittatim et in elytris ut vitte plurime abbreviate (vitta
suturali magis conspicua magis continua) condensatis ; rostro
(maris) quam prothorax fere sesquilongiori, sat cylindrico,
leviter arcuato, punctulato, apicem versus fere levi; pro-
thorace sat transverso, antice modice angustato, ad apicem
transversim depresso, crebre minus fortiter ruguloso, lateri-
bus leviter rotundatis; elytris punctulato-striatis, inter-
stitiis sat planis punctulatis ; antennarum funiculi articulo
2° quam 1"* multo breviori, quam 3° haud multo longiori.
Long. (rostr. incl.), 2 1.; lat., 21

The white or greenish scales on the elytra of this species form
numerous short longitudinal lines, that on the suture being the
most conspicuous and most continuous.

N.S. Wales ; taken near Sydney by Mr. Lea.

O. mentitrix, sp. nov. Ovalis; sat elongata; ferruginea, corpore
subtus picescenti, nonnullorum exemplorum antennarum
funiculo plus minusve infuscato; squamis albidis subtus
dense equaliter, supra subvittatim, vestita; setis erectis
albis et nonnullis nigris sat sparsim instructa ; rostro quam
prothorax (maris parum, femine sat multo) longiori, leviter
compresso, leviter arcuato, punctulato, longitudinaliter
striolato, lateribus pone medium sulcos (his scrobes simu-
lantibus) ferentibus ; prothorace vix transverso antice parum
angustato, lateribus sat rotundatis; elytris punctulato-
striatis, interstitiis sat planis punctulatis; antennarum
funiculi articulis 1° 2° que elongatis, hoc quam illo sat
breviori. Long. (rostr. incl.), 2 1.; lat., 4 1

I refer this species to Olanca as having (in combination with
the general eharacters of Xeda and its allies) rostral scrobes
abruptly directed to the underside of the rostrum. Neverthe-

less, it differs from the previously described Olanwe in having a

lateral furrow on either side of the rostrum (not unlike that of

Erytenna), which at the first glance might be mistaken for the

153

scrobe. The rostrum, moreover, is somewhat too long and com-
pressed for an average Olanea. The general resemblance to
O. nigricollis, Pasc., is so close that it would be difficult to deter-
mine an example of either if it had lost its rostrum except by
the colour of the prothorax.

Victoria ; Alpine district.
XEDA.

X. magistra, sp. nov. Robusta; sat parallela; picea, antennis
pedibusque rufis ; squamis ferrugineis albidisque intermixtis
vestita ; rostro quam prothorax vix longiori, punctulato,
longitudinaliter leviter striolato; funiculi articulo basali
quam sequentes 2 conjuncti subbreviori; prothorace fortiter
transverso, antice valde angustato, sat crebre minus fortiter
punctulato, lateribus fortiter. arcuatis ; elytris punctulato-
striatis, interstiitis sat crebre sat subtiliter punctulatis,
leviter convexis. Long. (rostr. incl.), 24 1.; lat., 14 1.

My example of this species is somewhat abraded. It is,
nevertheless, apparent that a fresh example would be uniformly
covered with fine ferruginous scales, thickly and somewhat evenly
sprinkled with fine whitish scales, which, however, are a good deal
condensed on the sides of the prothorax. The prothorax is
extremely small in proportion to the size of the elytra.

S. Australia.

X. notabilis, sp. nov. Late ovalis ; nigra, antennis (clava plus
minusve infuscata excepta) tibiis tarsisque ferrugineis
squamis (supra nigris, nonullis ferrugineis nonnullis albidis
maculatim intermixtis, subtus albidis) dense vestita, et setis
subtilibus sat brevibus suberectis instructa ; rostro quam
prothorax vix longiori, sat crasse punctulato et longitudinali-
ter striolato ; funiculi articulo basali quam sequentes 2 con-
juncti sat longiori; prothorace ut preecedentis sed magis
fortiter punctulato; elytris punctulato-striatis, interstitiis
punctulatis vix convexis. Long. (rostr. incl.), 14 1.; lat., #1.

The black scales form the ground of the upper surface, and are
sparsely and inconspicuously mottled with ferruginous scales.
The whitish scales form conspicuous and well-defined markings,
which consist of a basal spot on either side of the prothorax, and
on the elytra a number of small patches limited to the interstices
of the striz, and grouping themselves into the following mark-
ings :—(a) A large spot around the scutellum running backward
on the suture, and giving off at its hind extremity a narrow
fascia on either side a little in front of the middle ; (6) a narrow
zigzag and more or less interrupted fascia a little behind the
middle. The white scales on the elytra vary in extent ; in some

154

individuals those on the front part being so extended as almost
to cover the basal half of the surface.
N.S. Wales ; taken by Mr. Lea at Whitton.

RHACHIODES.

Rh. strenuus, sp. nov. Sat latus; fere subquadratus ; piceus,
rostro antennis pedibusque rufescentibus ; squamis vestitus
(his in elytrorum parte antica griseis, in parte postica fulvis,
in spatio intermedio laterali triangulari albis) ; prothorace
transverso crebre subtiliter ruguloso et sparsim granulato,
haud tuberculis majoribus munito ; elytris punctulato-striatis
et tuberculis quinis fasciculatis ornatis (sc., 2 in interstitio
2, 4 in 4’,2 in 5°).) bong. (rostr. incl.) 32.1, 5 Janeane
A rather short, wide and quadrate species, very distinct by its
prettily-arranged squamosity. Regarding the grey scales as
forming the ground-colour, the markings consist of bright fulvous
scales clothing the front and sides of the prothorax and the
apical one-third of the elytra, and a somewhat triangular patch
of white scales on each elytron having its base about the middle
of the lateral margin. The prothorax is devoid of tubercles, but
a number of small granules are scattered confusedly over its sur-
face. On the elytra there is a good-sized fasciculated tubercle on
each side of the suture scarcely in front of its middle, another of
about equal size near the apex of the fifth interstice, a very small
one (scarcely more than a granule) in the front part of the fifth
interstice, and two of moderate size on each elytron (on the second
and 4th interstices respectively) a little behind the anterior of
the two larger tubercles, forming with their fellows of the other
elytron a continuous curved transverse series. The outward-
directed prominence of the elytra below the shoulder is feebler
than in most others of the genus.

N. Queensland.

f. forcipatus, sp. nov. Modice elongatus, elytris sat parallelis ;
piceus antennis pedibusque rufescentibus ; squamis griseis
sat equaliter vestitus; prothorace vix transverso, crebre
subtiliter ruguloso sparsim granulato, tuberculis 4 transversim
positis munito ; elytris punctulato-striatis et tuberculis quinis
(ut speciei preecedentis positis) ornatis, angulo subhumerali
fortiter prominenti. Long. (rostr. incl.), 241.; lat., 11.

This little species is nearer to &. dentifer, Bohem., than to any
other described species, with which it agrees in the number and
general arrangement of the tubercles on the prothorax and elytra,
except as follows :—In both species the three tubercles placed on
the middle part of each elytron may be regarded as enclosing
with their fellows on the other elytron a common discal space
which in dentifer is transversely oval, and in this species almost

155

circular. This species also is smaller than dentifer, and its elytra
are considerably less narrowed from the base hindward, being
almost parallel ; also the large subapical tubercles of the elytra
are more erect and are distinctly curved in shape, their apices
being directed towards each other; neither have I seen any
example of dentifer in which the squamosity of the upper surface
is of a uniform grey colour, as it is in my unique example of this
insect. . multidentatus, Chevr., from Tasmania, is described (in
spite of its name) as having only fowr tubercles on each elytron,
and as being very differently coloured from the present species. I
think a Rhachiodes from Tasmania sent me by Mr. Simson is
almost certainly multidentatus, but as it is open to doubt it is
better not to mention other characters than those specified in
Chevrolat’s description.
N.S. Wales; Tweed R.

GLAUCOPELA.

G. fusco-marmorea, sp. nov. Ovalis ; minus lata ; picea, rostro
antennis pedibusque (his, preesertim femoribus, plus minusve
eenescentibus) testaceis ; squamis albidis et nonnullis nigro-
fuscis variegatis dense vestita (squamis nigro-fuscis in pro-
thorace vittas latas 2 et in elytris maculas incertas forman-
tibus) ; rostro quam prothorax subbreviori sublevi parum
subulato ; prothorace leviter transverso antice fortiter angu-
stato; elytris punctulato-striatis, interstitiis sat planis.
Long. (rostr. incl.), 14 1.; lat., $1.

This genus is easily recognisable among the Australian
Erirhinine by its subbasal scrobes. The present species may be
at once distinguished from G’. wnicolor, Pasc., by its testaceous
antenne and from G. varipes, Blackb., by its smaller size,
evidently narrower build, and different colors and markings. In
G. varipes the upper surface is evenly (though not very closely)
clothed with shining whitish scales, and has no pattern, while
in the present species the whitish scales are of an opaque tone,
and are so intermingled with blackish scales that there is a very
distinct though very variable pattern, consisting of two wide
dark vittz on the disc of the prothorax, and a number of smaller
or larger dark spots or blotches (in some examples exceeding the
lighter coloring in extent) dispersed over the elytra.

N.S. Wales ; taken near Sydney by Mr. Lea.

G. distincta, sp. nov. Preecedenti valde affinis ; minus parallela ;
squamarum pallidiorum colore magis viridi, his magis
nitidis ; corpore supra setis subtilibus sat elongatis fulvis sat
sparsim ornato; prothorace sat fortiter transverso. Long.
(rostr. incl.), 14 1. ; lat., 5%, 1.

As I have seen only two examples of this insect, and the

156

species is very likely to be variable in the arrangement of its
squamosity, it is useless to describe the pattern very minutely ;
in general the markings resemble those of the preceding species,
but are much less clearly defined, and the lighter colored scales
are more nitid, and have a distinctly greenish tone. The insect
may, however, be at once distinguished from all other previously
described Australian Erirhinini by the following characters in
combination : antennz testaceous, scrobes subbasal, upper surface
clothed with fine hairs of a bright fulvous color (in addition to
the scales).
N.S. Wales ; taken by Mr. Lea at Whitton.

ETHAS (gen. nov. Lrirhininarum ).

Corpus squamosum; rostrum elongatum (maris quam femine
brevius), gracile, arcuatum ; scrobes laterales, fere rectze,
(maris multo femine vix) ante medium rostrum posite ;
scapus oculum vix attingens; funiculus 7-articulatus ; oculi
ovales minus fortiter granulati; prothorax subcylindricus,
basi leviter vel vix bisinuata, lobis ocularibus bene deter-
minatis ; scutellum minutum ; elytra quam prothorax sat
latiora ; prosternum antice fortiter emarginatum, ante coxas
sat elongatum; coxe intermedie approximate; femora
mutica ; tibiz anticee intus ad apicem breviter mucronate ;
tarsorum articuli basales 3 minus elongate, ex ordine
latiores, 3° bilobo, 4° modico sat exserto; unguiculi diver-
gentes ; segmentum ventrale 2°" quam 3°” 4"" que conjuncta
(et quam ultimum) vix longius.

The granulation of the eyes in this genus is somewhat. inter-
mediate in degree of coarseness, being evidently less coarse than
in Emplesis, Gerynassa, &c., but not so fine as in Cydmea and
its allies. On the whole I think the genus is best placed with
those having the eyes coarsely granulated. The following
characters in combination (without regarding the eyes) will
distinguish it from most if not all the other named Australian
Erirhinid genera :—2nd joint of funiculus scarcely longer than
3rd, ocular lobes prominent, claws divergent. The rostrum is
much like that of Dicomada.

£. varians, sp. nov. Ovalis (sat late) ; piceus, rostro pedibusque
plus minus ve rufescentibus ; squamis fumosis et nonnullis
albidis confuse intermixtis vestitus ; rostro quam prothorax
(maris plus quam paullo, femine permulto) longiori, gracili,
arcuato, supra longitudinaliter carinato ; funiculi articulo
basali quam 2" multo longiori et crassiori, hoc quam 3°* vix
majori ; prothorace quam latiori fere longiori, albido trivit-
tato, antice modice augustato, lateribus modice rotundatis ;
elytris punctulato-striatis, interstitiis sat planis. Long.
(rostr. incl.), 121. ; lat., $1.

157

Remarkably like Cydmea diversa, Blackb., but at once dis-
tinguishable from that species by its claws being (not divaricate,
but) divergent. All the examples that I have seen are closely
scaled and present the appearance of a smoky-black surface
confusedly and somewhat variably mottled with whitish. On
the prothorax the whitish scales generally form three fairly well-
defined vittz, and the scales of the under surface are entirely
whitish. The sculpture of the prothorax and elytra (except the
elytral striz) is entirely hidden by squamosity.

Victoria ; sent by Mr. French; examples from Sydney (Mr.
Lea) seem quite identical.

£. eruditus ; sp. nov. Preecedenti affinis ; minor ; minus latus ;
squamis albidis in elytris versus apicem condensatis et
signaturam communem literam V simulantem (hac ab
humeris ad suturam mediam extensa) formantibus. Long.
(rostr. incl.), 12; lat., 2 1.

The distinct pattern formed by the scales on the elytra (which
do not seem at all possibly a mere variation of the marks of the
preceding species), together with a manifest difference in size and
build, satisfy me that this is a good species. The extremities of
the arms of the V-like mark on the elytra touch the shoulders,
while the apex rests on the suture at about its middle.

N.S. Wales ; near Sydney.

OMOROPHIUS (gen. nov. Hrirhininarum ).

Corpus sqamis parvis adpressis dense vestitum; rostrum sat
gracile valde elongatum, arcuatum, nitidum, subcylindricum,
supra sparsim punctulatum, vix strigatum; scrobes sub-
mediane laterales; scapus oculum attingens; funiculus
7-articulatus; oculi grosse granulati; prothorax parvus
leviter transversus, basi subtruncata, lobis ocularibus nullis ;
scutellum minutum ; elytra quam prothorax multa latiora,
ovalia ; prosternum antice emarginatum, ante coxas modice
elongatum ; cox intermediz inter se approximate ; femora
mutica; tibiz antice vix mucronate; tarsorum articuli
basales 2 sat breves (2° quam 1* breviori), 3° alte bilobo, 4°
quam ceteri conjuncti vix breviori ; unguiculi divergentes ;
segmenta ventralia 3" 4°" que conjuncta quam 2" sub-
longiora, ultimo sat brevi.

This genus is near Gerynassa, but differs from it inter alia by
the much longer claw-joint of the tarsi, the much longer rostrum,
and much shorter second joint of the funiculus.

O. seriatus, sp. nov. Ferrugineus, rostro (nonnullorum exem-
plorum) antennarum clava et unguiculis infuscatis ; squamis
pallide fulvis et nonnullis albis vestitus; rostro (feminze)
quam prothorax duplo longiori; antennis modicis, funiculi

158

articulo basali quam sequentes 3 vix breviori; prothorace
vix transverso, subquadrato, antice leviter angustato, supra
sat crebre sat subtiliter rugulosa, lateribus parum arcuatis ;
elytris punctulato-striatis, interstitiis subcostatis setis brevi-

bus albis adpressis seriatim ornatis. Long. (rostr. incl.), 24

elated.

The upper surface is very uniformly clothed (in the examples
before me) with small, close-set, inconspicuous pale fulvous scales,
the sides of the prothorax and the shoulders, however, bearing
scales that are somewhat conspicuously more pallid than those of
the general surface. The scales of the under surface are whitish.
The shape and general facies of this insect recall Xeda to the
mind; the rostrum, however, is very different, the eyes are
coarsely granulate, the prothorax is much narrower at the base
than the elytra and not much narrowed in front, the claw-joint

of the tarsi much longer, We.
N.S. Wales ; taken by Mr. Lea near Gosford.

CYDMAA,.

C. mixta, sp. nov. Sat late ovalis; picea, antennis tibis tarsis-
que plus minusve rufescentibus ; squamis fulvis albidisque
intermixtis vestita; rostro quam prothorax (maris vix,
femine manifeste) longioril, minus compresso; funiculi
articulo 1° quam 2"* multo longiori; prothorace leviter
transverso; elytris punctulato-striatis, interstitiis vix con-
vexis. Long. (rostr. incl.), 12 1.; lat., 3 1. (vix).

The arrangement of the scales in this species are (as usual in
the Australian Hrirhininz) fairly constant in colour, but variable
in arrangement. In all the specimens J have seen (taken by Mr.
Lea and myself) the fulvous and white scales are so arranged as
to present the appearance of the fulvous scales forming the
ground and the whitish scales being condensed in the form of
small spots rather closely and evenly distributed over the upper
surface—in some examples without any more pattern-like arrange-
ment, in others running into irregular ill-defined transverse series
(especially on the hinder part of the elytra).

This species somewhat resembles crassirostris, Blackb., but is
of somewhat narrower build, with a much less compressed ros-
trum, more reddish antenne and tibie, and very different
markings.

N.S. Wales; in the neighborhood of Sydney.

ENCOSMIA.

E. cornuta, sp.nov. Minus elongata; ferruginea, squamis silaceis
plus minusve vestita ; rostro quam prothorax vix longiori,
punctulato ; funiculi articulis basalibus 2 sat elongatis (basali

159

quam 2" sat longiori), ceteris brevibus ; prothorace vix
transverso, antice sat angustato, supra crebrius ruguloso,
lateribus sat arcuatis ; elytris punctulato-striatis, interstitiis
subplanis crebre subtilius rugulosis, interstitio 3° postice
tuberculo magno conico nigro armato. Long. (rostr. incl.),
24 1.; lat., 11.

I place this species in Lncosmia with considerable hesitation
on account of its great difference in facies from the previously
described species of the genus, compared with which it is a much
larger and more robust insect, having a large tubercle on each
elytron at the summit of the posterior declivity almost as in
Rhachiodes. To a casual glance it has much the appearance of a
Rhachiodes, but its divaricate claws, and eyes comparatively
coarsely granulate, at once separate it from that genus. In
structural character I can find no distinction from Zncosmia.
I have not described in detail the arrangement of the pale reddish
scales with which it is clothed, as I have only a single specimen
before me, and descriptions of the scales in an Hrirhinid founded
on anything short of a good series of specimens is generally
misleading. The example before me has fairly closely-set whitish
and yellowish-red scales on its underside and shoulders, but it is
quite likely that it may be abraded and that in fresh specimens the
scales are more generally distributed, and perhaps variable in
pattern. The tubercles on its elytra distinguish this species
readily from all others yet described which approach it structurally.

Tasmania.

EMPLESIS.

£. intervoris, sp. nov. (Mas.) Sat angusta; ferruginea, squamis
albidissat equaliter vestita; funiculiarticulo 2°quam 1"*multo
breviorl quam 3" parum longiori, articulis ceteris brevibus ;
rostro modico, arcuato, quam prothorax paullo longiori ;
prothorace leviter transverso, in parte antica summa mani-
feste constricto ; elytris punctulato-striatis, interstitiis vix
convexis ; tibiis anticis breviter mucronatis. Long. (rostr.
incl.), 12.1; lat., 21. (vix).

Very distinct from its previously described congeners by its
very small size together with its uniform ferruginous color and
evenly distributed whitish squamosity. The prosternum is gently
concave in front of the coxe.

Central Australia ; near Oodnadatta.

THEMELIA (gen. nov., Hrirhininarum ).

Corpus dense squamosum ; rostrum sat elongatum minus robus-
tum sat cylindricum sat arcuatum ; scrobes antemediane
laterales ; scapus oculum vix attingens ; funiculus 7-articu-
latus; oculi subfortiter (quam Hmplesis minus, quam

160

Rhachiodis magis, fortiter) granulati ; prothorax sat elonga-
tus, basi vix ‘manifeste bisinuata, lobis ocularibus nullis ;
scutellum distinctum ; elytra quam prothorax modice latiora,
subcordiformia, ad basin conjunctim fortiter bisinuata ;
prosternum antice fortiter emarginatum, ante coxas sat
fortiter elongatum ; coxe intermediz inter se minus approxi-
mate; femora mutica; tibie antice ad apicem parum
distincte mucronate ; tarsorum articuli basales 2 breves, 3°
alte bilobo, 4° minus fortiter exserto ; unguiculi divaricati ;
segmenta ventralia git que conjuncta quan 22m parum
breviora, ultimo 2° sat eequali.

An isolated genus, as it appears to me, on account of the strong
bisinuation of the front of its elytra ; a little resembles Eniopea in
general appearance.

T’. inconspicua, sp. nov. Ferruginea, antennis apicem versus
infuscatis ; squamis ferrugineis griseisque intermixtis vestita ;
rostro quam prothorax (maris vix femine sat multo) longiori,
squamis griseis parce vestito ; funiculi articulo 1° sat elongato,
2° paulo breviori quam sequentes sat longiori ; prothorace
quam latiori longiori, a basi antrorsum leviter rotundatim
angustato ; elytris elongato-cordiformibus, quam prothorax
sat latioribus, punctulato-striatis, interstitiis subconvexis (3°
mox pone medium minute tuberculato). Long. (rostr. incl.),
P% tate

At once recognisable by the small tubercle (scarcely more than
a fair-sized granule) on the third interstice of each elytron imme-
diately behind the middle. The convexity of the elytral
interstices is scarcely noticeable except in an abraded specimen.
The prevalent squamosity forming the ground color of the upper
surface is of a fulvo-ferruginous tone, the markings (or pattern)
being formed by scales of a bluish-grey color ; these latter are
condensed on the sides of the prothorax, and are vaguely blotched
over the elytra, being, however (in examples not at all abraded),
condensed to form two oblique ill-defined subtransverse lines on
each elytron—one at, the other in front of, the middle. The
scales of the under surface are entirely bluish-grey. A narrow
line of scales, varying in color from testaceous-grey to bluish-
grey, runs down the centre of the prothorax.

N.S. Wales ; Blue Mountains, Kc.

CYTTALIA.

C. tarsalis, sp. nov. Oblonga ; letefulva, meso- et meta-sternis
_.antennarum clava et tarsorum apice nigricantibus ; _pilis
subaureis supra (in elytris longitudinaliter seriatim dis-
positis), griseis infra, vestita ; rostro prothoraci longitudine
eequali, haud carina mediana instructo ; prothorace transverso,

161

antice sat constricto, lateribus leviter arcuatis; scutello
albo-piloso ; elytris quam prothorax fere duplo latioribus,
punctulato-striatis, interstitiis convexis ; femoribus dentatis.
Long., 131. ; lat., $1.

Distinguished from C’. griseipila, Pasc., by its smaller size and
by all its femora being dentate ; from C. munda, Blackb. (origi-
nally described as Myossita as noted above), differing inter
alia by the smaller tooth of its front femora, by its entirely
fulvous legs and antenne (except the antennal club and the apex
of the tarsi) and by the linear arrangement of the elytral pilosity ;
and from Diapelmus ventralis, Pasc., and Hrichsoni, Pasc. (with
which I cannot but think it congeneric), by its longer rostrum.
The tooth on the front femora is very slightly defined, that on
the intermediate well marked, that on the hind very strong and
large.

Victoria.

C. Sydneyensis, sp. nov. Elongata; testaceo-brunnea, corpore
subtus rufescenti, antennis (clava nigra excepta) pedibusque
pallide testaceis; pilis albidis (in rostro elytrisque longi-
tudinaliter seriatim dispositis) vestita; rostro prothoraci
longitudine quali, haud carina mediana instructo; pro-
thorace vix transverso, antice sat constricto, lateribus
arcuatis ; scutello obscuro; elytris quam prothorax fere
duplo latioribus, punctulato-striatis, interstitiis minus con-
vexis ; femoribus anticis vix manifeste, intermediis modice,
posticis fortiter, dentatis ; tarsis elongatis. Long., 14 1. ;
lat:, 21.

The second ventral segment is scarcely so long on the middle
line as the third and fourth together. The tarsi are distinctly
longer and more slender than in the species mentioned above
(except C. griserpila, which [ have not seen, but which is
described as a larger insect with its anterior four femora un-
armed); its dark colored scutellum distinguishes it from all
except C. munda, from which it differs inter alia by its pale
testaceous legs.

T have seen examples (also from New South Wales) of some-
what darker color (the upper surface dull brown, the metasternum
blackish, the legs less pallid) and scarcely so elongate, which I
cannot satisfy myself represent a distinct species.

N.S. Wales ; near Sydney.

MISOPHRICE.

M. dispar (mas.), sp.nov. Oblonga, postice latior ; rufo-testacea,
capite tarsis antennarum clava et nonnullorum exemplorum
rostro plus minusve infuscatis; squamis albis et nonnullis
leete viridibus vestita (his in capite, prothorace, elytrorum

L

162

lateribus suturaque, et metasterni lateribus dispositis) ; rostro
sat nitido, arcuato, sat gracili, supra leviter longitudinaliter
sulcato (sulcis grosse sparsim punctulatis), quam prothorax
vix longiori; antennis ad medium rostri insertis; scapo
apice subito valde clavato ; funiculi articulo 1° magno (quam
scapi clava majori) subgloboso vel late piriformi, 2° brevi
gracili, ceteris parvis moniliformibus (sed quam 2" manifeste
latioribus) ; prothorace leviter transverso, a basi antrorsum
leviter arcuatim angustato, crebre sat crasse ruguloso ;
elytris fortiter subgrosse punctulato-striatis, interstitiis
leviter convexis ; prosterno ante coxas brevl1 parum emargi-

nato. Long. (rostr. incl.), % 1; lat. 3 L

Of the five examples that I ae seen of this minute species,
three have deformed antenne, with some of the joints of the
funiculus so soldered together that the funiculus appears to
consist of only 4 or 5 joints; in the specimen described the 6
joints of the funiculus are all well defined. The 8. Australian
M. oblonga, Black., is very like the present insect, but is larger,
not dilated behind the middle of the elytra, and devoid of the
metallic light-green scales which clothe the head prothorax sides
and suture of the elytra and sides of the metasternum in
M. dispar. M. munda, Blackb., has the second joint of its
funiculus longer, and also is of the same form as JZ. oblonga.
M. submetallica, Blackb., and setulosa, Blackb., have the pro-
thorax of dark color, &c., &e. The other described species are
all quite different, and need not be compared with this one.

N.S. Wales ; taken near Tamworth by Mr. Lea.

M. spilota (fem.), sp. nov. Oblonga, postice latior ; rufo-
testacea, capite pectore tarsis et maculis nonnullis in
-elytrorum parte postica positis piceis ; squamis albis seti-
formibus sparsim vestita ; rostro quam prothorax sat longiori,
basin versus fere ut preecedentis sculpturato ultra medium
fere levi; antennis pone medium rostri insertis ; scapo apice
modice clavato ; funiculi articulo 1° elongato-piriformi (quam
sequentes 3 conjuncti vix breviori), articulis 2° 3° que inter
se sat equalibus subparallelis, ceteris submoniliformibus ;
prothorace transverso, sat grosse sat confertim sat rugulose
punctulato, lateribus sat fortiter arcuatis; elytris fortiter
sat crasse punctulato-striatis; prosterno ante coxas sat
Or ENS parum emarginato. Long. (rostr. incl.), 13 1;
lat., 2 1.

It is poeeeoctay that of this and ie preceding (both from
one locality) all the examples before me seem to be females and
males respectively (I have made swe in respect to one of each).
Nevertheless, I cannot bring myself to believe that they pertain
to a single species, as the differences seem to me far too great to

163

be merely sexual, I. dispar being, as indicated above, very
closely allied to, and superficially very like, several previously-
described species, whereas the present one, in respect of its
general appearance, is one of the most distinct species of the
genus, and its structural characters are very different from those
of M. dispar.

N.S. Wales ; taken about the Tweed R. (Tamworth, &c.) by
Mr. Lea.

M. quadraticollis, sp. nov. Fem. Sat angusta, postice latior ;
picea, antennaruin scapo et pedibus (genubus tarsisque
exceptis) rufis, elytris (basi excepta) rufescentibus ; squamis
piliformibus albidis disperse vestita ; rostro quam prothorax
paullo longiori, arcuato, nitido, apicem versus (a latere viso)
subacuminato; antennis pone rostri medium insertis; funiculi
articulo basali quam sequentes 3 conjuncti paullo breviori ;
prothorace leviter transverso, subquadrato, antice parum
angustato, pone marginem anticum transversim leviter
impresso, sat grosse punctulato ; elytris sat fortiter punctu-
lato-striatis ; prosterno ante coxas modice elongato, parum
emarginato. Long. (rostr. inel.), 14 1.; lat., 2 1.

Nearest to M. submetallica, Blackb., but without any metallic
scales and with the prothorax very much less narrowed towards
the front. The elytra also (in the unique example before me) are
very differently colored, being pitchy black at the base, and
becoming a little reddish in the posterior two-thirds of their
length.

S. Australia ; near Quorn.

BAGOUS.

B. clarenciensis, sp.nov. Rufus, vertice rostri basi corpore subtus
et tarsis piceis ; rostro quam prothorax (maris vix feminze
sat manifeste) longiori ; prothorace pone apicem sat fortiter
constricto ; elytris striatis, interstitiis leviter convexis.
Long. (rostr. incl.), 1 1. (vix) ; lat., 2 1. (vix).

Easily recognisable among its described congeners by its very
small size and the bright brick-red color of its whole upper

surface except the head and the extreme base of the rostrum.
N.S. Wales ; taken at the Clarence River by Mr. Lea.

EURHYNCHINI.

EURHYNCHUS.

£. bispinosus, Boisd. I have an example of this species from
tropical Queensland. I think it has not been previously recorded
as occurring in Australia.

£. splendidus, sp. nov. Niger, pedibus et antennarum clava

164

ferrugineis ; prothorace elytris et corpore subtus squamis
piliformibus coccineis ornatis [his densissime condensatis et
vittas 4 (sc. 2 in corpore supra, 2 in corpore subtus) latas
formantibus]; rostro quam prothorax paullo longiori, basi
grosse apicem versus subtiliter punctulato; prothorace
transversim fortiter strigato, lateribus rotundatis; elytris
suturam versus grosse latera versus subtiliter punctulato-
striatis, juxta scutellum utrinque crista parva et mox pone
medium spina perlonga granulata munitis; antennarum
clava quam articulil—8 conjuncti vix breviori, clave
articulo ultimo quam precedentes 2 paullo longiori ; femoribus
anticis dente parvo armatis. Long. (rostr. incl.), 5 1. ;
lato 1
This is a remarkably handsome species. Its color is black,
with the club of the antennz and legs reddish; on either side,
on both the upper and under surface, there is a vitta of dense
scarlet squamosity. The vitte of the upper surface commence at
the front margin of the prothorax, and terminate close to the
apex, but are interrupted by the elytral spines and again near
the apex, so that the extreme apical portion forms a small spot,
separated from the vitta by a narrow interval. The vitte of the
under surface commence on the front of the prosternum, and are
continuous to the apex of the second ventral segment, where they
terminate. The mesosternal process is also clothed with scarlet
squamosity. The elytral spines are very long (about as long as
the distance from their base to the base of the elytra). The
great length of the antennal club is probably a sexual character
of the male.
N. Queensland ; presented to me by Mr. Masters.

CYLADINI.
CYLAS.

C. turcipennis, Bohem. I have lately received from Mr.
Cowell an example taken near Cairns of this widely distributed
species. No species of the genus has previously been recorded
as found in Australia ; the capture is, therefore, of considerable
interest.

HAPLONYCINI.
HAPLONYX.

H. ornatipennis, sp. nov. Ferrugineus, plus minusve picescens ;
squamis piceis albidis ochraceisque vestitus, his inter notas
alias fasciam insignem ochraceam communem arcuatam medi-
anam in elytris formantibus ; supra equalis (1.e., nec tubercu-
latus nec fasciculatus) ; capite rostroque obscuris, hoc depresso
lato recto longitudinaliter strigato quam prothorax. vix

165

longiorl ; antennis lete rufis, nonnullorum exemplorum ad
clave apicem infuscatis ; prothorace conico modice trans-
verso, lateribus vix arcuatis; elytris fortiter punctulato-
striatis, puncturis in striis quadratis, interstitiis sat planis
(his exemplorum abrasorum rugulosis magis convexis) ;
femoribus omnibus subtus, et tibiis anterioribus 4 intus,
unidentatis. Long. (rostr. excl.), 14 1.; lat., 13, 1. (vix).

A pretty little species, easily redopnicable Gone the Hap-
lonyces of the group devoid of tubercles and of fascicles on the
upper surface and having a short depressed rostrum) by the very
conspicuous bright red median fascia on its elytra; this fascia is
of a curved form with its convex side directed forward. Besides
the above-mentioned fascia the scales form the following markings
(which, however, seem to be more easily abraded than the median
fascia, as abraded examples generally have the median fascia
even if all the other scales have been lost) :—On the prothorax,
a dark median patch and two indistinct whitish vitte on each
side ; on the elytra a bright ochreous basal fascia and more or
less bright ochreous coloring about the sides and apex, and a
white scale on each interval between puncture and puncture in
the elytral striz (these white scales, however, very deciduous,
and therefore wanting in all but very well preserved examples).
The rostrum does not appear to differ much sexually.

Victoria ; sent by Mr. French.

LONGICORNES.

PHORACANTHA.

P. letabilis, sp. nov. (Mas.). Castanea, elytris flavis castaneo-
notatis, femorum parte apicali infuscata; capite prothor-
aceque pube subtili grisea confertim vestitis; antennis
subtus parum fimbriatis, quam corpus multo longioribus,
articulo 3° haud supra canaliculato quam 4% manifeste
longiori, articulis 3—6 extus breviter spinosis ; prothorace
vix transverso, in disco tuberculis 5 vel 7 munito, lateribus
tuberculo magno conico-obtuso armatis ; scutello dense flavo-
hirto; elytris quam prothorax plus quam quadruplo longi-
oribus, a basi ad medium grosse [hine (subito) ad apicem
subtiliter] punctulatis, ad apicem truncatis et bispinosis
(spinis subeequalibus), latitudine majori longe pone medium
posita , segmento ventrali apicali sinuato-truncato. Long.,

Hots lat, 4 1.

The castaneous markings on the elytra consist of a spot round
the scutellum, the whole suture, a narrow zig-zag fascia in front
of the middle, and a wide egg behind ane “middle which is
narrowly prolonged hindward along the lateral margin to meet
the castaneous suture so as to enclose a very large spot of the

166

yellow ground color. The inequalities on the prothorax are
much like those of P. recurva, Newm., but the prothorax (as
well as the head) is entirely clothed with close ashy-grey pubes-
cence (except on the central elongate elevation) which covers
the tubercles and conceals the puncturation.

N. Queensland ; in the collection of Mr. French.

STRONGYLURUS.

S. minor, Blackb. In describing this species (Proc. L. Soe.
N.S.W., 1893, p. 199) I omitted to remark on the fact that its
head is shorter than in the other species of Strongylurus. It is
possible that this may point to its requiring a new generic
name. Its antennal characters are inconsistent with its being
placed in any of the known Strongylurid genera having the
head short. The basal joint of its hind tarsi is longer than in
most species of Strongylwrus and less flattened beneath, but this
is a character that S. ceresioides, Pasc., shares with it. For the
present, at any rate, it seems to me undesirable to separate it
from Strongylurus.

NOTOMULCIBER (gen. nov. Laminarum ).

Caput verticale, fronte transverso-quadrata; oculi emarginati,
fortiter granulati; antenne (? feminze) quam corpus longiores,
articulo 1° haud cicatricoso sat brevi (quam 6" fere breviori)
piriformi, 3° quam 4° fere sesquilongiori, 4° quam sequentes
longiori, his inter se sat zqualibus ; prothorax transversus,
postice fortiter bisinuatus, ad latera fortiter tuberculatus ;
scutellum transversum ; elytra elongata minus convexa, ad
apicem conjunctim rotundata; pedes mediocres, femoribus
sat robustis leviter fusiformibus (posticis quam abdomen
multo brevioribus), tibiis quam tarsi multo longioribus (inter-
mediis emarginatis), tarsis brevibus depressis ; prosternum
ante coxas elongatum, pone coxas declive et triangulariter
dilatatum ; mesosternum antice subverticale (parte subverti-
cali longitudinaliter carinata); acetabula intermedia extus
aperta.

It will be seen from the above characters that this genus is
structurally allied to Mulciber, differing from it notably in its much
less strongly emarginate eyes. M. Lacordaire places Mulciber in
the Homoneides, . Malayan “ Groupe” not previously recorded as
occurring in Australia. In M. Lacordaire’s tabulation of his
“second division” of Lamiini [Gen. Col. TX. (2), pp. 413, &e.]
the insect on which I found this genus would fall into that
“Groupe.”

N. Curpentarie, sp. nov. (Mas.?) Sat nitidus; piceus ; pube
subtili obscura (hac pube ferruginea conferta maculatim

167

variegata) vestitus, antennis (basi excepta) tibiarum apice
tarsisque rufescentibus ; capite sparsim grosse punctulato,
inter antennas late leviter concavo, linea longitudinali pro-
funde impresso ; prothorace inzquali, ut caput (disco medio
levi excepto) punctulato, trans basin transversim depresso ;
elytris ad basin quam prothoracis basis sat latioribus, quam
prothorax quadruplo longioribus, obsolete 3-costatis, sat
fortiter sat crebre (apicem versus magis obsolete) punctulatis,
humeris quadratis (angulis humeralibus summis rotundatis);
corpore subtus sparsim subtiliter punctulato ; prosterno ante
coxas fortiter transversim rugato. Long., 11 1.; lat., 41.

This is a typical Lamid structurally (having the vertical head,
acutely pointed palpi, and obliquely furrowed front tibiz,
characteristic of the sub-family), but it has much more resem-
blance to the Cerambycides in facies ; indeed, on a casual glance
it might almost be taken for a Pachydissus. I have omitted, in
describing it, to characterise the vestiture of the antenne, as I
suspect that it is much abraded in the type (which, however, is
in good condition generally), the joints being fringed beneath
with very distantly and irregularly placed fine hairs ; the basal
four joints are nitid and glabrous, the rest very finely and closely
pubescent.

In the specimen I am describing the lateral tubercles of the
prothorax and the shoulders of the elytra are slightly rufescent.
There is an excessively fine greyish pubescence, which probably in
a perfectly fresh example covers all or nearly all the surface (in
the type it is wanting here and there, probably through slight
abrasion), and also a “much more conspicuous, though still fine,
rusty-brown pubescence is present forming spots and patches.
The rusty-brown pubescence is condensed round the eyes, in
small spots on the face, and on the sides of the prothorax ; on
the elytra it forms a number of more or less connected blotches,
the largest of which are a spot behind the shoulder and two spots
near the apex of each elytron. As far as I can see, without
injuring the specimen, the derm underlying these blotches is a
little reddish in color.

Cape York ; in the collection of C. French, Esq.

ORICOPIS.

O. guttatus, sp. nov. Obscure brunneus, pube subtili paullo
dilutiori vestitus et setis erectis albis sparsissime ornatus,
elytris guttis discoidalibus binis (setis niveis densissimis
formatis) variegatis ; capite sparsim punctulato; antennis
quam corpus paullo longioribus, subtus sparsim ciliatis,
articulis basi rufescentibus, 3° quam 4"° parum breviori quam
1° sat longiori ; prothorace supra planato tuberculato (sc.

168

tuberculo parvo nitido mediano, utrinque ad disci latera
tuberculo magno bifido, et in lateribus veris tuberculo conico,
armato), sparsim punctulato ; elytris sparsim (apicem versus
obsolete) punctulatis, vix manifeste costatis, ad apicem
truncatis, in parte basali tuberculis parvis nitidis ornatis
(horum nonnullis biseriatim positis). Long., 6 1. ; lat.,

This species is easily recognisable by the two conspicuous spots
of snowy-white pubescence on the disc of each elytron—the
anterior and larger one a little in front of, the other a little
behind, the middle.

I do not think I can be mistaken in referring this insect to
Oricopis, although I have not previously seen an example of the
genus. It agrees perfectly with the characters assigned by Mr.
Pascoe, except that I can scarcely consider the intermediate
cotyloid cavities open externally. Their aperture is certainly
only very narrow. However, to regard them as closed would in-
volve placing the insect among species where it would seem quite
out of place, and in all other respects it seems very close, even
specifically, to the typical Oricopis. Its divaricate claws, inter-
mediate tibiz externally emarginate, tubercled mesosternum, and
remarkably tubercled prothorax seem to forbid its generic separa-
tion from O. umbrosus, Pasc.

N.S. Wales ; Tweed River District.

SYBRA.

S. Mastersi, sp. nov. Picea, pube fulva (hac grisea brunnea que
marmorata) vestita ; elytris macula communi (hac pube nivea
densa vestita, suturam mediam late tegenti et in humerum
marginemque lateralem posticum ramos obliquos utrinque
emittenti); capitis prothoracisque sculptura sub pubem
abdita ; prothorace nonnihil inequali, subtransverso, postice
quam antice vix latiori; elytris sat fortiter subseriatim
(apicem versus magis obsolete) punctulatis, ad apicem anguste
sat acute productis, partis ap aisdeal margine suturali sat
fortiter concavo. Long., 7 1. ; lat., 22 1. (vix).

This is a very pretty insect, and appears to be very distinct
from all the numerous species of the genus previously described.
It is clothed with fulvous pubescence slightly mottled with brown
and white; this pubescence is very evenly distributed on the
upper surface, except that each elytron is traversed by a well-
defined wide band of white pubescence which, commencing on
the shoulder, runs obliquely to the suture, and on reaching it runs
along it to considerably behind its middle, when it turns outward
and runs obliquely to the lateral margin, which it nearly touches
a little in front of the apex. The under-surface is much clothed
with greyish-white pubescence.

N. Queensland ; presented to me by Mr. G. Masters.

169

THE BLATTARIZ OF AUSTRALIA AND POLYNESIA.

SUPPLEMENTARY AND ADDITIONAL DESCRIPTIONS
AND NOTES.

By J. G. O. Tepper, F.L.S.
[Read March 6, 1894.]

In the treatise with the above title, published in Vol. XVII.
of the Transactions of the Royal Society of S.A., some 30
species were only inserted by name, owing to the descriptions
being inaccessible for me at the time. Since then I have been
fortunate enough to procure Saussure’s great work, entitled
““Melanges Orthopterologiques ” (2 vuls., 1863, 1878), and am
now enabled to make up the deficiency almost completely, and to
correct the nomenclature.

Of those 30 species only three remain unsettled, viz., Apolyta
gracile, Butler, Polyzosteria Sedilloti, Burm., and P. variolosa,
Burm. ; one name—LZpilampra mediventris, Sauss.—disappears,
as being evidently a misprint for &. nudiventris, Sauss., a
synonym of £. inguinata, Stal., and another—LZctatoderws —has
to be removed, owing to the genus belonging to the Gryllide and
not the Blattariz, while five proved to be synonymous of described
species. This leaves 20, of which more or less complete descrip-
tions are supplied as extracts and translations from the above
work.

The later parts of Saussure’s work also supplied five additional
species, whose habitat is recorded as in the Australian regions,
enriching the record by three genera, of which the descriptions
are given.

In the meantime some more specimens have come to hand, of
which the major part was contributed by my valued friend, C.
French, Esq., F.L.8., and hailing from Victoria, N.S. Wales, and
Queensland, among which were some new species (notably the
most gigantic kind for Australia known tome). The descriptions
of these and also Saussure species are given in the order adopted
in the first part, and denoted by the page numbers heading the
paragraphs.

Of the 193 species originally recorded, 7 are removed, and 14
new species added, which brings up the total to 200 for Australia
and Polynesia, of which only those described by Walker require
special verification.

170

PHYLLODROMID i.
(Page 38.*)
TEMNOPTERYX (Slatta) opscurA, Sauss. (Mel. Orth., I., 61).

*‘ Large, brownish testaceous. Head brown, with five yellow
dots. Pronotum and elytrum brownish chestnut. Elytra
corneous, punctulate, much abbreviated, apex rounded, sutural
margins overlapping. Coxe testaceous, base varied with brown.

Length of elytra (sex ?) ... 8:5 mm.
Length of pronotum _... Me ). "Oe
Width of pronotum 5D

Habitat—India (?), Samoa.”

TEMNOPTERYX CoULONIANA, Sauss. (Mel. Orth., I., 22, 60, fig. 14.)

“Brownish black. Body rather elongate. Pronotum broad,
semiarbicular, shining. Elytra much abbreviated, sulci distinct,
costal veins raised. Abdomen of male carinate. Cerci very
large, acute. Supra-anal lamina of female trigonal, of male
narrow, truncate, emarginate at apex. Styles very short.

Male. Female.
Length of body ... sa. LO° Prams 16 mm.
Length of elytra so On aes 1:0
Length of pronotum 4:6 « ---
Width of Pronotum ... 6:4 “ —

Habitat—New Holland” (Australia).

PARATEMNOPTERYX AUSTRALIS, Sauss. (Mel. Orth., I1., 93, fig. 22).

‘‘Brownish black, paler below. Elytra chestnut-brown, rounded,
truncate contiguous along the sutural margin, and exceeding
the second abdominal segment. Claws without arolia.

Length of body (female) se . - LOG
Length of elytra ae es aie De
Length of pronotum ... a .22 he ee
Width of pronotum ... Abe, oe) 0) ane
Habitat—Melbourne, Victoria.”
(Page 39.)

TAMNELYTRA Harpuri, Tepp. New locality.

Two specimens, viz., a mature female and a half-grown larva,
labelled Victoria, were presented by Mr. C. French. Coll. S.A.
Museum.

(Page 44.)
PuHYLLODROMIA (Llatta) BiraAENIATA, Sauss. (Mel. Orth., I., 63).

‘“Ferruginous testaceous. Antenne thick, brown, first two
joints testaceous. Pronotum trapezoidal, margins pellucid, disk

* This and following references are to Royal Soc. Trans., 8.A., Vol. XVII.

171

yellowish ferruginous, with indistinct rusty-brown streaks and
two brown bands. Elytra of female much shorter than the
the abdomen, of the male much longer, pellucid ; second (scapu-
lary) vein brownish ferruginous, costal margin broadly whitish,
pellucid. Abdomen with all intra-marginal bands brown.
Male. Female.

Length of body 8 mm. 8 mm.

Length of elytra ... uO aes $:

Length of pronotum 2

Width of pronotum 3

Habitat— Australia.

Puytiopromia (Blatta.) stmiuis, Sauss. (Mel. Orth., I., 65).

“Testaceous ferruginous. Pronotum trapezoidal, Efciea: disk
bordered testaceous ferruginous, middle pellucid. Elytra testa-
ceous, dotted with ferruginous. Wings hyaline, discoidal vein
with three kranches. Abdomen ferruginous. Supra-anal lamina
of male trigonal, truncate. Subgenital lamina broad, deeply
cleft into two lobes, both margins with distinct small teeth at the
base. Styles rudimentary.

Length of body (male)
Length of elytra...
Length of pronotum
Width of pronotum

Habitat—New Holland ” Ceca),

mm.
73

why ow
Cc CULO

PHYLLODROMIA ALBOVITTATA, Sawss. (Mel. Orth., IT., 95).

‘‘ Pale testaceous orange. Antenne black. Pronotum elliptical,
disk yellow, margin pellucid. Wings subhyaline, reddish ; dis-
coidal vein of female with four, of male with two or three
branches. Abdomen blackish, segments beneath bordered with
white, apex with a red spot.

Male. Female.
Length of body ... oe S30) Mim. Pee, mir:
Length of elytra... Joe es aaa Olea as
Length of pronotum... 37 “ Ai an 79
Width of pronotum ... 2:3 * LO ake | ()

Habitat—New Holland” (Australia).
(Page 47.)
APOLYTA PELLUCIDA, Klug.

A. australis, Sauss. (Mel. Orth., L., 18, 69, fig. 21).

This species was first described by Saussure as E/lipsidion, and
later as Thyrsocera australe. A specimen, presented by Mr. C.
French, agrees with Saussure’s figure and description, excepting

172

the (apparently) much duller color; it is, in fact, scarcely
pellucid.
Habitat—Victoria (loc. nov.). Collection S.A. Museum.

(Page 48.)
APOLYTA RETICULATA, Sauss. (Mel. Orth., I., 70).

‘¢Mesonotum black, varied with yellow ; metanotum and base
of abdomen orange. Wings with discoidal vein emitting 4—9d
branches towards the apical borders. Female short and broad,
much smaller than the male. The black disk of the pronotum
often with traces only of red instead of a band. Last ventral
segment large, margins raised. Cerci reddish. Elytra scarcely
exceeding the abdomen by 2 mm. Trochanters, tibiz, and tarsi
yellow.

Habitat—New Holland” (Australia). (Dimensions not given).

APOLYTA AURANTIA, Sauss (Mel. Orth., I., 70). Bl. vestita, Burm.

“Brown. Front and vertex orange, antenne black. Prono-
tum pellucid, disk orange. Elytra testaceous orange. Wings
brownish, margin orange. Legs yellow, coxe, femora, and tarsi
brownish at the apex. Abdomen bordered yellow, segments
beneath and the cox with white.

Length of body (female) ee .. LO Tm

Habitat—New Holland” (Australia).

By a misprint at p. 48 of my paper, “A. reticulata” is
repeated instead of “awrantia.” It is doubtful if this is really
the species meant by Burmeister’s extremely short description :
‘Body wholly brown, pronotum and elytra pale yellow, brown
towards apex.” But even Saussure’s descriptions are insufficient
to identify the species of this difficult genus with any degree of
certainty.

(Page 55.)
ISCHNOPTERA AUSTRALIS, Sawss. (Mel. Orth., T., 27, fig. 17; II., 101).
Ischnoptera australica, Br., according to Saussure.

From a comparison of the two descriptions one would scarcely
be able to say that both applied to the same species, as they
mostly refer to different details. Saussure only records ‘ New
Holland ” as the habitat.

IsCHNOPTERA FULVA, Sauss. (Mel. Orth., I., 28, 71, fig. 18; IT., 102).

“Yellowish brown, resembling 7. australis. Pronotum bi-
sulcate, margins subopaque. Elytra and abdomen broad, anal
area truncate at apex.

173

Length of body (male) Bee at eo) mm.
Length of elytra a ate SAEZ, slice
Length of pronotum ... ote Kern.
Width of pronotum ... ie Mia On, fst

Habitat—New Holland” (Australia).

IsCHNOPTERA TERMITINA, Sauss. (Mel. Orth., I., 29, 71, fig. 19).

‘Small, narrow, much elongated, ferruginous hyaline. Head
concealed, vertex and front brown, with two whitish ocelliform
spots. Pronotum small, eiliptic, subarcuate behind; disk piceous,
bisulcate, laterally pellucid. Elytra very long and narrow, not
contracted towards the apex ; margins scarcely curved.

Length of body (male) ... ie ~oea lk am.
Length of elytra aM Ms saris Mia Os
Length of pronotum ... ae ee ee

Width of pronotum .... ee
Habitat—New Holland” (Australia).

ISCHNOPTERA TRIRAMOSA, Sawss. (Mel. Orth., I., 72).

‘‘Testaceous. Head spotted with brown. Pronotum opaque,
deflexed laterally, nearly straight behind, disk varied with brown-
ish ferruginous. Wings hyaline, foremargin subtestaceous, dis-
coidal vein with three apical branches, and emitting four or five
rudimentary ones towards the anal area. Abdomen clouded
with brown.

Length of body (female) oe 4. oer mam,
Length of elytra oe Bye Pee oa aise
Length of pronotum ... er: Boat OM Tia Ss
Width of pronotum ... oe Sicigt Acne
Habitat—Brisbane” (Queensland).
EPILAMPRIDE.
(Page 56.)

PARAPHORASPIS (7) CASTANEA, spec. nov.

Chestnut-brown, shining, almost concolorous. Pronotum nearly
black, rounded behind, very finely impressed punctate, with
some larger distantly scattered pits, posteriorly an impressed
lyrate figure in the middle, but only visible with a lens. Elytra
subcorneous, flat, very closely, finely, and, near the margin,
irregularly veined." Wingssmoky. Femoraspinose. Supra-anal
lamina of female longer than wide, lateral margins straight, hind-
margin deeply and broadly emarginate, lobes acutely angular.
Cerci large, lanceolate, acutely acuminate, much exceeding the
lamina. Coll. S..A. Museum.

174

Length of body ee Kt oe 22 aS
Length of elytra .. : a Sa Si ee
Length of pr onotum... oer Oi ae
Width of pronotum e Oe

Habitat—Howbulan, Victoria (presented by C. French, F.L.S.).

A single female and rather damaged, but the characters are So
different from all others known to me, that it is only provision-
ally placed in this genus.

(Page 66.)
Epilampra mediventris, Sauss.

Evidently a misprint for £. nudiventris, a synonym of £. in

quinata, Stal, and thus represents no species.

EprtaMpra ( Homalopteryx ?) PECTINATA, Sauss. (Mel. Orth., I., 91).

‘“'Testaceous brown, dotted all over with reddish brown. Head
prominent, longitudinal band brown. Pronotum transverse,
much arched, shining, angular behind. Elytra as long as the
abdomen, apex broad. Wings concolorous, anterior area broad
at the apex, obtuse ; veins straight, incurved at apex ; discoidal
vein with three pectinate apical branches, five incomplete ones,
and five to seven rudimentary. Abdomen brownish above, below
with scattered brown granules. Supra-anal lamina rounded,
slightly emarginate. Subgenital lamina with the margin pro-
duced in the middle.

Length of body oe = ... 6 aa
Length of elytra .. a dct cua) DG tae
Length of pronotum ee br rut? 16a
Width of pronotum oa net Ll) VOR

Habitat—New Holland” Australia.

Not having seen specimens I leave the species as placed by its
author, but it scarcely fits into the genus on account of the
structure of the supra-anal lamina, «ec.

EPILAMPRIA TATEI, spec. nov.

Brown, varied (except pronotum). Head prominent, blackish;
antenne, sides of face, and mouth-parts yellowish, a curved
brown bar between the antenne, a pale yellow rounded spot on
the inner side of each of the sockets of the antenne. Pronotum
slightly truncate in front, produced behind, slightly impressed punc-
tate; hindmargin without the usual raised strie,; margin all round
narrowly reflexed, broadly pale yellow in front, remainder brown.
Legs pale yellowish; tibiz brownish. ‘emora unarmed. Elytra
much exceeding the abdomen; radial vein emitting two straight
branches posteriorly near the middle ; ulnar vein curving parallel
to the anal and emitting several dichotomous branches towards the

175

apical border, anal vein gradually curved and terminating near
the middle of the hindmargin ; membrane brown, translucent, ;
margin of costal area dark brown, larger part of costal vein
bordered broadly with black, radial vein dark brown at and
beyond the middle ; basal half of veins impressed punctate, basal
half of elytra with a row of minute brown dots between most of
the veins. Wings with a distinct, but small, triangular area,
pale translucent ; veins dark brown, transverse veinlets whitish.
Abdomen short, broad, piceous above, paler at the base, testaceous
beneath ; margin breadly black. Supra-anal lamina of female
large, flat; median furrow distinct, hindmargin semicircular,
entire. Subgenital lamina very large, transverse, arcuate; hind-—
margin subsemicircular. Cerci lanceolate, much shorter than the
lamina. Collection S.A. Museum.

Length of body ae eR Sn iabias
Length of elytra pe ae Sie ar tO. ce
Length of pronotum ay tL Tend see
Width of pronotum .... a pons

Habitat—Yam Creek, Northern Teertony of South Australia
(presented by Prof. R. Tate, F.LS2:

There is a single, but perfect, specimen before me which, how-
ever, differs in so many details from other species known to me
that it probably requires a separate genus for its reception, the
characters of which are indicated by the italicised portions of the
above description. The species resembles Vauwphocta to some
extent, but differs in the structure of the anal appendages. The
place of the suggested genus would be probably between Phoraspis
and £pilampra.

(Page 67.)

GEOSCAPHEUSID.
(FEOSCAPHEUS ROBUSTUS, Z'epper.

Since the publication of my first paper I have received speci-
mens of this species from two more localities very far apart, and
showing the wide distribution, viz., from the neighbourhood of
Oodnadatta in Central Australia, and Victoria. Of the latter
place they are in the possession of Mr. C. French. Those of the
former were presented by Mr. J. Lipman, Adelaide, during
September, 1893. Of the ten specimens three had survived the
rough transit by post in almost a loose packing, and were put in
a tin with a thick layer of compressed moist soil, a mixture of
clay and sand. They at once exhibited their appreciation of the
new quarters, and also their surmised habits, by burrowing into
the soil head foremost and concealing themselves. When thus
engaged they employ not only head and forelegs, but also the
other two pairs, appearing to sink into the soil without raising

176

any considerable quantity above the surface, nor do they appear
to form an unobstructed tunnel, as a part of the dislodged soil
appears to be pressed against the sides, while the remainder fills
up the space behind the insect. A few seconds suffice them to
get out of sight, reminding the observer very much of the modus
operandi of the Australian Anteater (Hchidna hystrix). When
turned out on a firm surface in bright daylight they ramble and
run about actively without exhibiting any alarm or fear. As
food they were offered earthworms, grubs, caterpillars, bread-
crumbs, woodlice, and a Tenebrionid beetle (Pteroheleus, sp.).
The first three disappeared successively, but the last were not
touched, nor were some specimens of Julus molested. One of
the three died after a few days, while the remaining two (a pair)
were still alive more than three months after receipt, although
for weeks they would not eat anything that could be procured,
owing to the absence of worms in the dried-up soil. That in
which they lived was, however, kept moist by being wetted at
intervals.

It is to be observed that neither these nor the species of Poly-
zosteria and Anamesia as defined by Brunner and myself possess
any odour, while Platyzosteria, &c., are notorious for evil smelling.

GEOSCAPHEUS GIGANTEUS, spec. nov.

Brownish red, convex, shining, very large and bulky. Body
elongate oval. Head large, very smooth, flat, finely punctate,
brown, anterior border blackish, remainder of face slightly
excavated ; clypeus red, labrum varied blackish and brown, base
pale ferruginous ; sides black, an oblique groove, and the sockets
of the antenne pale ferruginous; palpi and antenne chestnut-
brown ; basal joints of antennz obconical, curved, longer than
the two following together; second and third joints subequal,
more than twice as long as any of the succeeding ones, remainder
very short, annular, diminishing in diameter. Pronotum trans-
verse, subtrigonal, conspicuously and broadly hooded in front
in the female, incrassated and raised into a short emarginate
ridge in the male, deeply and rugosely excavated in the middle ;
disk blackish, finely punctate, margin more distinctly impressed
punctate, hindmargin nearly straight, angles much rounded,
not produced. Meso- and meta-notum very shining hind-
angles prominently produced, rotundate.. Wingless. Fore-
legs similar to G. robustus ; femora with three spines, anterior
ones shortest, median longest; dactile spines of tibiz very long
and stout, base wrinkled, all black. Abdomen with afew minute
distinct dots in the disk, margin with coarser, more numerous
pits ; hindangles of segments triangularly but slightly produced,
not acute ,those of seventh segment alone produced as an erect

—

177

stout spine; hindmargin of sixth segment of male with six or
seven small obtuse teeth on each side ; ventral disk red, margin
black. Supra-anal lamina transverse, depressed, very much wider
than long, coarsely impressed punctate, hindmargin convex,
entire. Cerci very short, broadly oval, ciliate (male). Sub-
genital lamina of male small, transverse, hindmargin rounded.
Collection S.A. Museum.

Male. Female.
Length of body .. 89-37 mm. 50-52 mm.
Length of pronotum... 9-10 “ 14-15 «
Width of pronotum... 16-17 “ DAS SET Wen:
Width of abdomen .... 20-21 ‘* aay

Habitat—North Queensland (presented by C. French, Esq.,
iH. E:S.).

This splendid species differs from G. robustus in very much
greater size, paler color, smoother texture, different form of
pronotum and supra-anal lamina, the hindangles of the seventh
segment of the female alone bearing a curved spine, and the
dentate hindmargin of the sixth segment of the male. The
dissimilarity in size of the two sexes, of which two pairs were
‘xefore me, is very remarkable.

Ihe species is the largest and bulkiest Blattarid among the
Australian representatives so far as I am acquainted with them,
and is probably not exceeded by any species elsewhere.

joe 79
(Page (2.)
ANAMESIA (7?) FULVORNATA, spec. nov.

Flat, elongate-oval, ochreous above, brown beneath, shining.
Head prominent, labrum yellow. Pronotum subsemicircular,
lateral margins rugose with coarse impressed dots, hindmargin
nearly straight, disk with distant impressed dots and brownish-
red figures resembling oriental letters in a circularly-bounded
area. Meso- and meta-notum similar, distantly spotted with
brownish-red. Legs and whole underside concolorous. Abdomen
impressed, dotted ; hindangles scarcely angular, basal half of seg-
ments brown. Supra-anal lamina of male transverse, quadri-
lateral ; lateral margin with a few minute spines, hindmargin
unarmed, slightly concave. Cerci deficient (?). Collection 8.A.
Museum.

Length of body (male) sa ... 25-26 mm.
Length of pronotum oa sae) Sas Op an.
Width of pronotum ae ai 205 ool a Dba
Habitat.—Howbulan, Victoria (presented by C. French, Esq.,
#:18.).

The specimens examined consist of two somewhat dilapidated
M

178

males, deficient of antenne, part of legs, and also the cerci and
styles. They resemble A. Hastii in the texture of the dorsal sur-
face, but are much smaller, less bulky, and the markings quite
different. The species scarcely fits into the genus, having appar-
ently some affinities with Dasyposoma castanea, Sauss., but is
placed here till an opportunity offers to compare specimens of
both, and better examples obtained.

(Page 82.)
Polyzosteria cuprea, Sauss. Mel. Orth., IL, 5.
This was placed by me through misconception under Platyzos-

teria, but is recorded and cancelled by Saussure as synonymous
with PoLyzOSTERIA MACULATA, Brunner, already described.

Polyzosteria bicolor, Sauss. (ibd IL., 79; II., 112)—Piaryzos-
TERIA LIGATA, Br.

A variety (!) is also described with the margins of the third
thoracic segment wholly yellow from ‘‘ New Holland.”

Polyzosteria biglumis, Sauss. (tbid)—= PLATYZOSTERIA SUBAPTERA,
Br.

Polyzosteria consobrina, Sauss. (2b.)==PLATYZOSTERIA ATRATA,
Erichs.

Polyzosteria analis, Sauss. (ib.)=PLATYZOSTERIA MELANARIA,
Erichs.

Polyzosteria pulchella, Sauss. (7b.)=POLYZOSTERIA LIMBATA,
Burm.

The changes are indicated by Saussure himself.

PoLyzosTERIA MITcHELLI, Angas (Sauss., Melb. Orth., II., 106).

A full description is given of this species (figured but not
described by Angas), but evidently of spirit specimens, apt to be
distorted and always discolored.

In regard to another species, an observation is made by the
same author assigning one of the older names to synonymy, on
account of insufficient description, and with which I also agree,
Viz. :— |

“ Blatta verrucosa, White, in Appendix to Gray’s Journal of
Two Expeditions in N.W. and W. Australia, is provany the
same as POLYZOSTERIA REFLEXA, brun.’

POLYZOSTERIA FRENCH, spec. nov.

Elongate-elliptical, dull blackish with a greenish tinge. Head
dark, impressed punctate, foremargin of clypeus reddish-brown
and a red spot on each side, labrum brown, palpi pale, antenne a
little darker, both ciliate, basal joint of latter brown. Pronotum
semicircular, slightly hooded, foremargin not reflexed, slightly

179

produced ; lateral margins narrowly reflexed, anterior half nar-
rowly brown, posterior half as well as the whole of the meso- and
meta-notum broadly yellow and coarsely impressed punctate, disk
minutely impressed punctate, with two distinct small pits near
the middle, a short ridge in front of the pits and various small
smooth areas more or less rounded. Meso- and meta-notum similar,
lateral lobes distinctly produced, and two shallow pits on either
side anteriorly. Legs brown, cox bordered pale-yellow, femora
pale at apex. Abdomen daull-blackish, very finely punctate,
lateral margins very narrowly yellow, angles of segments 2-6
acute, slightly produced, of segment 7 forming acute, triangular,
flat, yellow spines, lateral margin bordered very narrowly with
yellowish, an intramarginal row of oblong, smooth impressions,
segments 7-8 narrowly exposed. Ventral segments bronzy-
blackish, lateral and posterior margins pale-yellow to brownish-
red. Supra-anal lamina transverse, trapezoidal, hindmargin
truncate, depressed medially, yellow, lateral margins concave,
angles acute. Cerci broadly lanceolate, concave above, bordered
yellow, much exceeding the lamina, apex shortly acuminate.
Subgenital, lamina shiningly smooth, brown, broadly bordered
with yellow, hindmargin broadly and rotundately emarginate.
Styles stout, rather long, almost apically inserted. Collection
S.A. Museum.

Male.
Length of body... ee oe host Ou, CITT:
Length of pronotum ... ae ce ROE
Width of pronotum .... ae Pi Rea een
Width of abdomen See rs

Habitat.—V ictoria (presented by C. French, Esq., F.L.S.)

The species, of which there is a single male, resembles P. patula
to a certain extent, but it is longer and narrower, and the genital
appendages are very different, besides the difference in colour
and markings.

,
(Page 83.)
PLATYZOSTERIA MELANARIA, riches.

Var: grandis, Sauss., Mel. Orth. IT., 109.

“Thick, slender, black above, chestnut beneath. Antennz
reddish, base brown. Supra-anal lamina exceeding the cerci,
trigonal, apex emarginate, seven spines on either side.

Length of body (female) a .. 43 mm.
Length of pronotum ... nt oo
Width of pronotum ... we sey a Ral eis
Width of abdomen _... ae Bee ent

Habitat.—Melbourne (Victoria).

180

(Page 95).
PLATYZOSTERIA Herypentana, Sauss. (Mel. Orth., I., 76).
Periplaneta Heydenrana, Sauss. (ibid ).

“Slender, depressed, brownish-testaceous. Body with
brownish-testaceous streaks and intramarginal lines, margin
brown. Abdomen brownish behind and beneath. Elytra scale-
like, narrow, apex rounded.

Length of body (both sexes) ... oO e atone
Length of pronotum ... Alp J orale
Width of pronotum _... OU OST coe

Habitat.—New Holland” Pa ustealiny:

PLATYZOSTERIA LITURATA, Sauss. (Mel. Orth., IT., 108, fig. 36.

“¢ Brownish-black, a little wider behind than in front. Thorax
and abdomen ornamented on both sides with broad yellow streaks.
ending with the fifth abdominal segment. Head yellow, a
trigonal facial spot chestnut. Legs yellow-testaceous. Posterior
tibie and tarsi brown. Cerci depressed, acute. Supra-anal
lamina transverse, rotundately bilobed. Subgenital lamina
entire, margin arcuate, elongate.

Length of body (male)... ak . 20° “nun
Length of elytra eee es 5 7) (Dla ee
Length of pronotum ... Ae can) OS Eas
Width of pronotum .... bee cas Ah O ee

Habitat.— New Georgia” (Polynesia) ?

This species apparently resembles my Drymaplaneta submar-
ginata very much in coloring, but the genital appendages of the
latter are almost quadrate, and not bilobed. There is, however,
a single specimen in the collection S.A. Museum which has a
bilobed supra-anal lamina, and may be referred to the above ;
the cerci are, however, much longer.

PLA?TYZOSTERIA BIFIDA, Br. (in litt. Sauss., Mel. Orth., IT., 110,
figs eh
“ Blackish chestnut, depressed. Pronotum semiorbicular.
Coxe bordered dull reddish. Supra-anal lamina triangular, pro-
duced, elongate. Subgenital lamina elongate, quadrate, cordi-
formly incised.

Length of body (male) ... ee «+ 00). nm
Lenth of pronotum _... ae Socy nipdea ain
Width of pronotum .... ee re

Habitat.—Queensland.”

PLATYZOSTERIA ZONATA, Walker (1).
A specimen of a female (larva) presented by C. French Esq.

181
agrees so well with Walker’s description (as far as it goes) that I
have little doubt in referring it to this species, and from it the
following fuller description is drawn up. Being, however, im-
mature, it may really belong to the next species notwithstanding
their widely distant habitat, Wc.

Black. Head reddish brown. Antenne brown, middle portion
above third joint black. Pronotum smooth, shining, with a few
distant impressed dots ; margin all round pale yellow; disk black,
oval. Meso- and meta-notum similar, the black discal spot form-
ing a narrow transverse segment of a circle, convex behind. Legs
reddish brown, cox bordered yellow and black. Abdomen very
broad behind, scabrous, concolorous, hindangles produced acutely
behind. Subgenital lamina prominent, subsemicircular, deeply
carinate (not valvate).

Length of body (female) ae met) Vo) TAN
Length of pronotum ... ae tn eee
Width of pronotum _... er | Se OS
Width of abdomen me se: ethic) 1

Habitat—Queensland.

PLATYZOSTERIA SUBZONATA, spec. nov.

Brownish black, shining ; male convex, female flat. Head
and antenne brown, ocelliform spots minute, foremargin of clyp-
eus broadly testaceous. /Pronotum elliptical, fore and lateral
margins broadly yellow, hindmargin narrowly yellow (the pale
band more or less imperfectly contiguous with the pale lateral
border in the male and widely separated in the female), disk
black, rounded in front, acute angular behind. Meso- and meta-
notum with lateral and hindmargins similar, disc black, angular.
Legs brown. Abdomen roughly impressed punctate, hindmargin
of segments reddish brown, lateral margins with a yellow spot,
reproduced much smaller beneath. Supra-anal lamina of male
truncate ; hindmargin entire, paler, densely ciliate ; of female,
rounded, black. Cerci of male subterete, black; apex acute, red;
of female wholly red. Subgenital lamina of male transverse ;
hindmargin concave, angles forming short spines. Styles rather
long red. Collection 8.A. Museum.

Male. Female.
Length of body ... ico, LOe “mins 22 mm.
Length of pronotum ... 49 “ Onset. 5°
Width of pronotum =... 8:3 Ca
Width of abdomen Totes eo Ae

Habitat—V ictoria (presented by C. French, Esq., F.i.8.).

This species belongs to the same type as the preceding and
P. trifasciata, Tepp., but differs from both not only in the color
marks, but in various other more essential details.

182

PLATYZOSTERIA (?) PICTA, spec. nov. ~

Reddish chestnut ; oval. Margin of clypeus, and the antenne
beyond the first joint, yellow. Pronotum semicircular, angles
obtuse, hindmargin slightly produced in the middle, finely
impressed rugulose, with distant shallow pits and smooth spots of
various forms; laterally a broad intramarginal yellow band,
widely separate in front, cwrved inward behind but not attaining
the hindmargin, and bordered exteriorly with brown, including
the whole posterior angle. Meso- and metanotum similar, the
broad oblique yellow bar terminating acutangularly inward ;
hindangles slightly and obtusely produced. Elytra absent. Legs
and underside of body color, coxz bordered yellow. Abdomen
rugulose, with rows of coarsely-impressed pits, confluent on the
posterior segments, each segment laterally with an oblique, sub-
triangular bar, bordered brown (reproduced beneath as a small
spot), and afew brown dots. Supra-anal lamina rugulose, arcuate,
rounded, margin slightly serrulate, a triangular yellow spot on
each side near the base. Cerci brown, acute, not exceeding the
lamina. Apex pale. Collection 8.A. Museum.

Fem. (mature). Fem. (larva ?).

Length of body ... see) Oe 23° mm.
Length of pronotum 9 5:. 77) SI pa
Width of pronotum See. a eae tPo
Width of abdomen ECARD G\ ek 13-5

Habitat.—Cooktown, North Queensland; Victoria (?) (pre-
sented by C. French, Esq., F.L.S.).

There are two specimens of females before me which agree in
general aspect, but differ in some details, due probably to age.
The pale band of the pronotum of the smaller one is contiguous
in front, not widely separate, as in the other, and much more
distant from the hindmargin ; the bands of the meso- and meta-
notum, also of the abdomen, are very much smaller, the pale
spots of the lamina wholly absent, and the cerci black.

Altogether the aspect and markings of this species are so dif-
ferent from its congeners that its place in this genus seems doubt-
ful, and it might be assigned with almost equal reasons to
Anamesia, Polyzosteria, or a separate subgenus, possessing inter-
mediary affinities and differences. The present work is still of a
preliminary character, and only when larger collections of species
and individuals have been brought together and critically collated
will any finality in arrangement be possible.

PLATYZOSTERIA EXASPERA, spec. nov.

Chestnut, shining. Head red, mouthparts blackish, ocelliform
spots minute, antenne brown, basal part black, except first seg-
ment. Pronotum semicircular, with a few impressed dots on the

}
{

183

minutely shagreened surface ; lateral margins narrowly reflexed,
hindmargin slightly convex, finely subserrate, hindangles pro-
duced. Meso- and metanotum similar, impressed dots more
numerous. KElytra lobiform, almost free, scabrous, exceeding the
mesonotum. Tibi and tarsi partly or wholly black, coxe black,
bordered yellow ; femora red. Abdomen nearly smooth, hind-
margins of segments with minute distant, raised strie ; hind-
angles of segments three to six produced into successively larger,
flat, acute spines ; underside blackish, hindmargins of all segments
scabrous. Supra-anal lamina of male subtransverse, narrower
behind, rugulose, lateral margins reflexed, middle depressed ;
angles acute, spinelike ; hindmargin ciliate, nearly straight. Cerci
sublanceolate, ciliate, much shorter than lamina; black, apex
red. Subgenital lamina of male transverse, subquadrate, later-
ally much incrassated ; hindmargins subsinuous, angles produced
as obtuse spines. Styles red, inserted in an excavation of the
lateral ridge exterior to the terminal spines and in a line with the
hindmargin. Collection S.A. Museum.

Length of body (male)... Bae Cena LO
Length of elytra ee oe Pda OL eats
Length of pronotum 5)
Width of pronotum 3)

Habitot—V ictoria (presented by C. ee Ksq., F.L.8).

The species resembles P. castanea, nova-realandie, and pseudo-
castanea in aspect, but differs in the colors of the tibie and tarsi,
and especially in the structure of the supra-anal and subgenital
lamina.

(Page 96.)
LEPTOZOSTERIA SECUNDA, spec. 10v.

Elongate oval, yellowish, translucent, very shining. Head and
palpi pale, antenne a little darker ; face with a black longitudinal
band. Pronotum broadly elliptical, angles rounded, fore- and
hindmargin black ; disk anteriorly with a black figure in the
middle like the conventional flying birds in diagrams ; a curved
black oblique streak on each side, acute in front, broad in the
middle, converging towards the middle of the hindmargin and
rotundately joining that from the opposite side. Mesonotum
with fore- and hindmargin black as far as the elytra, slightly
raised, distant diverging ridges medially, and a small oval black
dot on each side near the middle. Hlytra lobiform, free, acwmi-
nate, apex black. Metanotum with foremargin black in the
middle, hindmargin black throughout, in the disk a short black
streak on each side ; no raised ridges. Wang lobes discernible, not
free. Legs, underside of thorax, and lateral margins of abdomen
pale yellowish, spines of former and disk of latter varied brown

184

to black. Abdomen finely impressed punctate, segments finely
serrate, angles acute, produced as a short, flat, trigonal spine
posteriorly, lateral margins yellowish, foremargins of first and
second segment pale; hindmargins, except of last segment,
black, widest in the middle ; disk reddish chestnut. Supra-anal
lamina arcuate, narrowly trigonal, pale, base black ; hindmargin
broadly and angularly emarginate, lobes acute, lateral margin
dentate. Cerci lanceolate, acute, serrate, ciliate, pale, flat, more
than twice exceeding the lamina. Valvules of female highly
arcuate, black, apex pale, ciliate. Collection S.A. Museum.

Length of body (female) cag ..., 244mm
Length of elytra ue. ne Mr 5 is
Length of pronotum ... wes ee Oe
Width of pronotum _... ze oy) oe

Habitat—Cooktown, Queensland pee by C. French,
Esq., F.L.S.).

The above description is drawn up from a specimen of a female,
being the second species of this singular genus. It agrees with
the other in general aspect and the curious translucency of the
pale portions of the scutum, which permits the internal muscula-
tion, &c., to be seen even in dry specimens, but differs largely in
markings and other details, as, for example, the presence of lobi-
form elytra.

(Page 106.)

PERIPLANETA MARGINALIS, Sauss. (Mel. Orth., I., 81) =P. ligata,
Br:

The synonymy is indicated by Saussure, and a variety recorded
with two testaceous spots on the disc of the pronotum.

PERIPLANETA FLAVICINCTA, Hagenbach, Bijdragen, 1842; Brun-

- ner, Syst. Blatt., 231; P. soror (2), Sauss, Rev. Zool., 1864,

319, 24; Mel. Orth., I., 81.

‘‘Chestnut, shining. Pronotum very smooth, oblong, semi-
orbicular ; hindmargin straight, angles scarcely rounded, a yellow
central spot and similar intramarginal streaks sharply defined
and produced along the marginal area of the elytra. Elytra and
wings shorter than the abdomen.

Length of body (male) .... 18 mm.

Length of elytra ... spdyec RO ans

Length of pronotum Real ade tae

Width of pronotum ww) BS § (Brannery”

Habitat.—Java (DeHaan) ; New Holland (Saussure).

Brunner states that DeHaan’s description, based upon one
individual (Novara Museum), was very short, and that he sup-
plemented the same (apparently from the same specimen).

185

Saussure had previously described a similar species (1864) as
P. soror, unknown to Brunner, from Australian specimens, and
claims priority for his name on account of the insufficiency of the
first description. On the absence of specimens from either
locality, the point cannot be decided, but they may, after all, be
separate.

Periplaneta Heydeniana, Sauss. = PLATYZOSTERIA HEYDENIANA.
SH Noe
(Page i07.)
PERIPLANETA GLABRA, Walker.
A specimen of a female, collected, according to the label, in

North Queensland, was among those presented by Mr. French,
and identical with the Northern Territory specimens.

(Page 114.)

ARCHIBLATTA, Snellen. Tijdschr. Ent. Leyden, V., 106, pl. 6,
fig. 12 ; Brunner, Syst. Blatt., 248.

Planetica, Sauss. (Mel. Orth., I, 38).

“ Pronotum narrow, trapezoidal, foremargin emarginate, disk
rugose, legs long, femora very slender, terete, unarmed. Males
winged. Elytra much longer than the body, veins forked, scapu-
lary vein much raised, and vein impressed. Veins of the wings
much branched. Abdomen dilated, segment 7 covering the
succeeding ones. Supra-anal lamina quadrate, angles obtuse,
doubly exceeded by the cerci. Subgenital lamina produced,
rotundate, with short styles.

Females apterous. Meso- and meta-notum much _ produced,
hindmargins unequal. Abdomen thick. Supra-anal lamina tri-
angular, produced, cerci shorter.”

ARCHIBLATTA HoEVENI, Snelien. Br. Syst., 248, fig. 39.
Planetica aranea, Sauss., Melb. Orth., I., 38, fig. 23.
Brownish-black. Antenne annulate. Pronotum rugose, mar-

gins all incrassated. Elytra of male with costal area deflexed at
right-angles, anal area very long, axillary vein very forked.
Meso- and metanotum of female rugose, produced behind. Legs
very long, femora terete, tibize with a few small spinelets. Abdo-
men orbicular.”

Male. Female.
Length of body _... 26), oem. 53 mm.
Length of elytra... ciel | AD —
Length of pronotum ss Oa aes
Width of pronotum samy pl Diyags ihe Se
Habitat.—Sumatra (Snellen) ; fndin (Brunner); N. Guinea

(Saussure).
The above is an abstract of Brunner’s description; that of

186

Saussure is much shorter and less efficient, but his figure very
good.
CHORISONEURID 4.

(Page 116.)
CHORISONEURA PECTINATA, Sazass., Mel. Orth., IT., 131.
Piceous, head reddish, vertex testaceous. Pronotum pellucid,
with two brown stripes. Elytra pectinately veined, foremargin
and suture pellucid, median band brown.

Male.

‘) mm. (to end of elytra)
ce

Length of body 8
Length of elytra 7
Length of pronotum 1-4 “
Width of pronotum 2
Habitat.—New Holland” (Australia).

PANCHLORIDA.
(Page 118.)
ONISCOSOMA CASTANEA, Brunner.

Zetobora granicollis, Saussure, Me]. Orth., I., 33, fig. 21.

Through Messrs. C. French and F. J. Billinghurst I obtained
20 specimens of this species collected in Victoria, viz., six males,
eight females, and six larve, and I find that in aspect they all
differ sutiiciently from the usual form, so that one may separate
the two almost at a glance, while the differences in more essential
characters (at least for me) are very slight. The Victorian form
is much darker in color, viz., almost black, and the granules
apparently much more numerous, conspicuous and darker, while
the males are also narrower across the elytra, when at rest,
notably beyond the middle, and the larve less conspicuously
marked. I therefore suggest Saussure’s trivial name to be re-
tained as a varietal one for the Victorian form, viz., “var. granicol-
lis, Sauss.,” he most likely having obtained his specimens from
the eastern part of Australia. Collection S.A. Museum.

A larva from Cooktown, Queensland, presented by C. French,
probably belongs to another species, being very promiscuously
colored. It has a very broad pale margin all round, a similar
median stripe divided by a fine black line, a short, angular, pale
transverse band on the second segment of the abdomen; and a
pale patch from the sixth to the apex, remainder of disk blackish.
All parts are covered with raised granules, which are black in the
pale areas, and form transverse rows, notably along the hind-
margins. The cerci are extremely short.

Length of body, 18 mm. ; of pronotum, 4 mm.; and the width
of the latter, 4 mm. Until mature specimens can be studied I
cannot attach any name. Collection S.A. Museum.

187
PERISPHAERID 4.
(Page 122.
DEROCALYMMA CONTIGUA, Sauss. (Mel. Orth., II., 140, fig. 51).

“Chestnut. Eyes contiguous, antenne reddish. Pronotum
much arched, unequally punctate, foremargin broad, slightly
arched, hooded, extending lobelike on both sides ; hindmargin
much arched, excised on both sides, inferior facial ridge ending
in processes. Elytra chestnut, wings hyaline. Femora nearly
unarmed. Abdomen broad, orange above, red beneath.

Length of body (male) ... ae 1 lomo
Length of elytra = a to Oe ae
Length of pronotum _... By Pee Meare! & tin
Width of pronotum Me a eine Ob ae

Habitat.—New Guinea.”

EcratopErus NouMEENSIS, Sauss.

Genus and species belong to the GRYLLID&.

PANESTHIDZ.
Dasyposoma, runner (Syst. Blatt., 387, fig. 59.

“ Pronotum semiorbicular, rather shining. Apterous. Legs
very stout. Supra-anal lamina rotundate, subgenital lamina of
the male and last ventral segment of female almost alike.

Cryptocercus, Scudder.

The genus as established by Brunner only embraced three
American species, to which Saussure subsequently added the
following, which may probably be referable to some other genus.

DasyposoMa CASTANEA, Sauss. (Mel. Orth., I., 105).

“Stout. Reddish chestnut. Head and legs orange testaceous.

Length of body (male) as eo oy eT
Length of pronotum ... uty er LO es
Width of pronotum .... ee Pe o-on 4
Width of abdomen Og ee ee gs

fabitat.—‘ New Holland” (Australia).

Dasyposoma nigra, Br. (Syst. Blatt., 388, fig. 57. Brazil).

Brunner’s figure resembles in outline, aspect of thoracic seg-
ments, and lamina my Anamesia fulvornata ; but the angles of
the abdominal segments are neither produced, nor angular, being
rounded, while the surface sculpture differs widely. It may be,
however, that the latter and Saussure’s species form an allied
genus or subgenus.

188

(Page 124.)
PANESTHIA DILATATA, Sawss. (Rev. Zool., 346, 64 (male); Mel.
Orth., I., 105).
“Sculpture of pronotum sometimes little apparent, V-shaped
ridge strongly developed. The female (according to Brunner in
litteris) with two stout, acute, perpendicularly erect spines o

the sixth abdominal segment. (Dimensions not given.). )
Habitat—New Holland” (Australia).

Panesthia regina, Sauss. (Mel. Orth., I., 39, 105, fig. 24).
Synonymous with P. morio, Brunner.
(Page 126.) ,
Panesthia cribrata, Sauss.—=P. savonica, Serv.

‘One of the numerous varieties.”—Saussure (Mel. Orth., I.,-
106). .

PANESTHIA Kraussiana, Sauss. (Mel. Orth., II, 150).
“Chestnut, shining, wingless. Head concealed, band from the

eyes to the clypeus yellow. Thorax on both sides with a broad

orange band. Pronotum granulate, in front entire, reflexed.
Abdomen near margin punctate, reddish. Supra-anal lamina
subcrenulate in the middle. Tarsi yellow beneath.

Length of body (female) ... soe, <4) aim
Length of pronotum ae ee Oe
Width of pronotum se ie, boro= 1D
Width of abdomen a RP Gels RN e-

Habitat—Melbourne” (Victoria).

PANESTHIA LAEVICOLLIS, Sawss. (Mel. Orth., [T., 151).
Blackish chestnut. Pronotum shining, foremargin entire, disk
angularly impressed. Elytra marginally punctate. Supra-anal
lamina cranulate.

Length of body (female) a w= 420, allie
Length of pronotum ... vy eee Ph.)
Width of pronotum .... i? -nst, gh Ona
Width of abdomen oe ree S55

Habitat—New Holland” (Australia).

Among the specimens received from Mr. C. French is a male
which may be mated with the above on account of the conformity
of structure of the pronotum, color, size, &c.. I therefore add
its description.

Male. JBlackish chestnut, shining. Head prominent, con-
colorous ; clypeus pale yellow; antenne and palpi brown.
Pronotum subhexagonal, entire in front and not reflexed ;
tubercle scarcely perceptible; anterior lateral margin broad

189

much reflexed, punctate, brown ; remainder of margin scarcely
reflexed ; hindmargin slightly convex ; disk finely punctate
v-shaped furrow rather deep, included space rugose. Elytra long,
brown ; base of scapulary and the anal vein pale, other veins
deep brown ; costal margin broad, punctate. Wings smoky, as
long as the elytra. Posterior part of the coxe, the knees and
tarsi testaceous. Abdomen rugosely punctate, hindangles of
segments acute, slightly produced; base underneath reddish.
Supra-anal lamina transverse, hindmargin rounded, crenulate :
first tooth on each side larger and longer. Cerci_ thick, scarcely
prominent, ciliate, testaceous; apex oval. Subgenital lamina
very broad, subsemicircular, very rugose ; margin entire. Styles
obsolete. Collection S.A. Museum.

Length of body (male) ... 28 mm
Length of elytra s3 2.0 °6*
Length of pronotum Dae
Width of pronotum 9-3 «
Width of abdomen [a

Habitat— Victoria.

PARANAUPHOETA, Brunner, Syst. Blatt., 397.

‘ Pronotum rotundate in front leaving the head free, truncate
behind, disk depressed, flat. Elytra leaving scutellum free, nar
rowed in the middle; veins distinct, anal vein attaining the
middle of the sutural margin. Wings membranous. Legs
slender. Abdomen elongate. Supra-anal lamina rounded. Cerci
short, Subgenital lamina of male semiorbicular. Styles
present.” ,

The five species of the genus belong to the Malayan Archi-
pelago, but Saussure reports the following one from the Australian
region :—

PARANAUPHOETA RUFIPES, Brunner, Syst. Blatt., 400; Sass.
(Mel. Orth., II., [54).
“Small, black. Head and antenne dull black. Pronotum
brownish black, bordered-with yellow in front and laterally, and
two trigonal spots adjoining the hindmargin. Elytra reddish
chestnut, base and middle with a yellow spot, foremargin testa-
ceous, discoidal vein with two apical branches. Legs red, base
brown. Abdomen brownish testaceous, beneath brownish black.
Cerci styliform.

Length of body (male)... See Se ae rivers
Length of elytra te irs Paume |
Length of pronotum ... ae Oo.
Width of pronotum ... ae ee Qe eas
Habitat—Ternate (Brunner) ; New Guinea” (Saussure).

190

ON A NEw LAND SHELL FROM CENTRAL
AUSTRALIA.
By W. T. BEpNaLtL.
[Read September 4, 1894.]
HaApDRA ADCOCKIANA, sp. nov.

Shell deeply umbilicated, depressedly globose, thin, shining,
surface finely and evenly striated. Whorls four and a-half, flatly
but regularly convex ; first and second very finely striated under
the lens, striations becoming more pronounced with the revolution
of the shell; last whorl three-fourths the size of the whole shell,
descending slightly in front, constricted at the outer lip; base
somewhat flattened ; striations extending from the suture to the
umbilical region, but becoming much less distinct after crossing
the periphery. Suture impressed. Aperture oblique, sub-circular,
peristome thickened ; outer lip slightly expanded and reflected ;
columellar margin narrowly expanded, and but partially covering
the umbilicus; margins approximating, and connected by a
diffused gamboge-colored callus. Color, opaque-white, encircled
by two well-defined narrow fuscous bands, one at the upper part
of the whorl adjoining the suture, the other just above the
periphery ; both bands are clearly seen in the interior of the
aperture.

Dimensions.—Major diameter, 14 mm.; minor, 12 mm. ; alti-
tude, 8 mm.; height of aperture, 7 mm.; length, 7-5 mm.;
diameter of umbilicus, 2 mm. |

This species appears to occupy an intermediate position be-
tween Hadra Everardensis, Bednall, of the Everard Range, and
the more Southern representative of the genus, Hadra Lorioliana,
Crosse, of the Flinders Range. It is less conical than the
former, and not so depressed as the latter species.

All the specimens—three in number—are perfect, and evi-
dently full-grown. They are in the collection of Mr. D. J. Ad-
cock, and were obtained by Mr. Robert Thornton, of the Tempe
Downs Station, early in 1893.

Relative dimensions of the species referred to :—

Major Minor Height of Length of Diam. of

diam. diam. Altitude. Aperture. Aperture. Umbilicus.
Lorioliana ... 26 22 14 14 15 —
Adcockiana ... 14 12 are ff (ei: 2
Everardensis... 13 11°5 9°75 C19 B75 2:5

Aes

BRIEF DIAGNOSES OF MOLLUSCA FROM CENTRAL
AUSTRALIA.

By Proressor Rautpu TAre.

[Read October 2, 1894. ]

SUCCINEA INTERIORIS, sp. nov.

Slender, aperture two-thirds the Jength of the shell, and thus.
near to S. scalarina, but is nearly twice the dimensions. The
last whorl is not quite so convex, and the spire is shorter and
narrower.

Length, 17; diameters, 9°25 and 6°5. Aperture: length, 11:5;
width, 7 mm.

STENOGYRA INTERIORIS, sp. nov.

Similar to S. gracilis, Hutton (iS. Tuckeri, Pfr.), but is more
slender, has nine whorls instead of eight in a length of 10°5 mm.;
whorls less convex, but the suture more profund; the growth-
lines finer, more regular, and closer together.

Length, 10°5 ; width, about 2:25 mm.

PupA FICULNEA, sp. nov.

Similar to ?. australis, but dextral and smaller; suture more
channelled.
Length, 3:5; width, 1°75 (vix).

Pupa BELTIANA, sp. nov.

A longer and narrower shell than P. pacifica, with less convex
whorls, rarely sinistral.
Length, 4°5 ; width, 2-0 (vix); a more slender form 4°5 x 1:5.

PUPA ISCHNA, sp. nov.

Sinistral, similar to P. myoporine, Tate, but more slender, with
flatter whorls ; more attenuate apically than P. Beltiana.
Length, 4:25; width, 1:25 mm.

PupaA EREMICOLA, sp. nov.

Like P. myoporine, but much broader, less attenuate apically ;
aperture more oblique, peristome largely reflected. Differs from
P. Beltiana by larger size, less convex whorls, and large um-
bilicus. Oats

Length, 5:5; width, 2°5 mm.

192

LIpARUS SPENCERI, sp. nov.

Similar to the short and broad variety of L. melo, but the test
is thin, diaphanous, and dark horn-colored ; the whorls are more
convex and abruptly arched at the suture, the aperture slightly
oblique and proportionately wider (as in L. Onslowi).

Length, 20; width, 12:5; aperture, 11°5 x 8 mm.

PLANISPIRA HEMICLAUSA, Sp. nov.

Shell depressed, glossy; spire slightly prominent ; whorls three
and a-half, somewhat gradated, distantly and regularly sculptured
with spiral incised lines, finely transversely striate ; aperture not
deflected, peristome much thickened, continuous all round, the
parietal incrassation obliquely in advance and forming a vertical
plate half-closing the aperture; umbilicus about one-third the
width of the shell.

Diameter, 1°5 ; height, about ‘5 mm.

CHAROPA HMULA, sp. nov.

Similar to C. antialba, Beddome, with the same number of
riblets, but apparently inornate in the interstices ; spire slightly
sunken; umbilicus very much smaller, with regularly sloping
walls.

Diameter, 2; height, °75 (vix).

CHAROPA RETINODES, sp. nov.

Like C. Morti, Cox, but the riblets more frequent, though
wide apart, the interspaces regularly reticulate-striate ; last whorl
feebly flame-painted, and more depressed ; umbilicus larger ; the
young shells not at all angulate.

Hapra WArTTII, sp. nov.

Its only ally is 7. lewcocheila, from the unicolorous variety of
which it differs, particularly, by more numerous very narrow
whorls (six and a-half), smaller size, and very small umbilicus, not
at all concealed by the columella.

Diameters, 10°5 and 9:25; height, 5-5.

HADRA SUBLEVATA, sp. nov.

Has the general appearance of H. Hyrez, but with five narrower
whorls of less rapid increase, and scabrous-granulate surface ;
lips callously united, outer lip largely reflected, deeply constricted
basally, producing a conspicuous elevated ridge within the aper-
ture (thus resembling H. Wesselensis) ; umbilicus large, 2-5 mm.

wide.
Diameters, 15 and 14; height, 8.

193

HADRA SQUAMULOSA, sp. nov.

Very much like H. Hvandaleana and H. Victorice, with the
periphery rounded ; last whorl slightly descending at the front,
outer lip slightly reflected ; surface densely covered with hispid
scales, arising from elongate granular-like bosses.

Diameters, 15 and 12:5; height, 9°5; umbilicus, 3 mm. wide.

HADRA GRANDITUBERCULATA, sp. nov.

Globosely conical, slightly flatted at the suture, plicately
striated with close, large, scabrous tubercles, a color-band at the
suture, a broader one at the periphery, and a still broader one
beneath ; peristome entire, slightly reflected all round, obliquely
subrotund ; umbilicus wide and deep.

Diameters, 17 and 14; height, 13; longer diameter of aper-
ture, 10 mm.

HADRA CLYDONIGERA, sp. nov.

Similar to H, Silverz, but without the angulation at the suture
and periphery ;.coste more compressed and uninterrupted ; last
whorl more descending at the front; outer lip more abruptly
reflected.

Diameters, 16 and 14 ; height, 11°5 mm.

HADRA ARCHGERENS, sp. nov.

Has the general aspect of H. Bordaensis, but flatter, and less
angulated ; ornamented with elevated, compressed, arched ribs
(about 40 on body whorl), the interspaces densely granulated ;
there are three faint color-bands on body-whorl; peristome
slightly deflected posteriorly, entire, slightly reflected all round.

Diameters, 18 and 15; height, 8; width of umbilicus, 4.

Hapra WILPENENSIS, sp. nov.

Has the external features of //. fodinalis, except the ornament,
which is that of H/. crytoplewra ; plice rather stout and elevated,
about 70 on body-whorl, interspaces apparently without granules.

Diameters, 16 and 14; height, 12:5.

Collected by the late Mr. Tomsett at Blackfellow’s Creek, six
miles east of Wilpena Pound.

HADRA OLIGOPLEURA, sp. nov.

Similar to H. crytopleura, but the plications sharper, higher,
and about one-third less in number (35 to 40); the outer lip is
thin, and the whorl is more constricted behind it.

Diameters, 14°5 and 12; height, 8; height of aperture, 6 mm.

Eyre’s Sand-Patch, 160 miles west from Eucla, W.A. (Re-
ceived through Mr. Adcock.)

N

194

HADRA SETIGERA, sp. nov.

Similar to H. cyrtopleura, but with slender, crowded, arched
growth-lines, and covered by a thin brown periostracum, which is
raised into short bristles coincident with the arched ridges;
whorls more convex, and suture more impressed.

Diameters, 13°5 and 11; height, 6 ; diameters of umbilicus 5
and 4:5 mm.

HADRA EUZYGA, sp not.

Similar to H. setigera, but the spire is flattened, the last whorl
more depressed, and the rows of bristles more distant ; also like
H. cyclostomata, but the spire is flat and the aperture more des-
cending and entire.

Diameters, 8 and 7 ; height, 3 mm.

HaprA WINNECKEANA, sp. nov.

Similar to H. euzyga, but apparently without bristles, the
arched growth-lines close and exceedingly fine.
Diameters, 5 and 4:5 ; height, 2 mm.

HADRA PAPILLOSA, sp. nov.

Differs from other members of the “Angasella group” by its
elevated spire ; surface with coarse and somewhat interrupted
arched plice, which bear distant large depressed papille ; last
whorl much descending, peristome largely reflected and entire ;
umbilicus one-third the width of the base.

Diameters, 13:5 and 11; height, 8-5 mm.

195

NOTES ON THE ORGANIC REMAINS OF THE
OsSEOUS CLAYS AT LAKE CALLABONNA.

By Proressor RarpH Tate.
[Read September 5, 1893. ]

The stratum in which the diprotodon and associated vertebrate
fossils are found is a blue tenacious clay, though containing about
12 per cent. of sharp quartz-sand, as determined by mechanical
separation. Overlying the blue clay is a sand, which constitutes
a fringe to the lacustrine plain, and appears as islets dotting its
surface. Lake Callabonna is now a salt-pan, but is occasionally
submerged, either as the result of heavy local rains or by the
superfluous water of Cooper Creek, reaching it by way of Strze-
lecki Creek and Lake Blanche.

Anxious to learn something of the physical conditions which
prevailed at the time when the diprotodons inhabited this area,
I have minutely searched the clay and sand, obligingly placed at
my disposal by Dr. Stirling and Mr. Zeitz, for their organic con-
tents, with the following results :—

The clay has yielded two cones of the smooth-valved form of
Callitris robusta, RK. Brown, the living sandarach-pine, so widely
distributed in Australia, and certainly an inhabitant of its “dry
zone ;” oospores of characeous plants, probably of two species,
one of which I refer with a doubt to Chara Brauniv ; fragments
of a small gastropodous shell, probably of the genus Potamopry-
gus. The charas and the mollusc are aquatic in habit, and may
have endured a brackish water medium. The sand has furnished
a new species of Blanfordia, B. Stirlingi, Melania lutosa, Cor-
bicula desolata, which occurs in a living state in Cooper Creek,
a cypris-like ostracod, and the charas above-mentioned. The
Blanfordia is related to 4. striatula, an inhabitant of brackish
waterpools on the coastal tracts of Southern Australia; but this
alliance does not forbid a strictly fresh-water habit, which is im-
plied by the association with Corbicula and Melania, though it may
indicate an increased salinity of the lake-waters prior to their final
dessication. Indeed, it is not at all improbable that all lived in the
lake while its waters were fresh, that the Corbicula and Melania
succumbed when the water became brackish, and that the Blan-
Jordia was unaffected by the change, but became extinct through
failure of the essential medium. The sand contains also small
cylindrical tubes, about one millimetre diameter, which recall
agglutinated-sand cases such as are constructed by some may-

196
flies. However, they are freely soluble with effervesence in acid,
and are, therefore, probably the calcified shapes of rootlets, which

from their small and uniform size may have belonged to a cyper-
aceous or graminaceous plant.

BLANDFORDIA STIRLINGI, spec. nov.

Shell thin, subpellucid, of a pale flesh color, oval in outline,
spire conical, apex obtuse or subacute, and slightly mammillated ;
whorls six, rather rapidly increasing in size, moderately convex,
but more rapidly declinous posteriorly, ornamented with slightly
arched strie of growth, and in a spiral direction by a few
threads. Aperture slightly oblique, inclining towards the
columella ; peritreme entire ; columella effusively dilated over the
umbilicus and basally. Umbilical fissure narrow, concealed by
the columellar dilatation ; young shells imperforate. Operculum
pellucid, its exterior face deeply concave ; nucleus subcentral,
growth-lines slender, rather numerous, not coarse, few, and ele-
vated as in B. striatula.

Length, 6-5 ; width, 4°75; height of aperture, 3 mm.

The short spire, more rapidly increasing whorls, not closely
spirally lined, the more oblique aperture, and effuse inner lip
distinguish this species from J. striatula. B. Starlingz has not a
decollated spire, as is usual with its congener, but when the
apical whorls are present in the latter they are of more regular
increase.

I do not know if B. Stirlingz be actually living, though it may
possibly be so, as though all of the very numerous examples
under observation, excepting one, are bleached and very fragile ;
yet the unique exception shows slight coloration, the test being
unaltered, and it contained an operculum.

T bestow on this modest shell the name of my colleague, who
has so largely promoted the exploitation of the extinct vertebrates
in the region of its occurrence.

Var. MAMMILLATA.

Similar to B. Stirling2, but short and squat, somewhat resem-
bling a Bathynia. Whorls five and a-half, the antepenultimate
or penultimate suddenly increasing in size, and flatted at the
suture, so that the posterior part of the spire appears mam-
millated.

Dimensions.—Length, 5-25; breadth, 3-5; height of aperture,
2°75 mm.

Locality—On the shore of a dry salt lake near Nannine,
Murchison Goldfield, W.A., in great abundance (Mr. Victor
Stretch). A few examples at Lake Callabonna.

197

NOTES ON THE SEDIMENTARY ROCKS IN THE
MACDONNELL AND JAMES RANGES.

By CHARLES CHEWINGS, Ph. D., F.G.S.
[Read June 5, 1894.]

The object of the present paper is to point out, what I believe
to be, an error the Government Geologist, Mr. H. Y. L. Brown,
has made in the reading of the Sedimentary Rocks composing
the MacDonnell and the James Ranges ; the area lying princip-
ally within the watershed of the Finke River and its tributaries.
I refer to Mr. Brown’s report to the Commissioner of Crown
Lands, 1892, and entitled “Further Geological Examination of
Leigh’s Creek and Hergott Districts, &c.” (Page 7, with ideal
section).

The stratigraphy of the MacDonnell and Ranges lying to the
south has already received some attention, but its importance
has not been so generally realised as perhaps it warrants. The
time has arrived for definitely fixing on the most typical areas of
exposures and development for purposes of reference ; and I will
endeavor to indicate the best as known to me, and then state
very briefly where I believe Mr. Brown is in error.

Founpation Rocks (Archean of Brown).

The most typical area is the north side of the MacDonnell
Range. These rocks are composed of gneisses, various schists,
dynamometamorphic granite, crystalline limestone, &c.; generally
disposed at steep angles, and over large areas are quite vertical.
Into this series granite and diorite, &c., have been intruded.
Strike east and west. .

GLEN HELEN Series (Cambrian and Pre-Cambrian [*}).

The valley in which Glen Helen Station stands is a good
typical area; it is situated in the MacDonnell Ranges, at the
head of the Finke River. The principal rocks are quartzite,
blue crystalline limestones, dolomite, and clay, slate, &c., usually
with a dip of 70° to 90°. Quartzite is the lowest stratum, and
rests unconformably on the ‘“ Foundation Rocks.” These are
found largely developed in the so-called South MacDonnells, and
in other ranges, and they rise through the eroded Lower Silurian
anticlinals in several places, e.g., on the Petermann Creek.
These rocks are generally seen to be nearly or quite vertically
disposed, but are not always so. Strike generally east and
west. In the quartzites on the north side of Mareeno Bluff

198

Pass annelide burrows are numerous. These rocks may be Cam-
brian, and if so, these are the only traces of organic remains yet
discovered in this series.

Mareeno Buiurr Series (Lower Silurian in part).

A good typical section and area occurs at Mareeno Bluff, in the
western part of the South MacDonnells, but these rocks have a
large development in the James’, Gardiner’s, Geo. Gill’s, Levi's,
and other Ranges, and good typical areas exist at the heads of
the Walker and Petermann Creeks and elsewhere. This series is
composed from below upwards of red shale, then black and green
shale, with fossiliferous bands of limestone, which, according to
Etheridge, are of Lower Silurian age. This is conformably fol-
lowed by a great development of red and white sandstones, with
quartzite bands in places. The limestones and shales vary in
thickness in different localities. This is, perhaps, the most im-
portant and widespread series of Paleozoic rocks in Central Aus-
tralia. At Mount Palmer, in the Western MacDonnell, and on
many of the eroded Silurian anticlinals, the unconformability of
this series to the ‘Glen Helen Series” is apparent, and generally
very marked. The strike is generally east and west, and the
dip varies from 0° to 90°.

WaALKER’s CREEK SERIES (Devonian [?)).

This series of rocks has excellent typical sections at several
places along the course of the Walker Creek, west of the Tempe
Downs Station, in the James Ranges. The formation is generally
confined, as it is at this place, within the synclinal folds of the
Silurian Rocks (Mareeno Bluff Series), and would have long since
been eroded quite away in many places but for the protection the
Silurian and Cambrian trough edges have afforded ; as it is, these
rocks have been worn back for long distances from the older
rocks. This Walker’s Creek Series is composed of red mudstone
and red and green shales, conformably overlaid by ferruginous
sandstone, each being several hundreds of feet thick. The un-
conformability of this series to the Mareeno Bluff Series is very
marked, as may be seen in many places along the Walker, as
stated above. These rocks are sometimes seen in isolated patches
resting unconformably on the highly or vertically inclined ridges
of the Silurian and Cambrian Series.

CONCLUSIONS.

I agree with Mr. Brown in the what he terms the Archean
Rocks, they are the foundation rocks of Central Australia ; but
instead of three series of Palsozoic Rocks, he only admits two.
He includes part of, if not the whole of, the Mareeno Bluff

199

(Lower Silurian) Series in the Cambrian division, viz., in the
Finke Gorge set of rocks, commonly called the South MacDon-
nells. If 1 am not mistaken, some part of the Walker’s Creek
Series (Devonian ?) may be found there in places as well. He
fails to detect any unconformability between the Walker’s Creek
Series and the Mareeno Bluff Series. He does not discriminate
the one from the other, and, what is more serious, states that the
fossils of Lower Silurian age that have been found in the district
at such places as Mareeno Bluff, heads of the Walker and Palmer
Creeks, Levi’s Range, and elsewhere have been found in the
Upper Series. As a fact, they have only been found in the
Middle or Mareeno Bluff Series. No fossils have as yet been
found in the Upper or Walker’s Creek Series.

In the paragraph “ Lower Silurian Rocks” the description and
dip of the rocks occurring at the Lutheran Mission Station are
correct, but to class them as part and parcel of the Lower Silurian
Rocks is quite wrong. They belong to the Upper or Walker’s
Creek Series, and not to the fossiliferous Lower Silurian Series,
on which they rest unconformably. By failing to recognise this
fact the paragraph is quite misleading. To discuss the errors
Mr. Brown’s reading would lead to in interpreting such Ranges
as the James’, Gardiner’s, Geo. Gill’s, and Levi’s is needless. Suf-
fice it to say that the Upper or Walker’s Creek Series extends
from north of the Mission Station, southwards (with one inter-
ruption) to near Parkes’s Running Water, and east and west of
that line for many miles; but south of the latter point Silurian
and Cambrian rocks are more generally met with.

Mr. Brown is in error in stating that the upper series forms
the George Gill’s Range. That range is composed of Silurian
Rocks in the main, but at the western end the Walker’s Creek
Series are seen to overlie the Silurian Rocks unconformably. I
make this latter statement with hesitation, because I had not
time to verify my impressions as to the Devonian being there,
but think I may without much risk venture so far. The southern
portion of the James’ Ranges is composed chiefly of Silurian and
Cambrian, not of the Walker’s Creek Series of rocks. Until
Ooraminna Cliff is proven to belong to the Walker’s Creek Series
it is better, in my opinion, not to connect the Walker’s Creek
(Devonian *?) Series and the Ooraminna Cliff Rocks together, be-
cause the Ooraminna Sandstone may turn out to be Silurian, and
not, as has been supposed, of Devonian (?) age. There is a resem-
blance in the lithological character and in the bold headlands,
which is a characteristic of both the Upper or Walker’s Creek
Series (Devonian?) and the Lower Silurian or Mareeno Bluff
Series, and I have no doubt it was this striking similarity that
led Mr. Brown into error.

FURTHER NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA,
WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEw GENERA AND
SPECIES.

By tHE Rev. T. Biackspurn, B.A.
[Read October, 2, 1894.]
MVE

CARABIDZ.
LITHOSTROTUS (gen. nov. Lebidarum).

Mas. Corpus pilis erectis vestitum; caput minus elongatum ;
oculi parvi (orbitu postoculari sat dilatato fere ultra oculum
exstanti); palporum labialium articulus ultimus fortiter
securiformis ; mentum medium haud dentatum; antennarum
articulus 3"° glabrer; prothoracis margo posticus fortiter
lobatus ; elytra postice oblique subtruncata ; tarsi supra
glabri, articulo 4° breviter emarginato ; unguiculi basin
versus serrati ; tarsorum anticorum articuli i subtus squa-
mulati.

The small Lebiid for which I propose this generic name is not
much like any other known to me, and I hardly know where to
place it in the sub-family ; perhaps its structural characters point
to an alliance with Diabaticus.

L. cerulescens, sp. nov. Modice elongatus, capite quam pro-
thorax vix angustiori; sat nitidus ; nigro-ceeruleus, antennis
rufopiceis, tibiis rufis; supra pilis erectis minus crebre
vestitus ; antennis sat robustis prothoracis basin vix super-
antibus ; capite prothoraceque fortius minus crebre punctu-
latis ; hoc leviter transverso, canaliculato, anguste marginato,
cordato, antice subtruncato, angulis posticis acutis denti-
formibus ; elytris subovatis minus convexis, fortiter striatis,
interstitiis grosse seriatim punctulatis (sicut wets in
tubercula planata divisa videntur). Long., 21.; lat., +1

The very peculiar sculpture of the elytra renders ane it ee
easily recognisable. The seriate punctures in the interstices are
so coarse as to equal the width of the interstices themselves,
which are thus interrupted at short intervals, so as to present the
appearance of the surface of the elytra being tessellated by
almost similar longitudinal and transverse strie ; or the appear-
ance might be described as that of the interstices consisting of
series of small square flat tubercles.

Victoria ; Alpine District.

201

ECTROMA.

E. parvicolle, sp. nov. Oblongum, postice paullo latius ; testaceum
elytris postice et segmento ventrali apicali infuscatis, pro-
thorace obscure fusco-cincto et in medio fusco-bivittato ;
antennarum articulo basali 3° subbreviori ; prothorace parvo
sat transverso, antice subtruncato quam _ postice vix
angustiori, lateribus parum arcuatis postice nullo modo
sinuatis, angulis posticis sat rotundatis; elytris striatis.
Long., 24 1.; lat., 14.1.

As both the specimens that I have seen of this insect are
females, there is a possibility that the discovery of the male might
involve its removal from Ectroma, although it appears so evi-
dently congeneric with the females of the species previously
attributed to the genus that I do not think there is any danger
in placing it with them. It is not unlike, in color and markings,
E. obsoletum, Blackb., and has somewhat the appearance of a
washed-out specimen of Sarothrocrepis corticalis, Fab. It may at
once be distinguished, however, from Z. obsoletwm, and from the
others previously described of the genus by its comparatively
_ small prothorax, the sides of which are not at all sinuate behind,
while the hind angles are extremely obtuse—almost rounded off.

W. Australia ; sent by Mr. French.

AGONOCHEILA.

A. perplexa, sp. nov. Ferruginea, capite prothoraceque rufescen-
tibus, elytrorum sutura et vitta submarginali (hac postice
dilatata) infuscatis; prothorace fortiter transverso, antice
parum emarginato, angulis anticis rotundatis posticis obtusis,
lateribus sat fortiter arcuatis mox ante medium subangulatis
postice vix sinuatis ; elytris fortiter crebre (fere ut A. cribri-
pennis, Chaud., sed paulo magis crebre) punctulatis, distincte
striatis ; maris tarsorum anticorum articulis modice dilatatis.
Long., 24 1. ; lat., 13, 1

This species is easily recognisable by the puncturation of the
elytra being as strong and coarse as, but evidently closer than, in

A eribripennis, Chaud., while its elytra are about as distinctly

striate as those of A. curtula, Er., and its prothorax scarcely

differs from that of the latter species except in being slightly less
transverse, and with hind angles slightly less defined.
Victoria.
SCOPODES.

S. sumplex, sp. nov. Ovalis ; nigro-cceruleus ; capite supra longi-
tudinaliter sat fortiter striolato; prothorace quam caput
angustiori, supra leviter striolato, modice transverso, angulis
posticis obtusis bene determinatis, latitudine majori mox
pone marginem anticum posita, lateribus postice sinuatis

202

antice subangulatis ; elytris minus sericeis, striatis, inter-
stitiis convexis (3° 3-punctato). Long. 24 1; lat., 1 1. (vix).
Easily distinguishable by its uniform dark-blue color and by
the absence of the appearance of silky tessellation on the elytra.
These characters give it somewhat the general aspect of a
Catascopus, but it seems to be a true Scopodes. The shape of the
prothorax is more like that of tasmaniceus than of any other
species known to me, but the segment is less transverse than in
tasmanicus, and is considerably more narrowed behind, with more
explanate hind angles.
Victoria ; on the higher mountains of the Alpine Range.

S. intermedius, sp. nov. Ovalis vel leviter ovatus; nigro-
sericeus, elytris tessellatis, pedibus antennarumque basi
luridis, illis plus minusve fulvo-variegatis; capite supra
longitudinaliter sat fortiter striolato; prothorace quam caput
angustiori, supra crebre sat distincte nec ordinatim striolato,
modice transverso, angulis posticis sat fortiter dentiformibus,
latitudine majori mox pone marginem anticum posita, later-
ibus ante medium fortiter angulatis (angulis subdentiform-
ibus); elytris striatis interstitiis convexis sinuato-subinter-
ruptis (3° 3-foveolato). Long., 2—22 1. ; lat., =,—1 1.

This species has much the appearance of S. sigillatus, Germ.,
from which it differs chiefly by its considerably larger size and
darker color, and by the much greater convexity of its elytral
interstices (including the suture).

Tasmania ; sent to me by A. Simson, Esq.

S. flavipes, sp. nov. Ovalis; sat nitidus; eneo-subauratus,
sericeus, elytris plus minusve tessellatis, antennis pedibusque
(tarsis vix infuscatis) flavo-testaceis ; capite supra longi-
tudinaliter striolato; prothorace quam caput angustiori,
supra crebre subtiliter nec ordinatim striolato, modice trans-
verso, angulis posticis sat fortiter dentiformibus, latitudine
majori mox pone marginem anticum posita, lateribus ante
medium fortiter angulatis (angulis subdentiformibus) ; elytris
striatis, apice suturali subproducto, interstitiis vix convexis
(3° 3-foveolato). Long., 2 1.; lat., =5 1.

This species is another ally of sigillatus, compared with which
it is a little larger, and more nitid, with a more golden tone of
color; with legs and antenne entirely yellow except a slight
infuscation of the tarsi. The prothorax resembles that of szgz/-
latus, except in the base being differently shaped ; in szgillatus
the hinder edge of the projecting hind angle runs obliquely hind-
ward and inward so that the outline of that part of the pro-
thoracic margin which is in front of the projecting hind angle is
continued almost in the same direction for a short distance

203

behind the hind angle, while in the present species the hind mar-
gin of the hind angle runs directly inward almost at right angles
to the general lateral outline of the prothorax. The elytra are
very like those of sigz//atws, but with the interstices scarcely so
convex, and the sutural apex evidently more produced.

S. Australia.

CYCLOTHORAX.

C. cinctipennis, Blackb. This species seems to be identical
with that described by Castelnau under the name Phorticosomus
lateralis, and must, therefore, stand as Cyclothoraa lateralis, Cast.
It has nothing to do with Phorticosomus.

HY DROPHILID AL.

PARACYMUS.

P. (Cyclonotum) pygmaeus, Macl. I have recently received
examples (compared wich the type) of this insect from Mr. Lea.
They seem certainly identical with Paracymus (Hydrobius)
nitidiusculus, Brown. Macleay’s is the older name.

STAPHYLINID.
PHILONTHUS.

P. sanguinicollis, Fauv. This species (from comparison with
a type of Macleay’s species sent to me by Mr. Lea) is identical
with Philonthus subcingulatus, Macl., and must, therefore,
become a synonym as Macleay’s is the older name.

SCOPAUS.

S. ruficollis, Fvl. This insect is probably, judging by Fauvel’s
description, identical with that described by Macleay as Stilicus
ovicollis. I have recently obtained from Mr. Lea an example of
the latter that has been compared with Macleay’s type, and it is
certainly a Scopewus. Macleay’s is the older name.

NITIDULID.

BRACHYPEPLUS.

b. Haagi, Reitter, seems to be identical with B. Murray,
Macl., of which Mr. Lea has sent me an example compared with
the type. Reitter’s description is too brief for absolutely certain
identification, but the specimen of 4. Murrayi agrees well with it
as far as it goes. Both are founded on examples from Queensland.
Macleay’s is the older name.

CARPOPHILUS.

C. excellens, Keitter, is probably identical with C. luwridipennis,
Macl., of which Mr. Lea has sent me an example compared with
the type. Macleay’s is the older name.

204

MACROURA.

M. Baileyi, Blackb. This species seems to be indentical with
M. (Carpophilus) obscwrus, Macl., of which Mr. Lea has sent
me an example compared with the type. Macleay’s is the older
name.

MYCETOPHAGID.X.

DIPLOCGELUS.

D. Leai, sp. nov. Sat late ovalis ; brunneus, pilis elongatis con-
coloribus erectis vestitus ; capite cum prothorace sparsim sat
fortiter punctulato ; hoc quam longiori fere duplo latiori,
utrinque profunde longitudinaliter bisulcato (sulco interno
basin versus late dilatato), in medio canaliculato (canali
basin versus dilatato), antice et postice bisinuato, ad basin
ineequaliter marginato, angulis posticis sat acutis; elytris
vix manifeste striatis, longitudinaliter seriatim punctulatis,
puncturis in seriebus alternis his majoribus illis minoribus ;
segmento basali ventrali in medio oblique bistriato ; anten-
narumn clave articulo 1° quam 2" vix angustiori. Long., 34
l.; lat., 14.1

Very distinct by its large size and the long erect pilosity with
which it is clothed, the very strongly impressed sulci of its upper

surface, &e.

N.S. Wales; taken by Mr. Lea.

LAMELLICORNES.

TEMNOPLECTRON.

T. dwersicolle, sp. nov. Rotundato-ovatum ; convexum ; nigrum,
obscure viridi-micans, pedibus rufescentibus, antennis pal-
pisque testaceis ; capite sat «quali vix planato vix mani-
feste punctulato, margine antico in medio bidentato ; pro-
thorace sublevi, quam longiori fere duplo latiori, sat convexo;
lateribus antice subito oblique convergentibus pone medium
vix manifeste marginatis, angulis anticis acutis (posticis
rotundatis); elytris convexis levibus, obsoletissime 7-striatis
et striis distinctis nonnullis (his postice abbreviatis) in parte
laterali quasi-epipleurali. Long., 34 1.; lat., 24 1

This species is at once distinguished from the three known to
me of those previously described as occurring in Queensland by
the absence of a continuous reflexed margin to the prothorax. An
extremely fine carinated edge is barely traceable for a short dis-
tance from the base, and is followed by an interval in which the
prothorax has no trace whatever of a reflexed margin. The fourth

Queensland species (7. politulam, Macl.) I have not seen, and its

author has not characterised the structure of its prothoracic

205

margin; but it is evidently distinct from the present insect, as
its size is given as much smaller (long., 24 1.), and its head is said
to have a “small sharp notch on either side under the eyes,”
which is not present in the specimen before me. Besides the
Queensland species three from Western Australia have been
described by Sir W. Macleay as attributable to this genus ; they,
however, are very different from the Queensland species, and
perhaps not genuine members of Z'emnoplectron, as two of them
are said to have the clypeus ‘“‘sex-dentate in front ;” and the other
(scarcely described) is a very minute species (long., 11.). The
examples on which this description is founded are females.
Probably the sexual characters of the male are very similar to
those in the other species of the genus.
N. Queensland.
RHOPHA.

f. callabonnensis, sp. nov. Sat elongata ; pubescens, capite inter
oculos prothorace sternis (his densissime) pygidio pedibusque
longe villosis; rufescens vel flavo-brunneus ; clypeo (hoc
fortiter concavo) et capite postice sublevibus ; capite inter
oculos crassissime ruguloso; prothorace quam longiori (et
postice quam antice) duabus partibus latiori, minus crebre
subfortiter punctulato, lateribus crenulatis angulis posticis
obtusis ; elytris subcrasse rugulosis, obsolete 4-costatis.

Maris antennarum flabello elongato 7-articulato. Long., 11 1. ;
lat., 54 1.
Differs from all its previously described congeners except

f. Mussoni, Blackb., by its much coarser sculpture. From

Musson it may be at once distinguished by the antennal flabel-

lum of the male having seven equal joints, by the deeply con-

cave and almost impunctulate clypeus, &c.

S. Australia; taken by Mr. Zietz near Lake Callabonna.

ZIETZIA (gen. nov. Macrophyllidarum).

Mas. Mentum sat planum, antice sat truncatum; maxille
modicz, loba externa dentata ; palpi labiales breves, articulo
apicali ad apicem obtuso ; palpi maxillares elongati, articulo
apicali quam ceteri conjuncti sublongiori supra longitudinali-
ter impresso; labrum perpendiculare haud emarginatum ;
antenne 10-articulate, clava 8-articulata arcuata quam
stipes quintuplo longiori ; elytra (vix seriatim) punctulata,
vix distincte costulata; cox antice transverse; pedes
modici, tarsis haud dilatatis, unguiculis simplicibus.

This genus may be at once distinguished from nearly if not
quite all other Melelonthid genera by the following characters in
combination :—Claws simple, antenne 10-jointed, with an 8-
jointed club. It is no doubt allied to Holophylla and Othnonius.

206

Z. geologa, sp. nov. Oblonga; sat parallela; vix nitida ;
testaceo-brunnea ; clypeo subverticali profunde concavo ;
capite inter oculos grosse ruguloso et breviter hirsuto postice
in medio levi; prothorace fortiter transverso sat grosse sat
crebre punctulato, lateribus fortiter rotundatis, angulis
anticis obtusis minus productis posticis subrectis ; scutello
fere ut prothorax, elytris magis grosse magis rugulose, punc-
tulatis ; pygidio minus verticali, sat gibboso, sat obscure
punctulato; corpore supra setis pallidis brevibus (his singulis
in puncturis singulis positis) vestito ; corpore subtus antice
longe postice minus perspicue hirsuto. Long., 8 1; lat., 41.
(Vix).

This species is evidently much like Lolophylla furfuracea,
Burm., in general appearance ; but as its antenne, claws, and
abdomen all differ in most important characters from those of
H. furfuracea as Burmeister describes them, it can have nothing
to do with that genus. As I have previously pointed out to the
Roy. Soc. 8.A. (Tr., 1867, p. 211), Burmeister and Erichson differ
inter se re the abdominal character of LHolophylla, which cannot
be amember (if the former is reliable) of the Macrophyllides.
Indeed, he distinctly says it is not. If he is wrong, and if more-
over the antennal discrepancies were disregarded, on the supposi-
tion that both authors might have mistaken a female for a male,
there would still remain the fact that both authors describe the
claws as dentate, and that is a discrepancy which cannot be
evaded.

S. Australia ; taken by Mr. Zeitz near Lake Callabonna.

ANOPLOGNATHUS.

A. quadrilineatus, Waterh. This species is clearly identical

with A. abnormis, Macl. Macleay’s is the older name.
CORYNOPHYLLUS.

C. melas, Fairm. This species seems from the description quite
indistinguishable from C. Haroldi, Shp., and is doubtless identical
with it. Dr. Sharp’s is the older name.

ISODON.

I. (Cheiroplatys) pecuarius, Reiche. This insect is certainly,
I think, an Jsodon. J. subcornutus, Fairm., is almost certainly
identical with it. Reiche’s is the older name.

MICROVALGUS.

M. scutellaris, sp. nov. Nigro-piceus, squamis albis (nonnullis
piceis intermixtis) vestitus, antennis palpis prothorace
(maculis nonnullis exceptis) elytrisque ferrugineis; pro-
thorace quam longiori vix latiori, obscure squamose punctu-
lato, antice sat angustato, angulis anticis acutis sat fortiter

207

productis posticis obtusis ; elytris vix perspicue punctulato-
striatis. Long., 1—211.; lat., ,»{—1 1.

This species is much like If. Lapeyrousei, L & G., but differs
from it by larger size, dark-piceous color of scutellum, and mix-
ture among the whitish scales of the upper surface of an almost
equal proportion of dark scales.

N.S. Wales.

BUPRESTID.

CYPHOGASTRA.

C. Macfarlaner, Waterh. Mr. French has lately received a
specimen taken in the Endeavour River District of N. Queensland
apparently referable to this species (which was founded on an
example from Murray Island in Torres Straits). Mr. Water-
house’s description consists merely of a few lines briefly in-
dicating the differences between C. Macfarlanei and C. venerea,
Thoms., so it is difficult to feel quite sure in identifying his
insect, but certainly the differences between the specimen from
N. Queensland before me and C. venerea seem to be almost
exactly those Mr. Waterhouse specifies. The only discrepancy I
observe is that whereas Mr. Waterhouse says Macfarlanei has
“indications of a small impression below the shoulder,” the
elytra of Mr. French’s insect present a very distinct impression
within (rather than below) the shoulder—indeed, it is nearer to
the suture than to the shoulder, but I do not think this quite
sufficient distinction to warrant the bestowal of a new name.

METAXYMORPHA.

M. glorivsa, sp. nov. Nitida; modice elongata ; modice angusta;
splendide ccerulea, elytris (macula communi suturali apicali
cerulea et marginibus lateralibus sanguineis exceptis)
testaceis; capite longitudinaliter leviter sulcato, minus for-
titer vix crebre punctulato ; prothorace fere ut caput punc-
tulato, pone marginem anticum transversim impresso,
lateribus leviter arcuatis, latitudine majori trans basin
posita ; elytris ad apicem 3-spinosis, sat fortiter striatis,
striis sat subtiliter sat crebre punctulatis, interstitiis sub-
planis distincte sat crebre punctulatis; corpore subtus
(sternorum lateribus punctulatis exceptis) fere levi; seg-
mento ventrali apicali (maris‘) late triangulariter emar-
ginato. Long., 13 1.; lat., 54 1.

This extremely fine and interesting new species of Buprestidw
has lately been received from N. Queensland by Mr. French.
Apart from its totally different coloring and markings, it differs
from WM. Grayi, Parry, inter alia by the regular striation of its
elytra. The cyaneous patch at the apex of its elytra, which is

208

their only marking, is of the same shape as the corresponding
patch in Stigmodera amabilis, L. and G. (as figured Tr. Ent. Soc.,
1866, t. 3, fig. 1), except that its external front angle is rounded
off. The elytra have the same peculiar shape as those of I. Grayi
in the front of their external margin, being obliquely sloped so
as to continue the line of the external margin of the prothorax.
The apical spines of the elytra are as in I. Grayt.

Semnopharus apicalis, v.d. Poll., appears to be a Metaxymorpha
and to resemble the present insect ; but it is evidently quite dif-
ferent, as the apical spot on its elytra is described as of different
shape, its abdomen is said to be of fulvous color, and its elytral
interstices impunctulate.

N. Queensland.

MALACODERMIDE.
XANTHEROS, Laarm.

I cannot see anything in M. Fairmaire’s diagnosis of this
genus inconsistent with its identity with either Metriorhynchus
or Trichalus with which its author does not even compare it. I
have an insect from Queensland which, as a species, agrees so
well with the description of X. nwhicollis, Fairm., that I can
hardly doubt its being identical, and it certainly appears to be a
Trichalus. Metriorhynchus and Trichalus cannot, in my opinion,
be satisfactorily treated as generically distinct.

ATTALUS.

T do not think that the two Australian species which have
been attributed to this genus (abdominalis, Er., and australis,
Fairm.), are satisfactorily placed there. Attalus is distinguished
(among the Malachizdes with 11-jointed antennz) by its possess-
ing elongate lamellee on its claws and having the second joint of
its anterior tarsi in the male prolonged over the next two joints.
In my collection are two Malachiides (from Tasmania and N.S. W.,
the localities from which the two species were described) which
agree so well with the descriptions of A. abdominalis and aus-
tralis that I can hardly doubt their being those species; but
they do not present the special characters just mentioned, and,
moreover, present a character that in itself seems to require their
separation from Atta/us—viz., the diminutiveness of the basal
joint of the tarsi. I cannot ascertain that any genus has been
named to which these species can be referred and therefore pro-
pose a new name for them, treating, however, a new species as
the type of the genus to provide against the possibility of my
not having correctly identitied abdominalis and australis.

HYPATTALUS (gen. nov., Malachidarum).

Palpi breves, articulo ultimo obconico; labrum transversum ;
caput sat breve; antennz ad capitis latera inserte, minus

209

elongate, 11-articulate, intus serrate, articuli 2° parvo 3°-10°
inter se plus minusve equalibus, 11° longiori; prothorax
modicus ; elytra sat elongata abdomen tegentia ; pedes sat
elongati ; tarsi modici, articulis basali vix distincto, 2°
elongato, 3° 4°que brevibus ; unguiculi parvi appendiculati.

This genus is sufficiently characterised among Australian
genera as a Malachiid (having exsertile vesicles well developed),
but with tarsi having their joints proportioned as (and much
resembling) those of a Clerid.

H. punctulatus, sp. nov. WNitidus; pilis erectis minus crebre
vestitus ; niger, prothorace et abdominis parte mediana rufis,
elytris obscure cyaneis testaceo-micantibus, antennarum
articulis basalibus subtus pedibusque (plus minusve late)
testaceis ; capite sublevi, fronte impressa; antennis quam
corporis dimidium vix brevioribus; prothorace fortiter
transverso sublevi; elytris in disco distincte sat crebre
antice et apicem versus obsolete punctulatis. Long., 141. ;
lat., # 1.

The legs vary in color, being in some examples testaceous, with
only the base of the femora and the tarsi infuscate ; in other
examples almost entirely infuscate. At once distinguishable from
Attalus abdominalis, Er., and A. australis, Fairm. (which I be-
lieve to be congeneric), by its considerably larger size and the
different color of its elytra, which are of a pale-bluish color, with
a testaceous gloss. Its distinctly punctulate elytra also separate
it from abdominalis, and the scarcely defined sutural edging of
its elytra from australis, in which (if I have identified it cor-
rectly) the suture is defined by a well-marked fine elevated line.

S. Australia; Eyre’s Peninsula.

H, elegans, sp. nov. Nitidus; pilis erectis vestitus; colore
preecedenti simillimus, elytris lete cceruleis et pedibus totis
nigris exceptis ; capite subleevi, fronte utrinque longitudinal-
iter impressa; antennis quam corporis dimidium paullo
longioribus ; prothorace minus fortiter transverso, sublevi ;
elytris in disco subfortiter minus crebre antice et apicem
versus Magis sparsim magis obsolete punctulatis. Long

5°?
2 1.; lat., 5% 1.

The comparatively large side of this species renders it incap-
able of confusion with Attalus abdominalis, Er., and A. australis,
Fairm., and its elytra are punctured much more evidently than in
the former, and much more sparsely than in the latter of them.
From H. punctulatus it differs by the color of its elytra—a bril-
liant metallic blue—and legs (though it is quite possible the latter
may be variable), by the presence of a well defined fine sutural

O

210

edging of the elytra, by the larger and sparser punctures on its
elytra, and by its less transverse prothorax.
N.S. Wales ; Blue Mountains.

TENEBRIONIDA.
CESTRINUS.

C. Championi, sp. nov. Oblongus; piceo-niger, setis brevibus
adpressis aureis sparsim vestitus; capite minus_brevi,
fortiter subrugulose punctulato; antennis prothoracem
superantibus apicem versus leviter incrassatis ; hoc leviter
transverso, minus crebre (quam caput paullo minus fortiter)
punctulato, antice arcuato-emarginato quam postice angust-
iori, postice in medio late leviter lobato, lateribus arcuatis
postice leviter sinuatis, angulis posticis acute rectis, lati-
tudine majori ad medium posita; elytris punctulato-striatis,
puncturis in striis quadratis sat magnis, interstitiis subcon-
vexis rugulosis ; maris tibiis anticis pone apicem intus late
leviter emarginatis, tarsis anticis leviter dilatatis. Long.,
541; lat., 2 1.

Larger than any previously described species of the genus
except Bidwelli, Hope, which is described as having rows of
tubercles on the elytra, and therefore must be very distinct. The
head and prothorax are much less closely punctured than in
trivialis, Er., the sides of the latter more sinuate behind, the
seriate punctures of the elytra somewhat coarser. Mr. Champion
has seen this insect, and cannot identify it with any previously
described.

S. Australia ; Morgan.

C aspersus, sp. nov. Oblongo-ovatus ; sat convexus ; sat opacus ;
piceus, setis brevibus suberectis (alteris nigris, alteris pallidis)
vestitus, antennis pedibusque plus minusve rufescentibus ;
capite rugulose sat crebre punctulato ; antennis prothoracem
haud superantibus ; hoc fortiter transverso, crasse rugulose
punctulato, antice minus fortiter arcuato-emarginato quam
postice angustiori, postice truncato, lateribus sat arcuatis
postice vix sinuatis, angulis posticis obtusis fere rectis, lati-
tudine majori mox ante medium posita; elytris punctulato-
striatis, interstitiis vix convexis rugulosis. Long., 24—311.;
lat., 14—1,3, 1.

IT do not observe any well marked sexual characters in the
examples of this species that have come under my notice. The
presence of setze of two colors vaguely intermingled gives the
elytra a speckled appearance. This is the species referred to by
Mr. Champion (Tr. Ent. Soc., 1894, p. 356) as closely allied to his
C. brevis. |

S. Australia.

211

C. angustior, sp. nov. Elongato-ovatus ; minus convexus ; minus
nitidus ; piceus vel piceo-niger, setis brevibus obscuris sub-
erectis vestitus, antennis pedibusque plus minusve dilutior-
ibus, capite rugulose sat crebre punctulato ; antennis pro-
thoracem superantibus, articulis 9° leviter 10° fortiter trans-
versis ; prothorace leviter transverso, ut caput punctulato,
antice arcuato-emarginato quam postice multo angustiori,
postice in medio late subquadratim lobato, lateribus leviter
arcuatis postice manifeste sinuatis, angulis posticis rectis,
Jatitudine majori ad medium posita; elytris punctulato-
striatis, puncturis in striis quadratis sat magnis, interstitiis
leviter convexis vix rugulosis; maris tibiis anticis versus
apicem (ut C. trwialis, Er.) dilatatis, tarsis anticis leviter
dilatatis. Long., 34—-4 1.; lat., 12 1.

This species seems nearer to C. trivialis, Er., than to any
other described species. Compared with it, its color is of a much
more brownish (rather than black) tone, its form is narrower,
and more parallel, its prothorax is less transverse (to a casual
glance appearing quite as long as wide), and more distinctly
lobed at the base (the lobe appearing quite squarely truncate be-
hind when viewed with the head of the insect towards the ob-
server), and the antenne are more slender with their third joint
proportionally longer. Mr. Champion has compared this species
with the types of those described by Hope and Pascoe and finds
it distinct from them.

S. Australia.

C’. eremicola, sp. nov. Oblongus; piceo-niger, setis brevissimis
aureis retrorsum curvatis sat sparsim vestitus, antennis
pedibusque picescentibus, tarsis ferrugineis ; capite fortiter
subrugulose punctulato ; oculis parvis ; antennis prothoracem
superantibus, apicem versus parum incrassatis ; prothorace
sat transverso, fortiter sat crebre vix rugulose (fere ut caput)
punctulato, antice arcuato-emarginato quam postice multo
angustiorl, postice in medio late leviter lobato, lateribus
rotundatis postice nullo modo sinuatis, angulis posticis rectis,
latitudine majori ad medium posita; elytris punctulato-
striatis, puncturis in striis sat magnis sat rotundatis, inter-
stitiis subelevatis sublevibus. Long., 51 1.; lat., 14 1.

This species, on account of its large size and non-tuberculate
elytra, needs distinguishing only from C. Championi, to which it
is rather closely allied ; but it is readily separated from that in-
sect by its more slender antennz scarcely thickened towards the
apex, its smaller eyes, and more transverse prothorax with
coarser and much closer puncturation, the sides of which are
rather strongly rounded and not at all simuate behind. The

212

elytra also are differently sculptured, the strize containing for

the most part rounded and not very closely placed punctures,

whereas in C. Championi the puncturation of the striz is caused

by fine transverse keels connecting interstice with interstice.
Central Australia ; near Oodnadatta.

C. Zietzi, sp. nov. Oblongus; piceo-niger, setis brevissimis
aureis retrorsum curvatis sat sparsim vestitus, antennis tar-
sisque vix dilutioribus; capite crebre subrugulose sat fortiter
punctulato ; oculis parvis; antennis prothoracem superant-
ibus, apicem versus leviter incrassatis ; prothorace sat trans-
verso, crebre sat fortiter nec rugulose (fere ut caput)
punctulato, antice arcuato-emarginato quam postice multo
angustiori, postice in medio late minus perspicue lobato,
lateribus rotundatis postice nullomodo sinuatis, angulis pos-
ticis sat acute rectis, latitudine majori ad medium posita ;.
elytris punctulato-striatis, puncturis in striis minoribus
crebris quadratis, interstitiis fere planis sublevibus. Long.,
54 1.; lat., 2 1.

Another large species allied to the preceding, from which it
differs by its antenne somewhat more robust, its prothorax and
head evidently more finely and closely punctulate, and by the
sculpture of its elytra, the punctures of the striz being similar
to those of C. Championi, but evidently smaller. In
C. eremicola the diameter of most of the punctures in the striz
is greater than the width of an interstice between the strie ; in
this species much less. This species differs from C. Championr
in its prothorax shaped like that of C. eremicola, in its smaller
eyes, the smaller punctures in the elytral strie, and the much
less rugulose elytral interstices.

Central Australia ; taken by Mr. Zietz near Lake Callabonna,

C. minor, sp. nov. Oblongus ; piceo-niger, setis brevissimis ful-
vis sparsim vestitus, antennis pedibusque picescentibus,
tarsis dilutioribus ; capite sat crasse ruguloso, fronte im-
pressa ; oculis parvis ; antennis prothoracem superantibus,
apicem versus modice incrassatis, articulis 9° vix 10° leviter
transversis ; prothorace sat transverso, ut caput punctulato,
antice arcuato-emarginato quam postice parum angustiori,
postice fortiter bisinuato sed vix in medio lobato, lateribus
parum arcuatis postice vix sinuatis, angulis posticis acutis,
latitudine majori paullo ante medium posita ; elytris punctu-
lato-striatis, puncturis in striis sat magnis, interstitiis sat
planis uniseriatim granulatis. Long., 3 1.; lat., lyo1.

May be distinguished superficially from its described con-
geners by its small size and dark antenne in combination. It is
also remarkable for the very slight curve of the sides of its pro-

213

thorax (scarcely greater than in C. punctatissimus, Pasc.) and
the very slight narrowing of the front part of that segment, in
which again it resembles punctatissimus, but it is of very much
broader and less fragile-looking form than that species, and its
prothorax is very much more strongly transverse and its elytral
strise are very much more coarsely and less closely punctulate.
C. angustior also has a prothorax with feebly arcuate sides, but
it is much less transverse than that of C. minor, and is at its
widest in the middle. The unique type of this species seems to
be a female.

Victoria.

HOPATRUM.

H. Meyricki, sp. nov. Ovale; sat opacum; fuscum, setulis
minutis albidis sat crebre vestitum ; capite sat lato, crebre
subtilius subrugulose punctulato, clypeo a fronte sulco vix
manifesto diviso antice profunde triangulariter emarginato,
ad latera sat fortiter (fere ut H. Walkeri, Champ.) producto ;
oculis nullo modo divisis; antennis brevibus, prothoracis
basin haud attingentibus, articulis 8-10 transversis; pro-
thorace quam longiori plus quam duplo latiori, ut caput
punctulato, ad latera explanato (quam H. Walkerz paullo
minus late), antice profunde emarginato, postice bisinuato,
lateribus modice arcuatis postice nullo modo sinuatis,
angulis omnibus acutis, latitudine majori ad basin posita ;
scutello ut prothorax punctulato; elytris quam prothorax
parum latioribus, striatis, striis parum distincte punctulatis,
interstitiis fere planis crebre subtilissime granulatis, setulis
in interstitiis inequaliter 4-seriatim dispositis ; tibiis anticis
sat brevibus a basi ad apicem sat fortiter dilatatis, angulo
externo apicali acuto ; tarsis setis sat crassis subtus sparsim
vestitis. Long., 52 ].; lat., 24 1.

This is a fairly well marked species. It is distinguished from
all its described Australian congeners by its large size, also from
the species of the group of H. diverswm, Champion, by the
deeply emarginate front margin of its prothorax, from H. torridum
and Walker by the sides of its prothorax not at all sinuous
behind the middle.

W. Australia ; taken by E. Meyrick, Esq.

H. Carpentaria, sp. nov. Ovale; sat opacum ; nigrum vel piceo-
nigrum, setulis obscure brunneis sat crebre vestitum ; capite
sat lato, crebre ruguloso, clypeo a fronte sulco sat profundo
diviso antice profunde triangulariter emarginato, ad latera
sat fortiter (fere ut H. Walkeri, Champ.) producto ; oculis
nullo modo divisis ; antennis sat brevibus, prothoracis basin
vix attingentibus, articulis 8-10 transversis; prothorace

214

quam longiori fere duplo latiori, crebrius subtiliter granu-
lato, ad latera explanato (quam 4. Walkeri multo minus
late), antice sat fortiter emarginato, postice bisinuato in
medio vix emarginato, lateribus leviter arcuatis postice
manifeste vel vix sinuatis, angulis omnibus acutis, latitudine
majori ad medium posita ; scutello granulato; elytris quam
prothorax paullo latioribus, striatis, striis punctis confertis
subquadratis impressis, interstitiis sat crebre minus perspicue
granulatis [alternis (presertim 3°) sat manifeste convexis, 2°
quam cetera multo augustiori|, tibiis anticis subgracilibus a
basi ad apicem minus fortiter dilatatis, angulo externo
apicali acuto ; tarsis setis sat crassis subtus sparsim vestitis.
Long., 4—43 1.; lat., 14—2 1.

A somewhat inconspicuous species, apparently always covered
with a very dense earthy indumentum completely concealing the
characters. Its most reliable character seems to be the excep-
tional narrowness of the second elytral interstice, which near the
apex is scarcely half as wide as the third. Compared with
H. Walkeri, its prothorax is seen to be much less rounded later-
ally and to have a much more narrowly explanate border, while
the granules of its elytra] interstices are much less conspicuous
and confused. Its elytral strize, moreover, are scarcely rightly
called ‘‘punctulate,” but are divided by closely placed fine ridges
which connect the interstices inter se. The inequality of its
elytral interstices distinguishes this insect from H. torridum and
H. Meyricki, and inter alia the separation of the clypeus from
the hinder part of the head distinguishes it from the species of
the H. diversum group, while its elongate and slender front tibiz
also distinguish it from H. torridum, Kc.

Gulf of Carpentaria, Thursday Island, &c.

H. Adelaide, sp. nov. Sat late ovale; opacum ; piceo-nigrum,
pilis brevibus erectis aureo-fulvis dense vestitum ; capite sat
lato, crasse rugulose punctulato, clypeo a fronte sulco pro-
fundo diviso antice profunde rotundatim emarginato ad
latera latissime (quam H. Walkeri magis late) producto;
oculis nullo modo divisis; antennis brevibus prothoracem
medium haud multo superantibus, articulis 8-10 transversis ;
prothorace quam longiori duplo latiori, crebre ruguloso (quam
caput minus grosse) et subtiliter granulato, ad latera sat
late (quam //. Walkert vix minus late sed minus perspicue)
explanato, antice sat fortiter emarginato, postice bisinuato,
lateribus sat rotundatis postice nullo modo sinuatis, angulis
anticis subacutis posticis rectis vel fere obtusis, latitudine
majori paullo ante basin posita; scutello granulato; elytris
quam prothorax parum latioribus, striatis (striis, binis in-
ternis exceptis, vix impressis et perspicue nec grosse punct-

215

ulatis), interstitiis (internis subconvexis externis planis)
subtiliter crebrius punctulatis et sparsim granulatis; tibiis
anticis sat brevibus, a basi ad apicem fortiter dilatatis,
angulo externo apicali acuto; tarsis setis minus crassis
subtus sparsim vestitis. Long., 4—4}3 1; lat., 23 1.

This is a very distinct species owing to the presence of a short
erect golden-fulvous pubescence rather closely clothing the upper
surface. It is also well characterised by the strongly rounded
sides of its prothorax, which are not in the least sinuous behind,
and by the peculiar striation of its elytra, the sutural stria and
the next to it on each elytron being well marked, while the rest
of the striz are obliterated and their place supplied by mere rows
of punctures. It is probably allied to H. villigerwm, Blanch. (from
N.W. Australia), which I have not seen; but I do not think it is
likely to be identical with villigerum as the pubescence of that
insect is described as ‘‘sparse” and ‘of a grey color,” and the
elytra as having “ well-marked impunctate strie.” The extreme
remoteness iter se of the localities where the two species have
been taken also points to specific distinctness. It is possible that
this is the Hopatrwm taken by Mr. Walker at Port Adelaide,
which Mr. Champion (Tr. Ent. Soc., 1894, p. 359) thinks is
perhaps H. villigerum.

S. Australia; near Adelaide; also on Yorke’s Peninsula.

H. cowardense, sp. nov. Sat late ovale; subnitidum; nigrum,
setulis pallidis minutis minus crebre vestitum ; capite modice
lato, antice longitudinaliter sat crasse ruguloso, postice sub-
tiliter granulato, clypeo antice fortiter arcuatim emarginato,
ad latera minus fortiter (oculos parum excedenti) producto,
oculis nullo modo divisis ; antennis prothoracis basin vix
attingentibus, articulis 8-10 transversis; prothorace quam
longiori plus quam duplo latiori, vix manifeste punctulato,
obsoletissime (in lateribus magis distincte) granulato, antice
profunde arcuatim emarginato, postice bisinuato, angulis
anticis acutis posticis acute rectis retrorsum vix directis,
latitudine majori mox ante basin posita ; scutello manifeste
punctulato ; elytris sublevibus, punctis seriatis vix manifeste
impressis, interstitiis planatis subcoriaceis subtilissime granu-
latis ; corpore subtus pedibusque manifeste sat crebre squam-
ose nec fortiter punctulatis ; tibiis anticis ad angulos acutos
externos sat fortiter a basi dilatatis; tarsis sites subtus
pilis sat elongatis sericeis vestitis. Long., 5 1.; lat., 24 1.

This remarkable species has not a little of ite facies of
Pteroheleus, but the fact of its tarsi being clothed with long
hairs beneath (as in H. disperswm, Champ.), and of its clypeus
being deeply excised after the Hopatrid fashion, shows that it

216

cannot be really a Heleid. On the whole, I see no reason to
separate it from Hopatrum. When alive it is covered, as usual
in Hopatrum, with a coating of earthy matter. At once dis-
tinguished by its non-striate elytra from all its described Aus-
tralian congeners.

Coward Springs, near Lake Eyre.

Since writing this description I have examined three specimens
of Hopatrum taken by Mr. Zietz at Lake Callabonna, which
appear to me to be referable to this species, although at the first
glance they might be considered to represent three species all —
distinct from H. cowardense. The sculpture of the upper surface
seems variable to the utmost extent, but without any other
marked differences. The sight of these has led me to remove the
earthy incrustation from all the specimens that I took at Coward
Springs, and which were all under one stone almost in the water
of the spring. I had previously cleaned a couple of them, and
had assumed the others to be similar. I find, however, that
among the original batch there is no little variation. The type
from which the diagnosis was drawn up has the prothorax very
obsoletely granulate and the elytra almost levigate; but two
specimens taken in company with it have the prothorax more
evidently granulate and the elytra closely and very finely punc-
tulate, and the elytra of one of these latter are traversed by very
fine scratch-like longitudinal lines (not true striz) and are slightly
granulate. The three examples from Lake Callabonna are a little
longer and narrower in form, and, therefore, might possibly repre-
sent a distinct species ; but one of them is less so than the other
two. The sculpture of one of the Lake Callabonna specimens (one
of the more elongate two) is quite identical with that of the last
described example from Coward Springs. The second example
from Lake Callabonna has the elytra more decidedly granulate,
with several rows of rather large very faintly impressed punctures
(scarcely discernible traces of which exist in the original type),
the intervals between which are not quite flat ; while the third
Lake Callabonna specimen has the prothorax still more decidedly,
almost strongly, granulate, while its elytra bear almost regular
rows of well-defined punctures, the third fifth and seventh inter-
vals between these rows being roundly and quite strongly
elevated. The original type and the last mentioned Lake Calla-
bonna specimen could certainly not be treated as specifically
identical without the knowledge of the intermediate forms.

H. darlingense, sp. nov. Ovale; subnitidum; nigrum, setulis
pallidis minutis minus crebre vestitum, antennis pedibusque
plus minusve picescentibus ; capite minus lato fortiter minus
crebre punctulato, clypeo cum capite confuso antice pro-
funde emarginato, ad latera minus fortiter (oculos parum

217

excedenti) producto, oculis haud (sed fere) divisis ; antennis
prothoracis basin attingentibus, articulis 9-10 vix trans-
versis ; prothorace quam longiori minus quam duplo latiori,
fortius sat crebre nec rugulose punctulato, antice minus pro-
funde emarginato, postice bisinuato, lateribus modice arcu-
atis, angulis anticis minus acutis posticis subrectis sat
explanatis, latitudine majori mox ante basin posita ; scutello
ut prothorax punctulato ; elytris quam prothorax sat latior-
ibus, vix striatis, striis puncturis sat fortibus impressis, inter-
stitiis sat planis subtiliter nec crebre punctulatis ; tibiis
anticis sat gracilibus apicem versus modice dilatatis ; tarsis
subtus pilis sat elongatis sericeis vestitis. Long., 4 1. ; lat.,
131.

This species belongs to the same section of Hopatrum as
dispersum, Champion, and vagabundum, Champion, and of which
HI. longicorne, Blackb., is also a member ; it is distinguished by
the long silky hairs that clothe the tarsi, the somewhat exserted
head with its clypeus not separated by a furrow, the compara-
tively narrow orbits of the eyes, the feebly emarginate front of
the prothorax, the feebly (or not at all) rugulose character of the
sculpture, and the almost (or quite) divided eyes. Mr. Champion
describes the eyes of his species as “ divided,” but in the example
of H. dispersum, which he has been good enough to send me, the
two portions of the eye appear to me to be very narrowly in con-
tact with each other at their hinder extremity as they are in the
present species.

The present insect differs from H. dispersum by the very feeble
but comparatively strongly punctured striz of its elytra, from
HF. vagabundum by its non-granulose elytral interstices, and from
H. longicorne (to which it is rather close) by the less crowded
puncturation of the head and prothorax and by the considerably
stronger punctures in the quasi-strie of the elytra.

N.S. Wales; Darling River District.

HT. longicorne, Blackb. In my description of this species
(Trans. Roy. Soc. 8.A., XVI, p. 40) I have introduced an accid-
ental error, having written “ capite cum prothorace elytrisque
sat fortiter sat crebre nec rugulose punctulato.” The word
‘“‘elytrisque” should be excised.

HH, Darwini, sp. nov. Ovale, sat breve; subnitidum ; nigrum,
setulis aureo-fulvis brevibus suberectis minus crebre vestit-
um, antennis tarsisque rufescentibus; capite minus lato
fortiter crebre punctulato, clypeo cum capite confuso antice
profunde emarginato, ad latera minus fortiter (oculos parum
excedenti) producto, oculis haud (sed fere) divisis ; antennis
prothoracis basin vix attingentibus, articulis 8-10 vix con

218

vexis; prothorace quam longiori duplo latiori crebre sat
fortiter punctulato, antice minus profunde emarginato, post-
ice bisinuato, lateribus sat arcuatis postice vix sinuatis,
angulis anticis sat obtusis posticis sat acutis, latitudine
majori vix pone medium posita; elytris quam prothorax
parum latioribus, punctulato-striatis, puncturis in striis sat
magnis sat quadratis, interstitiis subconvexis sparsim punct-
ulatis; tibiis anticis gracilibus, apicem versus leviter
dilatatis ; tarsis subtus Dilis sat elongatis sericeis vestitis.
Long., 3 1.; lat. 121

This also is of the same section as the preceding. It is rather
close to dispersum and vagabundum, differing from the former
inter alia by the squarish somewhat large punctures in its
elytral strie and the shorter vestiture of its upper surface, and
from the latter (as described; I have not seen a type) by the
interstices of its elytral strie not being granuiliferous. From
H. longicorne and darlingense it differs inter alia by the much
stronger striation of its elytra.

N. Territory of 8S. Australia; near Port Darwin.

H. Victorie, sp. nov. Ovale; minus opacum; nigrum, setulis
griseis sat crebre vestitum ; capite sat lato crebre ruguloso,
clypeo a fronte sulco sat profundo diviso antice rotundatim
minus profunde emarginato, ad latera sat fortiter (fere ut -
H. Walkeri, Champ.) producto; oculis nullo modo divisis ;
antennis brevibus prothoracem medium haud multo super-
antibus, articulis 8-10 transversis ; prothorace quam longiori
plus quam duplo latiori, subtiliter subcrebre indistincte
granulato, ad latera explanato (quam H. Walkerz vix minus
late), antice fortiter emarginato, postice bisinuato, lateribus
leviter arcuatis postice nullo modo sinuatis, angulis omnibus
leviter acutis, latitudine majori fere ad basin posita; scutello
ut prothorax granulato; elytris leviter striatis, striis per
rugulas crebras subtiles quasi punctulatis, interstitiis planis
erebre subtiliter punctulatis obsolete granulatis ; tibiis an-
ticis modicis a basi ad apicem dilatatis, angulo externo
apicali acuto ; aa setis sat crassis subtus sparsim vestitis.
Long., 5 1.; lat., 24 1.

This species perhaps may be best compared with H. torridum,
Champion, from which its larger size, much more widely explanate
prothoracic border, wider and more absolutely flat elytral inter-
stices, and generally finer and less rugulose puncturation render
it very distinct. I have seen only a single example, which is in
my own collection. It also resembles Meyricki, Blackb., differing
from it, however, wnter alia by the feeble rounded emargination
of the front of its clypeus.

Victoria.

219

ULOMA.

U. depressa, Pasc. This name seems to have been provided for
the same insect as U/. consentanea, Perroud. The latter is the
older name. I[ may remark that Achthosus, Pasc., does not seem
to differ from Uloma in any way likely to be really generic,
although Pascoe in characterising the former does not make any
reference to the latter.

ADELIUM.

A. ellipticum, sp. nov. Elongato-ovale, postice acuminatum ;
zeneum, antennis tarsisque rufescentibus ; capite subtiliter,
prothorace subtilissime, sparsim punctulatis; hoc antice
angustatum, lateribus pone medium rotundatim dilatatis ;
elytris subtiliter punctulato-striatis, interstitiis sat planis
vix manifeste punctulatis. Long., 7—74 1.; lat.,24—3 1.

A remarkably distinct species. Mr. Champion informs me
that it is in the collection of Mr. F. Bates under the name I
have called it by, but I cannot find that any description has been
published.

N.S. Wales ; Clarence River district.

LICINOMA.

L. sylvicola, sp. nov. Nigra; nitida; capite sparsim subtiliter
punctulato, antice transversim late profunde sulcato ; anten-
narum articulo apicali quam 10° paullo longiori ; prothorace
leviter transverso, postice leviter angustato, sparsim leviter
punctulato, lateribus leviter arcuatis, disco foveis nonnullis
impresso ; elytris sat fortiter punctulato-striatis, interstitiis
sat planis levibus. Long., 4—431.; lat., 1}—12 1.

Mr. Champion has done me the favor of comparing this species
with the two described by Mr. Pascoe and tells me it is distinct
from them. It is obviously very different from Z. violacea, Macl.,
of which the elytra are said to be “of a violet hue” and the head
is described as ‘“ roughly punctate, subrugose.” Unfortunately,
Mr. Pascoe’s descriptions are not of a kind to facilitate the
indication of distinctive characters, and in this case I must limit
myself to saying that LZ. nitida, Pasc., as compared with the
present insect, appears to be differently colored and to have finer
elytral striation, while JZ. elata, Pasc., is a larger and also
differently colored species.

N.S. Wales; Forest Reefs ; taken by Mr. Lea.

ANTHICIDA#.

SYZETON.

S. letus, Blackb. This species is identical with S. (Anthicus)
abnormis, King. It cannot be rightly referred to Anthicus—

220

indeed (as I have previously remarked), it is doubtful whether
Anthicus and Syzeton can rightly be associated in one family.
King’s is the older name.

CURCULIONID%.
CYLAS.

C. formicarius, Fab. According to M. Faust (Ann. Soc. Ent.
Fr., 1893, p. 513) C. turcipennis (Bohem.), Sch., is not distinct
from this species, and therefore twrcapennis ought to be regarded
as a synonym. In April of this present year I recorded the
occurrence in Australia of C. turcipennis.

PHYTOPHAGA.
PAROPSIS.

This genus contains more described Australian species than any
other except Stigmodera. Mr. Masters’ catalogue—1887—
enumerates 271 species, and 15 have been added since. The only
attempt, so far as I know, at a comprehensive treatment of the
species is found in the Ann. Soc. Ent., Belg., 1877, where Dr.
‘Chapuis, in describing a large number of new species, takes the
opportunity to subdivide the genus into four groups, and enumer-
ates the species known to him belonging to each group, but
omits those of previous authors which he had not identified.
Dr. Chapuis’ groups are founded on the sculpture of the elytra, as
follows :—Group I. Elytral punctures without any seriate longi-
tudinal disposition—27 species. Group II. Differs from I. by
the presence of longitudinal smooth spaces among the punctures
of the elytra—19 species. Group III. Each elytron bears ten
longitudinal rows of punctures—118 species. Group IV. Each
elytron bears 20 longitudinal rows of punctures—63 species.
This method of subdividing Paropsis appears to me the best avail-
able—at any rate I cannot find a better. In the Journal of
Entomology for December, 1864, Mr. J. 8. Baly had commenced
a systematic work on Paropsis, of which, however, only a single
part—dealing with 20 species—appeared. Mr. Baly proposed to
divide the genus into only two sections—apparently his first
section equalled Dr. Chapius’ first and second combined, and his
second Dr. Chapuis’ third and fourth combined. I have lately
had the good fortune to obtain a large number of species of
Paropsis from Dr. Chapuis’ collection ticketed with his names,
and with this assistance have been enabled to ascertain the names
of the greater part of the species in my collection and in some
other collections to which I have had access; and I think I am
in a position to furnish a revision of the genus, which, though
doubtless needing correction, may yet serve as a useful basis for

221

future work. In this present memoir I offer to the Royal Society
a revision of the species hitherto described, together with descrip-
tions of 18 new species, belonging to Dr. Chapuis’ Group I., and
hope in the future to be able to offer revisions of the three other
groups.

A few preliminary remarks seem to be called for as to the his-
tory of the genus. It was founded in ]807 by Olivier, and again
under a different name—wWotoclea—in the following year by
Marsham, each of those authors describing a considerable number:
of species. Previously to either of these authors, however, several
species had been described by Fabricius under the name
Chrysomela, together with numerous other species, for most of
which modern classification has found it necessary to provide
other generic names. In subsequent years species of Paropsis
were described by W. 8. Macleay (1827), Boisduval (1835),
White (1841), Newman and Erichson (1842), Gory (1845),
Germar (1848), Bohemann (1858), Stal and Motschulsky (1860),
Fauvel (1862), Baly (1864), Clark (1865), Chapuis (1877), and
Blackburn (1890, 91, and 92).

Turning now to the consideration of the species of Paropsis
referable to Dr. Chapuis’ Group I., I think that the catalogue as
given by its author may be regarded as containing all the pre-
viously described species that there is good reason for attributing
to the group except Parryi, Baly, and Lownei, Baly ; although
it is possible that some of the insufficiently described species—
especially some of Boisduval—may sooner or later be found by
inspection of types to require adding to them. The catalogue,
however, contains names of two species that do not seem entitled
to appear there, viz., crocata, Boisd., and atomaria, Marsh. The
former of these is not intelligibly described, and in my opinion
Dr. Chapuis should have omitted it altogether, as he has done
most of Boisduval’s names, unless he could give the assurance that
he had inspected the type, which it seems almost certain he had
not done. I have a specimen from Dr. Chapuis’ collection ticketed
“ crocata, Adelaide,” which is unquestionably identical with
Waterhouser, Baly. Among the large number of specimens of
the genus that I have examined I have not seen this species from
any locality outside 8. Australia, while Boisduval’s crocata is
presumably from N.S. Wales. There seems no reason, therefore,
to drop Baly’s name of the S. Australian insect in favor of a
name founded on a species from a distant locality to which no
intelligible description is attached, and I accordingly omit crocata
altogether. As regards atomaria, Marsh., it is a nom. preoce.,
Paropsis atomaria, Ol., being a very different insect; and it is
remarkable that this escaped Chapuis’ notice. Chapuis gives
charybdis, Stal., as a synonym of atomaria, Marsh.; and Baly

222

thinks that dilatata, Er., is probably another synonym of it, he
also overlooking the existence of P. atomaria, Oliv. Under these
circumstances it seems perhaps best to take provisionally the
oldest of the names that have been regarded as synonymous and
to call the insect dilatata, Er., until some reason be produced to
the contrary. Atall events atomaria, Marsh., cannot stand.

Thus corrected, Dr. Chapuis’ Catalogue of Group I. contains
the names of 27 species, and of these I have more or less reliable
types of 25—some few of them identified by description, and
most of them represented by types from Chapuis. ‘The two that
I do not know are nigroscutata, Chp., and formosa, Chp.; the
former of these is insufficiently described and may possibly be
my montana or debilitata ; formosa I feel confident that I have
not seen.

Dr. Baly’s descriptions of the 11 species of this group that
bear his names and his re-descriptions of the eight other species
dealt with in his paper referred to above are in most respects
very satisfactory, but two remarks regarding them seem called
for—the one, that they include as main characters the form of
internal sexual organs, which, requiring dissection for examina-
tion, are obviously not easily available to the student (I have
omitted all reference to these organs in my descriptions, from
want of material for dissection); the other, that Baly’s state-
ments of the comparative length, breadth, &c., of prothorax,
elytra, &c. are very unreliable, being evidently not founded on
measurement ; thus that author makes the prothorax of many
species three times (or even more) as broad as loug, whereas I
have not seen any Paropsis (at any rate of Group I.) whose pro-
thorax by measurement *& even very nearly three times as broad
as long, though to a casual glance some appear so ; and again, the
proportion of the length of the elytra to their breadth is always
over-stated by Baly, those organs appearing to the eye consider-
ably longer as compared with their width than actual measure-
ment shows them to be. One of the species (P. suspiciosa) dealt
with by Baly is not a member of Chapuis’ Group I.

Although the species of Paropsis forming this group are for
the most part very satisfactorily distinct inter se, and unlikely to
be reduced in number by subsequent investigation, their dis-
tinctive characters are by no means easy to specify sufficiently
clearly in words for confident identification—often consisting in
differences of form or of sculpture that it is difficult to express
definitely. Consequently J have found it necessary to adopt a
system of indicating the measurements with exactness, as I find
these very constant in either sex of each species. It will be
necessary then to explain—first, that by the “height” of a species
I mean the distance (the insect being so regarded that the suture

223

of the elytra is in its upper outline and the lateral margin is in
its lower outline and the humeral angle seems directed down-
ward) from the highest point of the upper outline to the lower
outline, 7.e., the length of that portion of a pin passing from one
to the other of these points, which would be in the body of the
insect ; second, that the length and breadth of the elytra is
ascertained on the undersurface, the length being the length of a
line from the apex of the elytra to the point where a transverse
line from shoulder to shoulder intersects the longitudinal middle
line of the insect (usually on the prosternum), the breadth being
the greatest distance between the lateral edges of the elytra; in
measuring the breadth allowance must be made for any displace-
ment there may be of the elytra. It is impossible to measure
either length or breadth of elytra reliably on the upper surface
owing to the great convexity of those organs.

After long and careful consideration, I have been unable to
make use of the external sexual organs as specific characters.
They are exceedingly well marked inter-sexually, consisting in
the shape of the tarsal joints, the length of the antenne and the
form of the apical ventral segment, and in some species in the
outline of the body—but they do not vary much specifically.
While this undoubtedly increases the difficulty of distinguishing
species, it removes the objection to describing species on the
characters of one sex alone, as it is easy to judge with tolerable
certainty what would be the characters of the other sex. This
remark has reference merely to Group I. of the genus; in at
least one of the other groups there are species in which sexual
characters seem more important.

In the following table will be found the distinctive characters,
then, of 46 species, which is the total number known to me to-
day as attributable to Dr. Chapuis’ first group of Paropsis ; viz.,
25 enumerated in Dr. Chapuis’ Catalogue, three since described
by myself, and 18, of which the descriptions are furnished below.

Tabulation of those of the described species of Paropsis whose
elytral puncturation is entirely confused (‘Group I.” of
Chapuis) :—

A. Front angles of prothorax mucronate.
B. Sides of prothorax not (or scarcely) bisinuate.

C. Scutellum deep black.
D. Prothorax more than twice as wide as

long 7 Larry, Baly.
DD. Prothorax not more than twice as wide
as long.
E. Dise of elytra with raised wart-like
inequalities .. Lownet, Baly.
EE. Disc of elytra devoid of wart. like
inequalities.

F. Puncturation of elytra moderately
close (as in P. Lownei) ... ... montana, Blackb.

224

FF. Puncturation of elytra much more
close .
CC. Scutellum pallid or a little infuscate.
D. Elytra moderately and not very closely
verrucose.

EK. Large species (long. 51. or more) with
front angles of prothorax strongly
mucronate.

F, Elytral puncturation well defined over
the whole surface.
G. Underside deep black
GG. Underside pallid or more or less
infuscate.

H. Antenne very long (two-thirds
or more of whole body), with
third joint much longer than
first ; :

HH. Antenne normal.

I. Elytral puncturation moder-
ately close.
J. Humeral angles normal.
K. Elytra scarcely wider than

long a ee
KK. Elytraconsiderably wider
than long
JJ. Humeral angles exception-
tionally strongly produced
(elytra longer than wide)
II. Elytral puncturation more
sparse.
J. Elytra wider than long.

K. Elytral puncturation al-
most wanting near middle
of suture ‘

KK. Elytral puncturation less
obsolete near middle of
suture

JJ. Elytra wider than ‘long
FF. Elytral puncturation on disc buried
in rugulosity .. ver
KE. Small species (less ‘than long. 43 1.);
front angles feebly mucronate.
F. Prothorax sparsely punctulate.
G. Elytra normally convex.
H. Very nitid
HH. Much less nitid :
GG. Elytra gibbous behind scutellum
(as in consimilis, Baly) .
FF. Prothorax on disc closely iad evenly
punctulate —...
DD. Elytra (at least towards apex) very
strongly and very closely verrucose.
E. Elytra normally convex.
F. Greatest height of the insect is in
front of middle of elytra.
G. Elytra not wider than long
GG. Elytra wider than long
FF. Greatest height of the insect is be-
hind the middle of the elytra

debilitata, Blackb.

tasmanica, Baly.

longicornis, Blackb.

variolosa, Marsh.

affinis, Blackb.

angusticollis, Blackb.

aciculata, Chp.
Wilsoni, Baly.
advena, Blackb.
cerea, Blackb.

ornata, Marsh.
Bovilli, Blackb.

rufitarsis, Chp.
Paphia, Stal.

reticulata, Marsh.
insularis, Blackb.

dilatata, Er.

225

KE. Elytra gibbous (as in P. consimilis, &c.)
DDD. Interstices of the elytral naa
quite flat
BB. Sides of prothorax strongly bisinuate.
C. Prosternum longitudinally concave.
D. Elytra with raised colored blotches form-
ing a defined pattern.
EK. The blotches on elytra comparatively
small.
F. The blotches not consisting of con-
spicuous vitte.
G. Elytra evenly convex.
H. Underside black
HH. Underside pallid.
I. Prosternum very wide, bisul-

cate oe
II. Prosternum narrower, simply
suleate ...
GG. Elytra gibbous (as in P. gibbosa,
&c.).

H. One of the conspicuous elevated
pale elytral spots is a common
one a little in front of middle
of suture ..

HH. None of the conspicuous pale

spots is placed on the suture

FF. The blotches consist of conspicuous
vitte
EE. At least one of the elytral blotches
large, with diameter equal to one-
quarter the width of an elytron
DD. Elytra not ornamented with a pattern
formed by raised colored blotches.
K. The wart-like inequalities of the elytra
not running in longitudinal series.
F. Underside more or less pallid.
G. Elytra moderately or feebly verru-
cose.

H. Elytra not or only moderately
ovate in form.

I. Elytra without any trace of
transverse dark markings.

J. Puncturation of — elytra
moderately close (more
close than in P. obsoleta,
Oliv.).

K. The color of the elytral
punctures black, in
strong contrast to the
pale yellowish derm ...

KK. The elytral punctures

concolorous, or nearly
so, With the derm.

L. Prothorax considerably
more than twice as
wide as long (color
pale greenish or
greenish yellow)

gibbosa, Blackb.

pictipes, Chp.

lutea, Marsh.

geographica, Baly.

marmorvea, Oliv.

colorata, Blackb.
consimilis, Baly.

propinqua, Baly.

maculata, Marsh.

roséola, Baly.

glauca, Blackb.

226

LL. Prothorax very little
more than twice as
wide as long (color
dark brown) Zi

JJ. Puncturation of elytra very
sparse (more so than in

P. obsoleta) ...
II. Elytra with distinctly trace-
able transverse fasciz, or

rows of blotches placed
transversely.
J. Size comparatively small

(long., 5 1., or less).
K. Sides of prothorax excep-
tionally feebly bisinuate
KK. Sides of prothorax nor-

mal... (4x, rather
strongly bi-emargin-
ate)
JJ. Size much larger (long.,
about 6 1.)

HH. Elytra very strongly dilated
hindward in both sexes
GG. Elytra very strongly verrucose,
especially near apex.
H. Elytra normally convex.
I. Punctures of the elytra moder-
ate (much as in P. porosa,
Bir, Ae )
II. Punctures of the elytra very
large
HH. Elytra sub- gibbous behind scu-
tellum ie in P. consimilis,
&e. )
FF. Underside black
EE. The wart-like inequalities of the
elytra forming longitudinal series..
CC. Prosternum convex in its front half
AA. Front angles of prothorax not mucronate.
B. Lateral margin of elytra normal.
C. Elytral derm unicolorous fusco-testaceous
(length, about 451.) ..
CC. Elytral derm variegated with fulvous and
black (length, about 551.) ..
BB. Elytra with a conspicuous thickened margin
(as in P. longicornis)

aes

montana, Sp. nov.
vexa ; sat nitida; subtus atra ;

yilgarnensis, Blackb.

Zietzi, Blackb.

obsoleta, Oliv.

variegata, Blackb.
mystica, Blackb.
mutabilis, Blackb.

carnosa, Baly.
latissima, Blackb.
convexa, Blackb.
bella, Blackb.

intermedia, Blackb.
porosa, Er.

irrorata, Chp.
Sulvo-guttata, Baly.
Waterhousei, Baly.

Late ovalis (mare subrotundato); con-
supra (scutello atro excepto)

testacea plus minusve rufescens, pedibus atris, femoribus
tibiisque flavo-variegatis, antennis apicem versus nigris ;
capite sat fortiter inequaliter punctulato, linea longitudinali
impresso; antennis quam corporis dimidium (maris sat,
feminz parum) longioribus, articulo 3° quam 1" vix longiori;
prothorace quam longiori vix plus quam duplo latiori, antice
sinuatim fortiter emarginato, postice bisinuato, in disco sat

227
fortiter sat crebre vix acervatim (ad latera crasse) punctulato,
interstitiis subtilissime sparsissime punctulatis, lateribus
leviter arcuatis, angulis anticis mucronatis posticis fere
nullis; elytris quam latioribus haud longioribus (maris
brevioribus), minus crebre (fere ut P. Walsonz) punctulatis,
interstitiis sparsim punctulatis vix (latera apicemque versus
paullo magis distincte) elevatis, angulis humeralibus (a latere
visis) rotundatis deorsum sat productis; prosterni parte
mediana minus lata, longitudinaliter sulcata. Long., mas.,
Golewet. ol. Kem longaal lo; lat: o= 1.

This species comes near P. Parryi, Baly, and P. Lownei, Baly.
From the former it differs by its shorter form, elytral interstices
even less raised, less transverse prothorax, rufous elytra, &c.;
from the latter by its elytra being devoid of distinct wart-like
inequalities, its head and prothorax entirely devoid of black
markings, We.

N.S. Wales ; Blue Mountains.

P. debilitata, sp. nov. Fem. Sat late ovalis; convexa; sat
nitida ; subtus atra (sternis plus minusve flavis exceptis);
supra (scutello atro excepto) sordide flava, pedibus (exempli
descripti) flavis (genubus tibiarum basi et apice tarsisque
nigris exceptis), antennis (parte basali excepta) nigris ;
capite sat fortiter ineequaliter punctulato, linea longitudinali
antice impresso; antennis quam corporis dimidium parum
longioribus, articulo 3° quam 1" haud longiori; prothorace
quam longiori duplo latiori, antice sinuatim fortiter emar-
ginato, postice bisinuato, in disco sat fortiter sat crebre vix
acervatim (ad latera crasse) punctulato, interstitiis vix mani-
feste punctulatis, lateribus leviter arcuatis, angulis anticis
mucronatis posticis fere nullis; elytris quam latioribus vix
longioribus, sat crebre subtilius (quam P. variolosi, Marsh.,
paullo magis crebre magis subtiliter) punctulatis, interstitiis
sparsim punctulatis vix elevatis, angulis humeralibus (a
latere visis) rotundatis vix deorsum productis; prosterni
parte mediana minus lata, longitudinaliter sulcata. Long.,
ols Farce.) 5. Tt

Another ally of P. Parryt and Lownei, differing from the
latter by its elytra devoid of raised inequalities, though the inter-
stices are not quite flat as they are in P. Waterhousei, Baly; and
from the former (which it resembles in the general color of the
upper surface) by the much finer and closer puncturation of its
elytra. It is closely allied to P. montana, but differs in its color
and in the much closer puncturation of its elytra which is not
much less close and fine than in P. Waterhouse.

Australia ; I do not know the exact locality.

228

P. longicornis, sp. nov. Lata; modice (mari quam femina minus)
convexa ; minus nitida; testacea plus minusve rufo-tincta,
antennis apicem versus mandibulorum apicibus et corporis
supra puncturis plurimis nigricantibus ; antennis quam cor-
pus totum tertia (vel minore) parte brevioribus, articulo 3°
quam 1"* multo longiori; capite prothoraceque acervatim sat
fortiter (hoc ad latera crasse) punctulatis, interstitiis sat
leevibus ; prothorace quam longiori paullo plus quam duplo
latiori (sc. ut 8 ad 33), antice fortiter sinuatim emarginato,
postice arcuato, lateribus sat arcuatis, angulis anticis mucro-
natis sed minus acutis posticis fere nullis; elytris margine
laterali insigni crasso instructis, confuse sat equaliter nec
crebre punctulatis, puncturis (his in parte ultra-discoidali
exceptis) nigris, interstitiis basin versus vix manifeste
apicem versus gradatim magis fortiter elevatis, interstitiis
alteris levibus alteris puncturas singulas ferentibus, angulis
humeralibus (a latere visis) vix deorsum directis, margine
pone humerum laterali vix concavo ; prosterno sat angusto,
longitudinaliter sulcato. Long., 6$—7 1. ; lat., 5—5y, 1.

The general color is testaceous with a beautiful pink tone
overspreading most of the surface. The punctures on the pro-
thorax are mostly concolorous with the surface, but some are
black—usually in clusters; the elytral punctures are all black,
except those on the dilated margin. Among the species (of

Chapuis’ first group of Paropsis, to which this insect belongs)

having the upper and under surfaces and legs pallid, this species —

may be at once known by the well-defined thickened lateral —
edging of its elytra (which is much stronger than in any other

Paropsis known to me except P. Waterhouser) and its long

antenne, which by measurement are fully two-thirds of the

length of the whole body in the female and a little longer still
in the male. Its nearest ally, however, is the species that I take —
to be P. Parryi, Baly. From P. Parryi it departs (according
to the description of that species) by its very different coloring
in almost every part (Parryi having underside scutellum and
most of legs and antennz black, and elytral punctures not black);
and also differs from the species that I take to be Parryz by its
much shorter form, greater closeness of the elytral verruce near
the apex, less rounded-off apex of the humeral angle, &c.
Victoria; on Hucalypti ; on the higher mountains of the Alpine

Range.

P. cerea, sp. nov. Mas. Sat late ovalis; fortiter convexa ;
minus nitida; tota (mandibulorum apice nigro excepto)
obscure flava (ut cerea), elytris mox intra marginem dilata-
tam vix perspicue longitudinaliter infuscatis ; antennis quam
corporis dimidium vix longioribus, articulo 3° quam 1“ parum

229

longiori ; capite prothoraceque acervatim minus fortiter (hoc
ad latera sat crasse) punctulatis, interstitiis puncturarum
(in capite sat perspicue in prothorace vix manifeste) subtiliter
punctulatis; prothorace quam longiori paullo plus quam
duplo (ut 84 ad 4) latiori, antice fortiter sinuatim emarginato,
postice bisinuato, lateribus sat arcuatis, angulis anticis
mucronatis sat acutis posticis fere nullis; elytris suturam
versus sparsim subtilius punctulatis, aliunde crasse confuse
rugatis (vix perspicue punctulatis), interstitiis ineequaliter
verruciformibus sublevibus, angulis humeralibus (a latere
visis) manifeste deorsum directis, margine pone humerum
laterali sat concavo ; prosterno sat lato longitudinaliter sul-
cato. Long., 61.; lat., 441.

The whole insect, except the apex of the mandibles, is of a
dull flavous color and looks as if it were made of wax. The
sculpture of the elytra, except close to the suture, appears to
consist of a system of closely-placed deep sinuous wrinkles, among
which the interstices are more or less elevated or verrucose ;
towards the front part of the dilated margin there are some
coarse punctures distinctly visible.

Queensland.

P. affinis, sp. nov. Fem. Subrotundata; valde convexa; sat nitida ;
testaceo-brunnea, antennis extrorsum atris, mandibulorum
apice elytrorum puncturis et sternorum partibus nonnullis
infuscatis; capite modice punctulato, pone clypeum quali ;
antennis modicis, articulo 3° quam 1° vix longiori ; protho-
race quam longiori paullo plus quam duplo Jatiori, antice
sinuatim fortiter emarginato, postice bisinuato, in disco
acervatim sat fortiter vix sparsim (ad latera crassissime)
punctulato, interstitiis vix manifeste punctulatis, lateribus
modice arcuatis, angulis anticis mucronatis posticis fere
nullis; elytris quam longioribus paullo latioribus, fere ut
P. variolosi, Marsh., sculpturatis (7.e., modice crebre fusco-
punctulatis et verrucis sat numerosis obsolete elevatis ornatis),
angulis humeralibus (a latere visis) rotundatis deorsum parum
productis ; prosterno modico longitudinaliter sulcato. Long.,

621; lat, 441.

This species, perhaps, is nearest to P. variolosa, Marsh., from
which it differs by its shorter form and greater convexity (the
height of the insect being to the length of the elytra as 7 to 12;
in variolosa it is as 7 to 13), its antenne deep black outside the
fifth joint, its head not longitudinally impressed, &c. I have
seen only a single specimen of this insect, which is in my own
collection.

N.S. Wales ; Clarence River District.

230

P. advena, sp. nov. Fem. Ovalis; convexa; sat nitida; obscure
flava, mandibulorum apice labro clypeo antice et elytrorum
vittis nonnullis nigricantibus ; antennis extrorsum paullo
infuscatis ; capite modice punctulato, tinea subtili longi-
tudinali leviter impresso ; antennis quam corporis dimidium
brevioribus, articulo 3° quam 1™ haud longiori ; prothorace
quam longiori paullo plus quam duplo latiori, antice sinuatim
fortiter emarginato, postice bisinuato, in disco acervatim sat
fortiter subcrebre (ad latera crassissime) punctulato, inter-
stitiis obsolete subtilissime punctulatis, lateribus sat arcuatis,
angulis anticis mucronatis posticis fere nullis; elytris quam
latioribus paullo longioribus, minus crebre (fere ut P. Walsoni,
Baly) sat fortiter punctulatis, puncturis in vittis latis
nigricantibus, interstitiis leviter inzequaliter elevatis, angulis
humeralibus (a latere visis) rotundatis deorsum parum pro
ductis ; prosterno modice lato longitudinaliter sulcato, sule
fundo postice carinato. lLong., 64 1.; lat., 441

The comparatively elongate form of this insect, with elytra by
measurement distinctly (by about 4, of their width) longer than
together wide, together with the comparatively sparse punctura-
tion of its elytra, will distinguish it from its allies. The markings
on the elytra of my unique example are very distinctive, but it
is doubtful whether they are constant ; they consist of a number
of wide dark vittz (on which the punctures are nearly black)
and may be thus described : from a point on the suture slightly
in front of the apex five vitte diverge forwards (7.e., towards the
front of the elytra)—one up the suture, one close to the lateral
margin, and three at equal intervals between ; the sutural vitta
is continuous to near the scutellum, a little behind which it
ceases ; the others extend to the base, but the second (counting
from the suture) is widely interrupted in the middle; the external
three all become very faint about the middle and then becoming
well defined again coalesce in a large blotch on and around the
humeral callus. The width of these vittee is such that they are
wider than the intervals between them; the first, third, and
fourth are the widest.

Australia ; exact habitat unknown, but it is probably in 8.W.

Australia.

P. angusticollis, sp. nov. Fem. Ovalis; convexa ; minus nitida ;
testacea, antennis versus apicem mandibulisque nigricant-
ibus; antennis quam corporis dimidium brevioribus, articulo
3° quam 1™ haud longiori ; capite sparsim punctulato; pro-
thorace quam longiori vix duplo latiori, antice sinuatim
fortiter emarginato, postice bisinuato et in medio lobato
(lobo postice subtruncato), in disco sparsissime sat subtiliter
latera versus magis crasse paullo magis crebre punctulato,

231

interstitiis sparsim subtilissime punctulatis, lateribus sub
sinuatim arcuatis, angulis anticis mucronatis posticis fere
nullis; elytris (parte antica suturali excepta) subobsolete
verrucosis, minus crebre (fere ut P. Wilsoni, Baly, sed magis
subtiliter) punctulatis, interstitiis sparsim subtilissime
punctulatis, angulis humeralibus (a latere visis) rotundatis
deorsum sat fortiter (magis quam 2P. variolosi, Marsh.)
directis ; prosterno lato suleato, sulci fundo sat fortiter
carinato. lLong., 7} 1.; lat. 51.

In the example on which this description is founded the
elytral punctures are only slightly infuscate ; in a second speci-
men they are almost black. The most conspicuous character of
this fine large species seems to lie in the narrowness of its pro-
thorax ; a second character consists in the evident though slight
sinuosity of the lateral margin of its prothorax.

Australia ; exact habitat uncertain, probably N.S. Wales.

P. Bovilli, sp.nov. Fem. Late ovata; sat convexa; sat nitida ;
testaceo-brunnea (mandibulorum apice et in elytris verruc-
arum interstitiis nigricantibus labroque albido exceptis) ;
antennis quam corporis dimidium vix longioribus, articulo 3°
quam 1" haud longiori; capite prothoraceque acervatim
modice fortiter hoc ad latera sat crasse punctulatis, inter-
stitiis minus crebre sat perspicue punctulatis ; prothorace
quam longiori duplo latiori, antice fortiter sinuatim emarg-
inato, postice bisinuato, lateribus sat arcuatis, angulis
anticis mucronatis sat acutis posticis fere nullis ; elytris sat
fortiter minus crebre punctulatis, crebre verrucosis (fere ut
P. carnose, Baly), angulis humeralibus (a latere visis)
rotundatis deorsum parum directis, margine pone humerum
laterali vix concavo; prosterno lato (vix quam P. geographice,
Baly, angustiori) longitudinaliter sulcato. Long., 4 1. ; lat.,

1.

The sculpture of the elytra is extremely like that of P. carnosa,
Baly, but the raised spaces all being of testaceous-brown color
and the interstices all blackish the appearance is that of a black
surface covered with closely and regularly placed raised pale
blotches. The elytral sculpture compared with that of P. reticu-
lata shows verruce almost as closely placed, but individually
larger and not becoming smaller and more crowded towards the
apex. This species is not capable of confusion with any other
yet described ; it most resembles the species that I take (and my
determination agrees with Dr. Chapuis’) to be P. ornata, Marsh.,
which, however, is a considerably smaller and much more nitid
species with very much less closely verrucose elytra. Viewed
from the side the summit of the outline curve of the upper

232

surface is just about the centre of the insect (7.¢., a little in front
of the middle of the elytra), and the greatest height (the insect
still being inspected from the side) is about half the length of the
elytra.

N. Territory of 8S. Australia.

P. colorata, sp. nov. Fem. Ovata; convexa, elytris ante
medium (ut P. consimilis, Baly) subgibbosis ; lutea, antennis
extrorsum obscurioribus, elytris maculis levibus pallide
flavis plurimis ornatis, ex his 4 quam ceterz majoribus (sc.
1 pone basin ad latitudinem mediam, | mox intra marginem
lateralem ad longitudinem mediam, 1 longe pone longitud-
inem mediam suturam versus, 1 communi in sutura ante
medium); capite sat crebre sat subtiliter punctulato, sub-
tiliter longitudinaliter impresso; antennis quam corporis
dimidium brevioribus, articulo 3° quam 1"* vix longiori ; pro-
thorace quam longiori duplo latiori, antice sinuatim fortiter
emarginato, postice leviter bisinuato, in disco subtiliter
sparsius acervatim (ad latera crasse) punctulato, interstitiis
subtilissime punctulatis, lateribus minus arcuatis profunde
bis emarginatis, angulis anticis mucronatis posticis fere
nullis ; elytris quam longioribus vix latioribus, sat crebre
(fere ut P. marmoree, Oliv.) fusco-punctulatis, interstitiis
subtilissime sparsissime punctulatis antice planis apicem
versus obsolete rugulosis, angulis humeralibus (a latere visis)
sat rotundatis deorsum parum productis ; prosterni parte
mediana modica, longitudinaliter sulcata. Long., 5 1;
lat., 3-2, 1. ;

This species is very like P. marmorea, Oliv., having its elytral
pattern scarcely different, except in the larger spots being larger
than the corresponding ones in marmorea and the spot near the
lateral margin being much more conspicuous ; but these characters
may be variable. From all the allied species having a pattern
(except consimilis), this one, however, is easily separated by its
elytra not evenly convex, but with a distinct indication of rising
into a kind of hump a little behind the base, and from them all it
is distinguished also by its elytral interstices quite flat except
near the apex, and even there only feebly rugulose.

Queensland ; unique in my collection.

P. glawea, sp. nov. Fem. Sat late ovalis; convexa ; minus
nitida ; sordide flavo-viridis ; capite sat crebre sat subtiliter
punctulato, antice breviter longitudinaliter impresso ; antennis
quam corporis dimidium vix longioribus, articulo 3° quam
1° sub-breviori ; prothorace quam longiori plus quam duplo
latiori, antice sat fortiter vix sinuatim emarginato, postice
leviter bisinuato, in disco sat crebre sat zequaliter minus fort-

233

titer (ad latera crasse) punctulato, interstitiis subtilissime
punctulatis, lateribus sat arcuatis sat fortiter bisinuatis,
angulis anticis mucronatis posticis fere nullis ; elytris quam
longioribus vix latioribus, crebre fortiter (quam P. Water-
houser paullo magis crebre magis crasse) punctulatis, inter-
stitiis subtilissime sparsim punctulatis leviter sat eequaliter
rugulosis, angulis humeralibus (a latere visis) rotundatis vix
deorsum productis; prosterni parte mediana minus lata,
longitudinaliter sulcata. Long., 44-—511.; lat., 31—3¢ 1.

This is a very distinct species bearing a general superficial
resemblance to P. Waterhousei, Baly, but with the prothorax
bisinuate laterally, the elytra more closely and less finely punctu-
late with the interstices of their punctures distinctly more rugu-
lose, &e.

S. Australia.

P. mystica, sp. nov. Fem. Ovalis; convexa; sat nitida ;
testacea, elytrorum disco bifasciatim infuscato ; capite cum
prothorace ut precedentis sculpturato sed illo haud longitu-
dinaliter impresso ; antennis quam corporis dimidium haud
longioribus, articulo 3° quam 1"* haud longiori ; prothorace
quam longiori vix duplo latiori, antice fortiter vix sinuatim
emarginato, postice bisinuato, lateribus minus arcuatis
fortiter bisinuatis, angulis anticis mucronatis posticis fere
nullis ; elytris quam latioribus vix longioribus, sparsim sat
fortiter (fere ut P. obsolete, Oliv.) punctulatis, inter-
stitiis subtilissime punctulatis leviter subobsolete (fere ut
P. obsolete) convexis, angulis humeralibus (a latere visis)
minus rotundatis vix deorsum productis ; prosterni parte

mediana sat lata, longitudinaliter sulcata. Long., 6 1. ;
lat., 441.

This species closely resembles P. obsoleta in respect of the
sculpture of its elytra, but differs much from that insect in its
larger size, much less transverse and more strongly punetured
prothorax, narrower form, &c. The markings on its elytra (if
constant) furnish a very distinctive character. The whole disc
of each elytron is of a dark-fuscous color (the punctures on this
color being also dark-fuscous), except a space in front of and
another behind the middle; thus the lateral portions of the
elytra are of the general color (testaceous), while the rest of the
surface presents dark coloring along the base and two dark
fascize, one at, the other behind, the middle.

S. Australia.

P. variegata, sp. nov. Mas. Late ovalis; subrotundata ; con-
vexa ; sat nitida ; rufo-testacea, antennis apicem versus plus
minusve infuscatis, capite prothoraceque fusco-variegatis,

234

elytrorum interstitiis hic illic irregulariter flavis ; capite sat.
crebre minus fortiter punctulato, longitudinaliter impresso ;
antennis quam corporis dimidium longioribus, articulo 3°
quam 1"* vix longiori ; prothorace quam longiori paullo plus
quam duplo latiori, antice sinuatim fortiter emarginato,
postice bisinuato, in disco acervatim sat fortiter (ad latera
crasse) punctulato, lateribus modice arcuatis fortiter bisinu-
atis, angulis anticis mucronatis posticis fere nullis ; elytris
quam longioribus sat latioribus, fortiter sat crebre (fere ut
P. carnose, Baly) fusco-punctulatis, interstitiis levibus
obsolete irregulariter (fere ut P. obsolete, Oliv.) ineequalibus,
angulis humeralibus (a latere visis) rotundatis, vix deorsum
productis ; prosterni parte mediana modica, longitudinaliter
suleata. Long., 43 1.; lat., 34 1.

This species is much like P. carnose, Baly, in general appear-
ance and is similarly colored, having many of the rugulose
interstices of the elytra yellow so as to produce the appearance
of the elytra bearing numerous small yellow specks, which are
unevenly distributed in such fashion that the elytra can be
regarded as having yellow as their ground color and three
indistinct reddish fascie as their markings; in none of the
specimens I have seen of this insect is there any trace of the
obscure dark piceous patches that are generally more or less
traceable on the elytra of P. carnosa.. From P. carnosa the
present species differs in the prothoracic puncturation being less
close and being arranged in clusters, also in the interstices of the
elytral puncturation being less convex—so that the punctures
themselves are much more conspicuous, the punctures in P. car-
nosa being less noticeable on account of the depth of the
inequalities in which they lie. I have a single female example
which is too much broken for exact description, but evidently
scarcely differs from the male except in the usual sexual respects,
7.€., narrower form, shorter antenne, &c.

N.S. Wales ; Queanbeyan (Lea), &c.

P. mutabilis, sp. nov. Mas. Late ovata, apicem versus fortiter
dilatata ; convexa; minus nitida; sordide viridis (nonnul-
lorum exemplorum mortuorum colore plus minus in rufo-
testaceum transeunti), antennis apicem versus infuscatis ;
capite longitudinaliter vix impresso cum prothorace sat
crebre fortius punctulato (fere ut P. carnose, Baly); anten-
nis quam corporis dimidium vix longioribus, articulo 3° quam
1% haud longiori ; prothorace quam longiori plus quam duplo
latiori, antice vix sinuatim fortiter emarginato, postice
leviter bisinuato, ad latera sat crasse ruguloso, lateribus
minus arcuatis fortiter bisinuatis, angulis anticis mucronatis.
posticis fere nullis ; elytris quam longioribus paullo latior-

235

ibus, crebre fortiter punctulatis (quam P. carnose, paullo
magis crebre), interstitiis sparsim fortius punctulatis modice
elevatis, angulis humeralibus (a latere visis) vix rotundatis
deorsum nullo modo productis; prosterni parte mediana
modica, longitudinaliter suleata. Long., 44 1; lat., 4 1.

A very distinct species owing to its strongly ovate form re-
calling to mind the Tenebrionid genus Byrsax (figured in Journ.
inte bev ple tia.,) fie. <7):

The absence of a sinuation on the margin of the elytra behind
the shoulder is also a notable character.

S. Australia ; Yorke’s Peninsula.

P. convexa, sp.nov. Fem. Ovata; minus nitida; valde convexa,
elytris ante medium (ut P. consimilis, Baly) subgibbosis ;
rufo-testacea ; capite prothoraceque ut precedentis sculp-
turatis; antennis quam corporis dimidium brevioribus,
articulo 3° quam 1" vix longiori; prothorace quam longiori
duplo latiori, cetera ut precedentis ; elytris quam latioribus
vix longioribus, fere ut P. reticulate, Marsh., sculpturatis
set etiam magis fortiter verrucosis, angulis humeralibus (a
latere visis) vix rotundatis, deorsum vix productis ; pro-
sterni parte mediana sat lata, longitudinaliter sulcata, sulci
fundo longitudinaliter convexo. Long., 54 1.; lat., 41.

With the form and elytral sculpture of P. reticulata, Marsh.,
this species has the prothorax closely and on the disc evenly
punctulate with its sides strongly bisinuate, and the elytra
subgibbous behind the scutellum as in P. consimilis, Baly. The
last-named character distinguishes it from all the allied species,
with which it is otherwise capable of confusion.

S. Australia ; Fowler’s Bay.

P. latissima, sp.nov. Mas. Subcircularis; sat nitida; sat con-
vexa; sordide flavescens elytrorum disco infuscato ; capite
crebre subtilius punctulato, longitudinaliter vix manifeste
impresso ; antennis quam corporis dimidium sat longioribus,
articulo 3° quam 1" vix longiori ; prothorace quam longiori
paullo plus quam duplo latiori, antice sinuatim fortiter
emarginato, postice bisinuato, in disco acervatim sat crebre
sat fortiter (ad latera crasse) punctulato, interstitiis sparsim
subtilius punctulatis, lateribus sat arcuatis sat fortiter
bisinuatis, angulis anticis mucronatis posticis fere nullis ;
elytris quam longioribus multo latioribus, grosse sat crebre
punctulatis, interstitiis ineequaliter valde elevato-rugulosis,
angulis humeralibus (a latere visis) rotundatis deorsum vix
productis ; prosterni parte mediana modica, longitudinaliter
sulcata. Long., 42 1.; lat., 41.

Remarkable for the extreme coarseness of its elytral sculpture,

j 236

which character suffices alone to separate it from its described
allies.
S. Australia.

P. bella, sp. nov. Mas. Sat late ovata; sat nitida; sat con-
vexa ; subtus niger, plus minusve flavo-notata ; supra flavo-
lutea, antennis (basi excepta) nigris, pedibus nigris plus
minusve flavo-notatis; capite crebre subtilius punctulato,
longitudinaliter parum impresso; antennis quam corporis
dimidium sat longioribus, articulo 3° quam 1"* paullo longiori;
prothorace quam longiori plus quam duplo latiori, antice
sinuatim fortiter emarginato, postice obsolete bisinuato, in
disco acervatim sat crebre sat fortiter (ad latera crasse)
punctulato, interstitiis subtilissime sparsim punctulatis,
lateribus modice arcuatis fortiter bisinuatis, angulis anticis
mucronatis posticis fere nullis; elytris quam longioribus
parum latioribus, fortiter subcrebre (ut P. porose, Er.)
punctulatis, interstitiis sparsim punctulatis antice sat planis
apicem versus subverrucosis, angulis humeralibus (a latere
visis) minus rotundatis deorsum manifeste productis ; pro-
sterni parte mediana modica, longitudinaliter sulcata, sulci
fundo postice longitudinaliter convexo. lLong., 53 1.; lat.,
Lee

This species has much superficial resemblance to P. porosa, Er.,
but differs from it by considerably larger size, flatter elytral in-
terstices (especially in front), &c., and especially by the different
shape of the prosternum.

Australia ; I have no record of the exact Jocality.

P. Zietzi, sp. nov. Fem. Sat late ovata; sat nitida ; convexa;
pallide flavo-testacea, antennis (basi excepta) nigris ; capite
crebre subtiliter punctulato, longitudinaliter perspicue sub-
tiliter impresso; antennis quam corporis dimidium paullo
brevioribus, articulo 3° quam 1" breviori ; prothorace quam
longiori paullo plus quam duplo latiori, antice sinuatim fort-
iter emarginato, postice leviter bisinuato, in disco acervatim
subtilius minus crebre (ad latera sat crasse nec crebre)
punctulato, interstitiis subtiliter punctulatis, lateribus sat
arcuatis distincte leviter bisinuatis, angulis anticis mucronatis
posticis fere nullis ; elytris quam longioribus vix latioribus,
minus crebre minus fortiter fusco-punctulatis, interstitiis
leviter inzequaliter convexis, angulis humeralibus (a latere
visis) leviter rotundatis deorsum leviter productis; prosterni
parte mediana minus lata longitudinaliter sulcata. Long.,
Aes debe be

This species resembles P. obsoleta, Oliv., but differs from it

(apart from color) by its somewhat narrower form, its less trans-

237

verse prothorax, the finer puncturation and less elevated inter-
stices of its elytra, and the distinct prominence (in a downward
direction) of its humeral angles.

S. Australia ; taken by Mr. Zietz near Lake Callabonna.

P. intermedia, sp. nov. Fem. Ovata; modice nitida; convexa ;
testacea, elytris rufescentibus ; capite sat crebre sat subtil-
iter punctulato, longitudinaliter impresso; antennis quam
corporis dimidium longioribus, articulo 3° quam 1° multo
longiori ; prothorace quam longiori paullo magis quam duplo
Jatiori, antice sinuatim fortiter emarginato, postice bisinuato,
in disco sat fortiter minus crebre (ad latera crasse) punct-
ulato, interstitiis sparsim subtilissime punctulatis, lateribus
modice arcuatis leviter bisinuatis, angulis anticis mucronatis
posticis fere nullis ; elytris quam latioribus vix longioribus,
fortiter minus crebre punctulatis, interstitiis (parte circa
scutellum posita excepta) fortiter confertim subseriatim ver-
rucosis, angulis humeralibus (a latere visis) sat rotundatis
deorsum manifeste productis; prosterni parte mediana minus
lata, longitudinaliter suleata. Long., 521; lat. 41.

This is a remarkable species, linking Dr. Chapuis’ first group of
Paropsis to his fourth group. The sculpture of its elytra is almost
exactly as in P. aspera, Chp. (of the fourth group), excepting in
the verruce of the alternate interstices not being markedly dif-
ferent from those of the other interstices, and the seriate arrange-
ment of the verruce being less regular. The disposition of the
sculpture cannot without qualification be called either “confused”
or “seriate,” but I think the bisinuation of the sides of the pro-
thorax should settle the doubt in favor of the first group. The
puncturation of the elytra is almost invisible except near the
scutellum, being buried in the deep interstices of the verruce,

N.S. Wales.

CANDEZEA.

C’. Leai, sp. nov. Oblonga; rufo-testacea, antennis (basi excepta)
et elytrorum macula magna mox ante apicem posita nigro-
piceis, tarsis plus minusve infuscatis ; antennarum articulo
basali quam 4" vix breviori 3° quam 2" vix longiori; capite
prothorace que vix manifeste, elytris crebre subtiliter, punct-
ulatis ; corpore subtus parce pubescenti ; epipleuris postice
anguste fere ad apicem continuatis. Long.. 2 1; lat., 9, 1.

This species is easily recognisable by its color and markings,
but I have some hesitation in referring it to Candezea. Dr. Baly

(Jour. Linn. Soc. xx.) thinks that the prolongation of the elytral

epipleure is not inconsistent with Monolepta. Jacoby (Ann.

Mus. Genov. 1886, p. 116), on the contrary, argues that all the

so-called Monolepte having the epipleure prolonged should be

238

removed from the genus. Following Jacoby I have referred the
present insect to Candezea on account of its epipleure being very
manifestly (not excessively narrowly) continued nearly to the
apex of the elytra, but a casual glance would unhesitatingly
place it in Monolepta of which it has entirely the facies. The
blackish spot occupies nearly tue entire apical-half of each
elytron, scarcely reaching the suture, being very distinctly
separated from the lateral margin and divided from the apex by
a space nearly equal to a quarter of its own length. The anterior
coxie are quite closed posteriorly.
N.S. Wales ; taken by Mr. Lea.

COCCINELLIDZ.

CG@LOPHORA.

C. gratiosa, Muls. Mr. Keebele has sent me a remarkable
series of specimens which must, I think, be attributed to this
species. He writes that he is confident they must all be regarded
as conspecific, nearly all having been bred from one batch of
similar pup found on a single orange tree. J am disposed to
think he is right, although if it be so C. gratiosa is one of the
most variable of the Coccinellide. I can find no characters to
distribute the examples before me, except in respect of color and
markings, but these vary to an almost incredible extent, scarcely
any two of them being alike. One specimen among them agrees
very well with the description of C. gratiosa except in most of
the yellow portions being of a pale (almost whitish) yellow color,
but in other specimens (which, however, vary in other respects
from the description) of the series the yellow color is as Mulsant
characterises it. The following is a description of the markings
on the example that I regard as almost typical :—Head bright
yellow with a continuous black border along the front of the
clypeus and running back on either side so as to touch the post-
ocular sinuosity to the middle of the lateral edge, the hinder
half of the lateral edge and the whole of the base being black
[there is a narrow yellow line along the front of the prothorax
not mentioned in the description, but this is wanting in others
of the series]; scutellum black ; elytra whitish-yellow with all
their margins narrowly black and a very wide black fascia
occupying nearly the middle half of their length, this fascia
being angularly produced on its front margin on the disc of each
elytron and on its hindmargin correspondingly emarginate, the
sutural black border being dilated from the scutellum to the
fascia in such manner as to present the appearance of a triangle
whose apex touches the scutellum while its base is merged in the

fascia. :
Regarding the specimen I have described as the type, the next

339

example (var. A) varies in there being two large yellowish-white
spots in the fascia on each elytron, but otherwise is identical.
Var. B is identical with var. A, except in the angular projection
of the fascia on the disc of each elytron being continued forward
to the base of the elytron (so that this var. may be regarded as
having black elytra, each bearing five large whitish-yellow spots).
Var. C differs from B only in the yellow coloring being very much
brighter, and the yellow front margin of the prothorax being
absent. Var. D is best compared with B, from which it differs
in the front margin of the prothorax being widely yellow, while
there are two yellow spots on the disc near the base, and in the
great diminution of black marking on the elytra, the lateral
black border having disappeared and the other black markings
being represented ‘by markings of similar form, but of a pale
brown color, which here and there, however, deepen into black.
Var. E seems to be a development of D, having the discal black
of the prothorax not only edged in front, but also traversed near
the base by yellow, and having the elytra entirely edged with
black, as in C, but with the black fascia transformed into an ill-
defined pale-red blotch, roughly resembling the fascia in the typical
form (but with its anterior extension mnch as in B and C), yet
not reaching the lateral margin. [Without the intermediate forms
var. E could certainly not be connected with the type]. Var. F.
resembles E except in the anterior extension of the elytral fascia
being absent. Var. G. is entirely of a yellowish-testaceous
color except the lateral margin of the prothorax in its hinder
part, the scutellum, and all the elytral edges are black.
(C. versipellis, Muls., is extremely like this var., but is much
larger and I think distinct.) Var. H is like G, but with the
elytra opaque owing to close asperate puncturation ; a singular
variation, which I have observed in several of the Australian
Coccinellide. In all these specimens the undersurface, legs, and
antenne agree with Mulsant’s description of the type. M.
Mulsant unites C. gratiosa with patruelis in his Monograph of
the Coccinellide (p. 276) and I should think it not unlikely he
may be right in doing so, although Mr. Crotch in his “ Revision ”
seems to regard them as distinct. I have not seen a specimen,
however, that agrees with M. Mulsant’s description of C. patruelis
and therefore am not in a position to express a decided opinion
on the point.

C. veranioides, sp. nov. Ochracea; prothorace nigronotato ;
elytrorum marginibus (basali excepto) omnibus et vitta
discoidali (hac nec basin nec apicem attingenti in medio
constricta vel interrupta), corpore subtus (abdominis later-
ibus exceptis), pedibusque (tibiis anticis tarsisque omnibus
exceptis) nigris; prothorace elytrisque subtiliter minus

240

crebre punctulatis ; prosterno bicarinato ; metasterno antice
truncato ; abdominis laminis nec apicem nec marginem
lateralem segmenti attingentibus. Long., 1?—211.; lat.,
13—141.

The black marks on the prothorax are a basal fascia, the front
margin of which is sinuous, and there are two discal spots immedi-
ately in front of the basal fascia (in some examples joined to it).
The black lateral margin of the elytra is dilated in the middle; the
sutural black margin is more or less dilated a little before the
apex. This species is apparently near to C. Ripponi, Crotch, but
differs in being much smaller, with the discoidal vitta of the
elytra not reaching the base, and constricted in the middle (inter-
rupted in some examples). I should suppose it to be possibly a
var. of Ripponi, were it not that Mr. Crotch expressly states
that in that species the abdominal lamella reaches the lateral
margin of the segment.

N.S.W. ; taken by Mr. Koebele on Harwood Island.

ORCUS.

O. nummularis, Boisd. Mr. Koebele informs me that this is
certainly a good species and that its larva is quite different from
that of O. Australasie, Boisd., of which insect it has been con-
sidered a variety.

AbouRACT ‘OP PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

Roval Society of South Australia,

For 1893-94.

ORDINARY Meretinc, NovEMBER 7, 1893.

Prof. R. TaTE (President) in the chair.

Batiotr.—Avueustus Simson, of Hobart, Tasmania, was elected
a Fellow.

Exuipits.—Prof. R. Tate exhibited specimens of ochres inter-
stratified between archean quartzites on the coast cliffs near the
Gorge of Pedler’s Creek, Noarlunga, which may possibly be the
residual products from the decomposition of volcanic ash. If
such should be the case, it would prove thein to be the oldest
voleanic rocks in Australia. J. G. O. TEepprer, F.L.S., showed
some new cockroaches from Northern Queensland and the
Northern Territory.

Paper.—‘ The Anthropology of the Elder Exploring Expedi-
_ tion,” by Ricnarp HELms.

ORDINARY MEETING, DECEMBER 5, 1893.

Prof. R. Tavs (President) in the chair.

Exutisits.—S. Dixon exhibited minerals illustrative of the
gold-bearing rocks of the Murchison Goldfields, W.A. The reefs
occurred either in diorite or granite. In the former the quartz
was dark ; in the latter, white. The gold-bearing area appeared
to be of wider extent than in any other part of the world. In
connection with the reefs, a moderate supply of fresh water was
generally found from 80 to 100 feet ; deeper the water became
salt. J.G. O. Teppsr, F.L.S., exhibited the colored leaf of
Pancratium rotatum and a diseased leaflet of Ceratonia siliqua,
which had been reported upon by Mr. D. McAtpine. The
former he considered due to climatic conditions ; the latter to the
ravages of the pear-mite, Phytoptus pyrv.

Q

Papers.—“ Origin and Nature of the Volcanic Bombs of Cen-
tral Australia,” by Prof. STELZzNER; and “ Notes on Orthoceras
strictum,” by J. G. O. Tepper, F.L.S., who characterised one of
its varieties, and proposed for it the name of O. succaulenta.

ORDINARY Mezetinc, Marcu 6, 1894.

Maurice Hotrze (Vice-President) in the chair.

ELection oF Aupitor.—Mr. D. J. Apcock was elected the
Auditor for the current year.

Exuisits.—OswaLp Lower, F. Ent. 8., exhibited a portion of
his large collection of Queensland Lepidoptera recently collected.
J. G. O. Tepper, F.L.S., showed some galls forwarded by Mr. F.
M. Bailey (Gov. Botanist of Queensland) from Taylor’s Range,
near Brisbane.

Papers.—“ Supplementary and Additional Descriptions of
the Blattarie of Australia and Polynesia,” by J. G. O. TEPPER,
F.L.S. “Descriptions of Microlepidoptera from Moreton Bay,
Queensland,” by A. JEFFERIS TurRNER, M.D. “Descriptions of
the Larve of some 8.A. Lepidoptera,” by E. Gust.

ORDINARY MEETING, APRIL 3, 1894.

Prof. R. Tavs (President) in the chair.

Batior.—J ames A. Kersuaw, Entomologist National Museum,
Melbourne, and A. JEFFERIS TuRNER, M.D., Brisbane, were
elected Fellows.

Exuipits.—W. Howcuin, F.G.S., exhibited a large slab of
polished Cambrian limestone from twelve miles north of Blin-
man, forwarded by Mr. Parkes, Inspector of Mines. It consisted
of an antique type of coral. He also showed a new foraminifer
from Muddy Creek, Victoria, named by M. Schlumberger, of
Paris, Zrillina Howchini. Watrer Grit, F.L.S., Conservator of
Forests, laid on the table a fine sample of dates grown at Her-
gott. Prof. Tats, F.G.S., exhibited the casts of three pleiosaur-
ian vertebre from the Lake Eyre Basin ; also a Jurassic Pecten
from Western Australia; also glaciated stones from Bacchus
Marsh, Victoria, forwarded by Mr. Sweet. W. B. PooLe demon-
strated under the microscope the fungoid character of some dis-
colorations on a leaf of Pancratium rotatum.

Paprers.—‘ Notes on a New Classification of Brachyscelid
Galls,” by W. W. Froeearr. “Flora of Leigh’s Creek Forma-
tion,” by G. SwEET, F.G.S.

243

OrpDINARY MEETING, May 1, 1894.

Prof. R. Tare (President) in the chair.

Exuisirs.—W. Howcuin, F.G.S8., laid on the table a collection
of native stone implements collected at McDonnell Bay, S.A.
J. G. O. Tepper, F.L.S., exhibited a fungus obtained by Mr. A.
Molineux in the mallee scrub of Victoria near the 8.A. boundary.
It apparently belonged to the genus Strombilomyces. It was
remarkable for having a large conical base largely made up of
mineral matter. The stem and pileus were of a woody hardness.
Also specimens of Pyrameis cardui from Europe, India, Calli-
fornia, and South Australia, which were almost identical in ap-
pearance. W. H. Seiway showed a specimen of Alectoria superba
(Brunner) from the Far North of South Australia. This was the
third specimen collected in South Australia.

Papers.—‘ Remarks on 8.A. Rhopalocera,” by OswALp Lower,
F, Ent. 8. “New Australian Heterocera,” by OswaLtp Lower,
F. Ent. 8. “ Descriptions of New Coleoptera,” by Rev. THomas
Biacksurn, B.A. ‘The Myology of Wotoryctes, with Compara-
tive Notes,” by Prof. Witson, M.D. “Supplementary Note on
the Osteology of MWotoryctes,” by E. L. Srirurne, .M.D., F.R.S.
“On the Occurrence of the Fissurellid genus Zidora in Aus-
tralian Waters,” by Prof. R. Tate.

ORDINARY MEETING, JUNE 5, 1894.

Rev. THomas Briacksurn, B.A. (Vice-President), in the chair.

Exuisits.—D. J. Apcock exhibited «fossils and casts of large
species of Z'urbo, T'rochus, Voluta, Conus, and, probably, Natica,
from a limestone formation at Tickera Bay, Yorke Peninsula.
J. G. O. Tepper, F.L.S., showed specimens of a primary rock
formation on the Lower Sturt River to the east of the South
Road.

Papers.—‘ Classification of Igneous Rocks,” by CHARLES
Cuewines, Ph. D. ‘Notes on the Sedimentary Rocks in the
McDonnell and James Ranges,” by CHARLES CHEwINGs, Ph. D.

ORDINARY MEETING, JuLY 3, 1894.

Maurice Hotrze, F.L.S. (Vice-President), in the chair.

ExHIsBits.—CHARLES CuHEwINGs, Ph. D., exhibited rock speci-
mens from Toy’s Reef, Mount Pleasant. He stated that the
dyke belonged to the pegmatitic series of dyke formations, not
having the structure of an injected plastic mass of granite. Some

244

of the granite had a distinctly “ graphic” arrangement. He
considered the structure as favorable for the occurrence of rare
and valuable minerals. He thought that the dyke had been
formed after the surrounding schists had received their present
general disposition, but some movement had transpired since the
dyke was formed. J. G. O. Tepprer, F.L.S., exhibited photo-
graphs of the fungus exhibited at the May meeting, and which
had been named Laccocephalum basilapiloides (McAlpine and
Tepper). M. Hourze, F.L.S., referred to an imported weed,
Stachys arvensis, which he showed, as being reported to be
poisonous to stock.

Parer.—On the formation of Granite,” by J. G. O. TEPPER,
F.LS.

OrDINARY Meetine, Aucust 7, 1894.

Rev. THomas Briackpurn, B.A. (Vice-President) in the chair.

EXHIBITs.—CHARLES CHEWINGS, Ph.D., exhibited a collection
of Ammonites from various parts of Europe illustrative of the
Middle Lias. W. Howcuty, F.G.S., showed a specimen of slag
from Broken Hill Proprietary Mine resembling Peel’s hair, and
which was formed whenever the oritice of the vent became
blocked. J. G. O. Tepper, F.L.S8., exhibited some foreign
Curculionide ; also a specimen of iron ore with cubical faces,
supposed to be a pseudomorph of hematite; also a sample of
linoleum made of cork-dust, and adapted for the use of entom-
ologists.

Parer.—“‘Omalanthus Leschenaultianus and Red-water in the
Northern Territory,” by M. Hourzez, F.L.S.

ORDINARY MEETING, SEPTEMBER 4, 1894,

Prof. RALPH TaTE (President) in the chair.

MatcontocicaL Secrion.—The Presipent reported that the
Council had approved of a new Section of the Society being
formed for the special study of molluscan forms of life, to be
called the Malacological Section.

Exuipits.—Prof. RatpH Tate exhibited a collection of fossils
illustrative of the McDonnell Ranges, Central Australia, with
explanatory remarks of the general physical and geological
features of the country.

Paper.— Description of Hadra Adcockiana,” by W. T.
Bednall.

. 240

ANNUAL MEETING, OcTOBER 2, 1894.

Prof. Ratpn Tate (President) in the chair.

Exuisits.—W. Howcuary, F.G.S., exhibited a cluster of tabular
crystals of barite from Mitcham quarry, Adelaide. J. G. O.
Teprer, F.L.S., showed a case of weevils.

BatiLot.—Prof. Witson, M.D., of Sydney University, was
elected an Hon. Fellow.

Report.—The Annual Report of the Council and balance-
sheet of the Society were read and adopted.

ELEcTION OF CounciL.—-The Council for the ensuing year was
elected as follows :—President, Prof. Tate; Vice- Presidents,
Rev. Thos. Blackburn, B.A., and Maurice Holtze, F.L.S.; Hon.
Treasurer, Walter Rutt, C.E.; Hon. Secretaries, W. L. Cleland,
M.B., and W. B. Poole; Members of Council, Prof. Rennie,
D.Se., E. C. Stirling, M.D., C.M.G., F.R.S., Walter Howchin,
F.G.S8., Samuel Dixon, J. 8. Lloyd, and W. H. Selway.

ELectTIion oF Aupitor.—D. J. Adcock was elected Auditor
for the ensuing year,

Vores oF THANKs.—A vote of thanks was carried to the Hon.
Treasurer, Hon. Secretaries, and Auditor for their services
during the past year.

Papers.—‘ Diagnoses of Central Australian Land Shells,” by
Prof. R. Tare. “Descriptions of Australian Coleoptera,” by
Rev. Tuos. BLAckBuRN, B.A.

SpeciAL Exuripits.—Prof. Tarr exhibited new species of Cen-
tral Australian Flora, with explanatory remarks.

246

ANNUAL REPORT.

The Council has to report that the scientific work of the Society
has been carried on successfully during the past year. Owing to
unavoidable delay in printing the earlier papers read during the
past year it was decided to issue the Society's volume in an
annual instead of a half-yearly form. The Council regrets to
report that owing to circumstances over which it had no control
the continuance of the printing of the Elder Exploring Expedi-
tion volume has been delayed.

During the past year three new Fellows have been elected, and
one Fellow has resigned.

The Council has the melancholy duty of reporting the death of
two Fellows—Mr. Gregory Board, Metallurgist Port Pirie Smelt-
ing Works, and Rev. W. R. Fletcher, M.A.

The membership of the Society consists at the present time of
11 Hon. Fellows, 75 Fellows, 16 Corresponding Members, and
1 Associate.

Three new exchanges with learned Societies and publishers
have been made, namely, the Annuaire Géologique, the Manches-
ter Geological Society, and the Department of Agriculture of
Washington, U.S.

At the request of several Fellows interested in the molluscan
fauna the Council has favorably considered the application for
the formation of a Malacological Section of the Royal Society,
South Australia, and granted permission for the same.

During the past year some prominent Fellows of the Society
have been closely identified with two scientific undertakings in
the colony. The one was the collection and preservation of the
diprotodon and other fossil remains from Lake Callabonna, the
success of which was largely due to the indefatigable energy and
skill of Mr. A. Zietz, the Assistant Director of the Adelaide
Museum. The other was the Horn Exploring Expedition, in
which both Dr. Stirling, F.R.S., and Prof. Tate, F.L.S., were
leading members.

247

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DONATIONS TO THE LIBRAR®

For the Year 1893-94.

TRANSACTIONS, JOURNALS, AND REPORTS.
Presented by the respective Societies, Editors, and Governments.

ARGENTINE STATES.

Buenos Aires—Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias,
tome XIT, 1890.

AUSTRIA AND GERMANY.

Berlin—Verhandlungen Gesellschaft fir Erdkunde, band XX.,
Nows> XXIT., Nos. 1 to 6.

—— Zeitschrift, ditto, band XX VITI., No.6; XXIX., Nos
1 and 2.

——— Sitzungsberichte Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der
Wissenschaften zu Berlin, No. 1 to 25, 1893.

——-— Abhandlungen der Ko6niglich Preussischen Meteoro-
logischen Instituts. Ergebnisse Beobachtungen an
den Stationen, IT. and III. ordnung.

Bonn—Naturhistorischen Vereins der Preussischen—Rheinlande
Westfalens und des Reg.- Bezirks Osnabruck,
verhandlungen Halfte, 1893.

Gottingen Nachrichten von der K. Gesellschaft der Weissen-
schaften u der Georg-August Universitat. Nos.
11 to 14, 1893; 1 to 16, 1892; -1 to 21 2189a8
1 and 2, 1894.

Vienna—Verhandlungen der K. K. Geologischen Reihesanstalt,

No. 6 to 10, 1893 ; 1 to 9, 1894; 1 to 18, 1893.

—w Kaiserliche Akad. der Wissenschaften in Wien, 1894,
Nos. 1 to 19.

——-— Annalen des K. K. Naturhistorisches Hofmuseum,
band VIII., Nos. 3 and 4.

——— Verhandlungen K. K. Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesell-
schaft in Wien, Band X VIII, Nos. 1 and 2.

Wirzburg—Sitzungsberichte der Physikalisch-Medicinischen

Gesellschaft, No. 1 to 11, 1893.

CANADA.
Montreal—Canadian Record of Science; vol. V., Nos. 6 and 7.
Geological Survey of Canada; Annual Report; vol. V.,
parts 1 and 2, with maps.

249

Toronto—Canadian Institute; Fifth Annual Report, Session
1892-3 ; Seventh Annual Report, 1894. Transac-
tions, vol. IIT., part 2; vol. IV., part 1.

Halifax— Proceedings Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Science;
vol. I., part 2, second series.

CaPE COoLony.

Cape Town—Transactions Eee a Society ; vol. V., part 2 ;
vol. VII, part 2; vol. X VIII. part 1.

CHILE.
Santiago—Actes de la Société Scientitique ; tome ITI., 1893, and:
tome IV., 1894.
Verhandlungen des Deutschen Wissenschaftlichen
Vereins ; band II., heft 5 and 6.

FRANCE.

Nantes—Bulletin de la Société des Sciences Naturelles de l’Ouest
de la France, tome 3, tome 4, No. 1.

Marseilles—Annales de Faculté des Sciences, tomes I., IT., ITI.

Paris—Feuilles des Jeunes Naturalistes, series ITT, Nos. 276 to
285, des Sciences Société.

—— Bulletin Entomologique, pp. 1 to 272, 1893; pp. 1 to
13, 1894.

— Annuaire Geologique Universel, tome IX, parts 1 to 4.

GREAT BRITIAN AND IRELAND.

Belfat—Reports and Proceedings Belfast Natural ae and
Philosophical Society, session 1892-93.

Dublin—Royal Irish Academy Proceedings, vol. II., Nos.
4 and 5; vol. III.,. No. 1 and 2.

——— Transactions ditto, vol. XXX., parts 5 to 10.

Scientific Proceedings Royal Dublin Society, vol. IV.,
series 2; vol. V., series 2!; vol. VII., part 5; vol.
VIIL., parts 1 and 2.

Edinburgh— Royal Physical Society, session 1892-3.

——— Royal Society of Edinburgh, vol. XIX., 1891-2

——-—— Geological Society Transactions, vol. VI., part 1:

‘roll to March, 1893.
London—Journal Royal Microscopical Society, pate 5 and 6,
1893; parts 1, 2, and 3, 1894.

—— British Museum Catalogue of Birds, vols. 21 and 22

— — Linnean Society Proceedings, Oct., 1893; May, 1894.

— Entomological Society Transactions, 1893.

Imperial Institute, Annual Report; 1893 Year Book.
Proceedings Royal Society, Nos. 326 to 335.
Royal Colonial Institute, vol. X XTV., Proceedings.

250

London—Natural Science, vol. IV., No. 23.
— Kew Gardens Bulletin, 1893.
Leeds—Journal of Conchology, vol. VII, Nos. 8 to 11.
Manchester—Journal of the Geographical Society, vol. VIII,
Nos. 7 to 12; vol. EX, Nos-f tos®
Field Naturalists’ and Archzeologists’ Society Report —
and Proceedings, 1892.
Geological Society, Transactions, 1893-4, vol. XXIT.,
parts 14 to 18.
Memoirs and Proceeding Manchester Literary and
Philosophical Society, vol. VIII., No. 1 and 2.

INDIA.
Calcutta—Indian Museum, vol. II., No. 7 ; vol. IIT., No. 3.

ITALY.

Turin— Bolletino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata
dello R. Universita di Torino, vol. VIII., No. 151
to 154.
Pisa—Atti della Societa Toscana di Scienze Naturali, vol. I[X.,
pp. | to 61.
Milan— Atti della Societa Italiani Scienza Naturali, vol. XX XIL.,
Nos. 1 to 4; vol. XXXITI., Nos. 1 to 35 yam
XGEXATY,.; Nos: 1 :to 4.
—— Bulletin Societa Entomologica Italiana, parts 1 to 4, 1893;
parts 1 and 11, 1894.

JAPAN,
Tokio—Transactions Seismological Society, vol. IT., 1893.
Journal College of Science, Imperial University, vol.
VL.,. parts 3 and 4; vol. IIL, 1894;,vol. Via
part 1.
—— Journal Tokio Geographical Society, 25th year, 1892 ;
' 26th year, 1893.
JAVA.
Batavia —Naturkundig Tigdschrift von Nederlandsch - Indie,
deel 52 and 53. ;

Mexico.
Mexico—Memoirs de la Sociedad Cientifica (Antonio Alzate),
tomo VII., Nos. 5 and 6.

New Sourn WALEs.
Sydney—Records of the Australian Museum, vol. II., No. 5.
——— Catalogue Australian Birds Report for 1893.
——— Department of Agriculture—Plant Diseases and their
Remedies ; Annual Report, 1893.

251

Sydney—Agricultural Gazette, vol. IV., 9 to 12; vol. V., parts
1 to 8.

———- Proceedings Linnean Society ; vol. VIII., parts 2, 3
and 4; vol. IX., part 1.

—— Sydney University Calender, 1894.

—-_—- Royal Society Proceedings ; vol. XX VII., 1893.

——— Department of Mines. Records, vol. ITI., part 4; vol.
IV., part 1; Memoirs Geological Survey, N.S.W.,
No. 5.

——— Sydney Observatory ; Rain, River and Evaporation
Observations, 1892 ; Diagram of Isothermal Lines
of N.S.W.; Meteorite, No. 2; Pictorial Rain
Maps; Moving Anticyclones in Southern Hemi-
sphere ; Hailstorms.

New ZEALAND.

Wellington — Transactions and Proceedings New Zealand
Institute, vol. XX VJ.

Norway AND SWEDEN.
Stockholm—Geologiska Forening ; band XV., 1893.
Christiana—Den Norske Nordhans Expedition 1876-78 ; XXIL.,

Ophiuriodea.

PORTUGAL.
Porto—Annaes de Sciencias Naturals. First year, No. 1.

(QUEENSLAND.

Brisbane—Department of Agriculture, Bulletin, No. VIIL.,
Botany.
Geological Survey Otfice—Reports on Mount Morgan
Deposits ; Progress Report, 1893; Tawalla
and Maruba Goldfields; Ulam Goldfields ;
Deephead Cape River Goldfields.

RwssIA.

St. Petersburg—Bulletin du Comité Geologique, vol. XITI., No.
3 to 7; Supplement and tome XII.
—_——_———— Société Impériale Mineralogique, vol. 30, second
series.
Moscow—Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes, No.
4 and No. 1.

SWITZERLAND.

Lausanne—Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise des Sciences
Naturelles ; vol. XXIX., No. 112 and 113;
vol. XX X., No. 114.

252

Geneva—Société de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle. Compte
Rendu des Sciences ; No. X., 1893.

SourH AUSTRALIA.
Adelaide—Observatory Meteorological Observations, 1884-85.

TASMANIA.

Hobart—Royal Society of Tasmania; Papers and Proceedings,
1893.
UNITED STATES.

San Francisco—Proceedings Californian Academy of Sciences,
vol. III., part 2; Memoirs, vol. II., No. 3,
vol. IV. ; Occasional Papers.

—_—_—-—— Zoe, a Biological Journal, vol. IT., 1-4.

New York—Transactions New York Academy of Sciences,

vox. XLT:

—_—__—___ Annals ditto, vol. VII, Nos. 1 to 5; vol. VIIL,

Nos. 1 to 3.
Philadelphia—Proceedings of Academy Natural Sciences, part I.,
1893, January-March.
Cambridge—Bulletin Museum Comparative Zoology at Harvard
College, vol.. X V., No.1 ;, vol. XVI, Noo stae
vol. X:XTV., No. 6 and .7 ; , vol, XX Veagigaee
to 6. Annual Report.
Washington—Bulletin of the U.S. Geological Survey, Nos.
82 to 86; Nos. 90 to 96.

————— Eleventh Annual Report, parts 1 and 2.

—_——-—— Geology — Eureka District Monographs, vol.
XVII. and vol. X VITI.

——————— Department of Agriculture — Foods and Food
Adulterants, part 8; Report of Statistician,
August, 1893, Report of Statistician, Sep-
tember, 1893; Prairie Ground Squirrels of the
Mississippi Valley; Annual Report, 1892;
Report of Secretary, 1893; Report of Statis-
tician, November, 1893: Report (Crop of the
Year); 8th and 9th Annual Reports of .
Bureau Annual Industry; Report of the
Statistician, No. 112.

—_—_—-——— Smithsonian Institution ; Annual Report Smiths-
onian, 1890; Proceedings United States
Natural Museum, vol. XIV. ; Bulletin, No.
40; Monographs for Collectors, 7 numbers,
viz., Birds, Molluscs, Reptiles, Birds’ Eggs,
Rough Skeleton Fossils, Preserving Insects ;
Monograph N. American Prototrypide ; Cata-

253

logue Lepidoptera and Myriapoda of N.
america; “Proceedings, <vol. X'V.,. 1892);
Bibliography, Chinookan Languages ; Eighth
Annual Report, No. 43, W.S. West Museum.
Cambridge—Psyche—Journal of Entomology, vol. VI., Nos.
209 to 221.
— Journal New York Microscopical Society, vol. IX.,
No. 45, volfiXo Nos: Ito. 3:
Boston—Proceedings American Academy Art and Science, vol.
OX 1891-92:
Baltimore—John Hopkins’ University Circulars, vol. XIII., No.
111 to 114.
Texas—Academy of Science Transactions, vol. [., No. 2.
Salem—Essex Institute Bulletin, vol. 23, No. 1 to 12; vol. 24
No. 1 to 12.
Sacramento—California State Mining Bureau—Methods of
Mine Timbering.
Meriden—Transactions of the Meriden Scientific Association—
Annual Address.
Rochester—New York Rochester Academy of Science, vol. IT.,
pp. 113 to 200.
Cincinnati—Journal of Cincinnati Society of Natural History,
VOln Xx Vil:, Now de
St. Louis—Missouri Botanic Gardens Report, 1893.
Transactions of the Academy of Sciences of St. Louis,
vol. VI., Nos. 2 to 8.

Kansas—Academy of Sciences, vol. XITI., 1891, 1892.

Berkly, California—Bulletin Department of Geology, viz. :—
Post Pliocene Diastoophism of Coast
of South California.

Eruptive Rocks of Point Bonith.

—_—__—_—__—_—_—— Geology of Carmelo Bay.

—____—__—+_—_—— Soda-Ryolite North of Berkly.

Massachussetts—Tuft’s College Studies, No. 1 of 1894.

b

VICTORIA.
Melbourne—Victorian Naturalist, vol. X., Nos. 6 to 12; vol.
XT Nos, I'tor oa

———— Transactions Royal Geographical Society of Aus-
tralia (Victorian Branch), vol. XT.

————— Proceedings; Royal Society of Victoria, vol. VL,
new series.

Ballarat—School of Mines’ Calendar, 1894 ; Report, 1893.

Geelong—Gorden Technicai College ; vol. III., No. 4.

The collected papers of Sir W. Bowman, Bart., by Harriet
Lady Bowman.

bo
Or
TS

LIST OF FELLOWS, MEMBERS, &c.

NovEMBER, 18$4.

Those marked (F) were present at the first meeting when the Society was
founded. Those marked (1) are Life Fellows. Those marked with
an asterisk have contributed papers published in the Society’s
Transactions.

Any changes in the addresses should be notified to the Secretary.

Date of E - oy
Election. HONORARY FELLOWS.

1857. BARKELY, Str Henry, K.C.M.G., K.C.B., F.R.S., Royal Colonial
Institute, London.

1893. CossMANN, M., Rue de Maubeuge, 95, Paris.

1876. ELLERY, R. if J., F.R.S., F.R.A.8., Government Astronomer,
Victoria, The Observator y> Melbourne, Victoria.

1890. *ETHERIDGE, Roger, Palzeontologist to the Geological Survey of
New South Wales, Sydney.

1853. GagRan, A., LL.D., Sydney, N.S.W.

1893. GReEGoRIO, MARQuis DE, Palermo, Sicily.

1855. Hui, H. M., Hobart, Tasmania.

1878. JERvoIS, Sin W. F. D., K.C.M.G., C.B., F.R.S., Ex-Governor of
South Australia, London, England.

1855. Lire, E.

1879. *MUELLER, BARON F. von, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., M. and Ph.D., F.G.St,
F.R.G.S., F.C.8., C.M.Z.S., &e:, &c., Government Botanist,
Melbourne, Victoria.

1876. Russeuu, H. C., B.A., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., Government Astronomer,
N.S.W., Sydney, New South Wales.

1894. *Witson, J. T., M.D., Professor of Anatomy Sydney University.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

188]. Batuey, F. M., F.L.S., Colonial Botanist, Brisbane, Queensland.

1881. *CLoup, T. C., F.C.S., Manager Wallaroo Smelting Works, South
Australia.

1888. *DENNANT, JOHN, F.G.S., F.C.S., Inspector of Schools, Russell-
street, Camberwell, Melbourne, Victoria.

1880. *FoELSCHE, Paut, Inspector of Police, Palmerston, Northern Ter-
ritory, Australia.

1881. GoLDsTEIN, J. R. Y., Melbourne, Victoria.

1878. *Hayter, H. H., M.A., C.M.G., F.S.S., Government Statist, Mel-
bourne, Victoria.

1880. *KEMPE, Rev. J., Australia.

1889. *MacGiLLivray, P. H., M.R.C.S., F.L.S., Bendigo, Victoria.

1893. *McKiiuop, Rev. Davin, 8.J., Superior Daly River Mission, Nor-
thern Territory.

1892. *MaripEN, J. H., F.L.S., F.C.S., Curator Technological Museum,
Sydney, New South Wales.

1888. *MAsSKELL, W. M., Wellington, New Zealand.

1886. NicoLay, Rev. C. G., Fremantle, Western Australia.

1880. *RicHaRDs, Mrs. A., Georgetown, South Australia.

1892. *ScHuLz, Rev. Lovis.

1883. *STrRLING, JAMES, F.L.S., Assistant Geological Surveyor, Victoria.

1893. *Srretron, W. G., Palmerston, Northern Territory.

1876.
1880.
1887.
1876.
1893.
1890.

1871.
1886.
1882.
1889.
1891.

1880.

1890.
1887.
1882.
1891.

1883.
1883.
1893.
1891.

1853.

1894.
1884.

1866.
1888.
1885.
1874.
1853.

255

FELLOWS.
Apcock, D. J., Adelaide, S.A.
Aneas, J. H., Adelaide.

Bacot, JoHn, Adelaide, S.A.

. *BEDNALL, W. T., Adelaide, S.A.
. *BLACKBURN, REv. THomas, B.A., Woodville, S.A.

BoreTTGER, Orro, Adelaide, S.A.

. *Bracc, W. H., M.A., Professor of Mathematics, University of

Adelaide, S.A.
Brown, L. G., Adelaide, 8. A.

. *Brown, H. Y. L., F.G.8., Government Geologist South Australia,

Adelaide.

Brummit, Rospert, M.R.C.S., Eng., Kooringa.

BUSSELL, J. W., F.R.M.S., North Adelaide, S.A.

CALVERT, A. F., Adelaide, S.A.

CHapMAN, R. W.. M.A., B.C.E., Lecturer on Mathematics and
Physics University of Adelaide, S.A.

. *CLELAND, W. L., M.B., Ch.M., J.P., Assistant Colonial Surgeon,

Resident Medical Officer Parkside Lunatic Asylum, Lecturer
on Materia Medica University of Adelaide, Parkside, S.A.
(L) CooKE, E., Commissioner of Audit South Australia, Adelaide.
Cox, W. C., Semaphore, S.A.
*DIxON, SAMUEL, Adelaide, S.A.
DopspiE, A. W., Adelaide, S.A.
DupteEy, U., Broken Hill, N.S. W.
*Kast, J. J., F.GS., Registrar School of Mines, Adelaide, S.A.
(Corresponding Member, 1884).
ELDER, Sir T'Homas, K.C.M.G., Adelaide, S.A.
FLEMING, Davip, Adelaide, S.A.
FowLeR, WILLIAM, Melton, Y.P., S.A.
Fraser, J. C., Adelaide, S.A.
GILL, WALTER, F.L.S., Conservator of Forests, South Australia,
Adelaide.
*GOYDER, GEORGE, JUN., F.C.S., Government Analyst South Aus-
tralia, Adelaide.
Gray, Rev. WixtiiaM, Tanna, New Hebrides.
GrasBy, W. C., F.L.S., Agricultural College, Roseworthy, 8.A.
Henry, ALEXANDER, M.D., Adelaide, S.A.
*HouirzE, Maurick, F.L.8., Director Botanic Gardens, Adelaide
(Corresponding Member, 1882), Adelaide, S.A.
*HowcuHin, Wa.TER, F.G.S., Goodwood, S.A.
Hueues, H. Wuirtr, Booyoolie, 8.A.
JAMES, THos., M.R.C.S., Eng., Moonta.
JoHNSON, J., M.D., F.R.C.S., Medical Officer, Mount Gambier
Hospital, Assistant Colonial Surgeon, Mount Gambier, S.A.
(Fr) Kay, Rosrert, General Director and Secretary S.A. Public
Library, Museum, &c., Adelaide, S.A.
KERSHAW, JAMES A., Entomologist National Museum, Melbourne.
Lenpon, A. A., M.D., M.R.C.S., Lecturer on Forensic Medicine
and on- Chemical Medicine University of Adelaide, Hon.
Physician Adelaide Hospital and Children’s Hospital, North
Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A.
Luoyp, J. S., Adelaide, S.A.
*LoweEr, O. B., F.Ent.S., Parkside, Unley, S.A.
*Lucas, R. B., Adelaide, S.A.
*MaGaReEy, Hon. 8. J., M.D., M.L.C., Adelaide, S.A.
Mayo, GrorGE, F.R.C.S., Adelaide, S.A.

256

Mayo, G. G., C.E., Adelaide, S.A.

*Meyrick, E. T., B.A., Ramsbury, Hungerford, Wilts, England.

MonineEvx, A., F.L.S., Secretary Central Agricultural Bureau
South Australia, Kent Town, S.A.

(L) Murray, Davin, Adelaide, S.A.

Mounton, H. S., Brighton, S.A.

Perks, R. H., M.D., F.R.C.S., Eng., Medical Superintendent
Adelaide Hospital, S.A.

Puiuuies, W. H., Adelaide, S.A.

Poo.e, W. B., Adelaide, S.A.

RoserRTSON, R., F.F.P.S., Adelaide, S.A.

*Renniz, H. E., MA., D.Sc., F.C.S., Professor Chemistry

University of Adelaide.

Roaers, R. 8., M.D., Adelaide, S.A.

*Rutt, WALTER, C.E., Adelaide, S.A.

SeLway, W. H., Jun., Adelaide, S.A.

Scort, JamES L., Hyde Park, S.A.

Simson, Aucustus, Hobart, Tasmania.

Smxaton, THomas D., Blakiston, Little Hampton, S.A.

SmitH, RopertT Barr, Adelaide, S.A.

Smytue, J. T., B.A., B.E., Inspector of Schools South Australia,
Glenelg, S.A.

. *Sriruinc, Epwarp C., C.M.G., M.A., M.D,, E.B.S., F.R.C.S.,

Lecturer on Physiology University of Adelaide, Hon. Director
S.A.Museum, Hon. Surgeon Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, S.A.

. *Srreicnu, Victor, F.G.S., Adelaide, S.A.
. *Tare, Rawpu, F.L.S., F.G.S., Professor of Natural Science

University of Adelaide.

. *Trpper, J. G. O., F.L.S., Entomologist S.A. Museum (Correspond-

ing Member, 1878), Adelaide, S.A.

. Topp, Sir CHaries, K.C.M.G., M.A., F.BS., F.R.A.S., Govern-

ment Astronomer, Postmaster-General, and Superintendent of
Telegraphs, S.A.

. “TURNER, A. JEFFERIS, M.D., Brisbane.

VARDON, JOSEPH, J.P., Adelaide, S.A.

. *VeRco, JosEPH C., M.D., F.R.C.S., Lecturer on the Principles

and Practice of Medicine and Therapeutics and on Clinical
Medicine University of Adelaide, Hon. Physician Adelaide
Hospital, Adelaide, S.A.

Warinwricut, E. H., B.Sc., St. Peter’s College, S.A.

Ware, W. L., Adelaide, 8.A.

Way, Epwarp W., M.B., M.R.C.S., Lecturer on Obstetrics and
Diseases Peculiar to Women and Children University of Ade-
laide, Hon. Physician Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, S.A.

Way, Samvuet J., D.C.L., Chief Justice and Lieutenant-Governor
South Australia, Adelaide, S.A.

. *Wuirrett, Horatio, M.D., M.RB.C.S., F.R.M.S., President

Central Board of Health and City Coroner Adelaide,
Adelaide, S.A.
WItson, JOHN, F.E.T.S., Goodwood, S.A.

. *Zretz, A., F.L.S., Assistant Director 8.A. Museum, Adelaide, S.A.

ASSOCIATE.
Birks, LAURENCE, Adelaide, S.A.

257

FIELD NATURALISTS’ SECTION

OF THE

Moval Society of South Australia.

Sinan ae

ANNUAL REPORT.

The Committee have pleasure in presenting their eleventh
annual report, being for the year ending 30th September, 1894.

Evening Meetings.—EHight evening meetings have been held,
at which the average attendance was again greater than in the
previous year. Owing to the gatherings in connection with the
Science Congress in October of last year, the annual conver-
sazione, which is usually held in that month, was omitted. Last
winter the meetings of the Field Naturalists’ and the Micro-
scopical Sections were held conjointly, but this session, owing to
the latter discontinuing to meet, we have not had the advantage
of their co-operation. However, the microscopical interest has
not been overlooked, as the secretary of that section is now on
our Committee, and papers dealing with subjects in microscopy
have beenreadatour meetings. Thesubjects of the papers read have
covered a very wide area in Natural History, such varied topics
as birds, stone implements, fishes, pearls, the Antarctic Continent,
the Australian Alps, a new rotifer, and the odontophores of
gasteropods having been brought before the members. Papers
have been contributed by the following gentlemen :—Dr. R. T.
Wylde, Messrs. W. Howchin, F.G.S., J. G. O. Tepper, F.L.S., E
Ashby, W. H. Selway, jun., W. B. Poole, A. F. Calvert, M.E
and J. W. Bussell, F.R.M.S. The exhibits still form an impor-
tant feature of these meetings, and some very interesting speci-
mens have been shown.

HLxcursions.—Seven excursions have been held, the attendance
at which has been very satisfactory. Nearly all the excursions
have been to fresh localities, the most noteworthy being those to
Happy Valley, Woodhouse (Stirling East), the River Sturt (from
Darlington), and the top of the range from Tea Tree Gully to
Anstey’s Hill. A dredging trip was arranged for, but not
sufficient response was made to justify its being held. At
the excursion to Happy Valley the rare orchid, Orthoceras

R

255

strictum, was gathered for the first time at these outings, while at
the trip to the River Sturt some interesting geological features
were noticed, and on the same occasion a group of nests of the
Fairy Swallow (Lagenoplastes ariel) was observed.

Corresponding Members.—Your Committee regret that they
have not heard much from corresponding members during the
year. From the situation of these members in remote places,
it is thought that many specimens new to those living in the
capital might be obtained, as well as observations on local fauna
and flora. Amongst the specimens received from corresponding
' members, was the very rare locust, Alectoria superba, sent by
Mr. W. E. Rumball, of Blinman. A large and interesting
collection from another resident in the far north (Mr. J. R.
Mack), included some of the “barking” or ‘ whistling” spiders,
to which species reference was subsequently made by members of
the Horn Expedition to central Australia on their return to
Adelaide.

Protection of our Native fauna and Flora.—A separate report
from the Committee appointed for this purpose will shew what
has been done in this direction during the past year.

Death of the Rev. J. McHwin.—Your Committee recorded
with much regret the death, during the past year of the Rev.
J. McEwin, a foundation member of the Section, a member of
the Committee, a contributor to its evening meetings, and a
frequent attendant at its excursions.

Resignation of the Hon. Treasurer.—Mr. 8. Smeaton, B.A.,
who was appointed the Hon Treasurer of the Section at the last
Annual Meeting, resigned that position a few months later
owing to his removal to Western Australia; since then his
duties have been performed by the Hon. Secretary.

Proceedings.—No proceedings for 1892-3 have yet been printed,
it being the attention, chiefly on the ground of economy, to issue
two years’ transactions together.

Financial.—From the audited statement of accounts presented
herewith, it will be seen that the subscriptions more than cover the
expenditure. The latter, owing to the conversazione not being
held, and the proceedings not being printed, has been lower than
for several years past. The call on the parent Society in the
way of grants has been correspondingly reduced.

Membership.—There has been several new members enrolled
during the year, while a few names have been removed. The
number now on the roll is 90.

Ropert H. PerKs, Chairman.

W. H. Sentway, Jun., Hon. Secretary.
Adelaide, 18th September, 1894.

259

SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE NATIVE FAUNA
AND FLORA PROTECTION COMMITTEE.

In presenting their sixth annual report, the Committee have
to chronicle a year in which not much of note has taken place.

Game Laws.—The usual steps have been taken to secure the
enforcement of the Game Laws, and the Commissioner of Crown
Lands and the police officials merit the thanks of the Committee
for the action that they have taken. Various pleasing evidences
of the fact that the close seasons are much more strictly observed
than in former years have come under our notice.

Amendment of the Game Laws.—The Bill drafted by the Com-
mittee amending and consolidating the Game Laws passed the
Upper House last season, but lapsed in the House of Assembly.
It has not seemed to be opportune to the Committee to press
for any further alteration in the Game Acts this session.

Reserves.—The Australasian Association for the Advancement
of Science have urged the Government to dedicate the lighthouse
reserve at the western end of Kangaroo Island for the preserva-
tion of native fauna. The Committee consider that for the
present the lighthouse keepers should be asked to pay special
attention to the protection of indigenous animals in that locality.

In conclusion, the Committee will be pleased at any time to
receive suggestions from members as to the best way of achieving
their objects.

A. EF. Rosin, Hon. Sec.

260

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‘VITVULSOV HELAOS AO ALAIOOS IVAOU AHL JO NOLLOAS SLSTTIVANLVN THI

MICROSCOPICAL SECTION

OF THE

Aoval Society of South Australia.

ANNUAL REPORT, 1893-4.

In consequence of the decreasing number of members who took
any interest in microscopical work or attended the meetings, a
special meeting was called on April 10th to consider the position
of the Section, and as to whether the joint meetings with the
Field Naturalists’ Section should be continued or not. At this
meeting there were only four members present, and it was
unanimously felt that it was useless to endeavor to continue the
existence of the Section. The Secretary therefore, was directed
to notify to the Royal Society that the Section was dissolved,
and as there would probably be a small balance on hand after
payment of all accounts, the Microscopical Magazines on hand
were to be bound as far as funds would permit. All property of
the Section to be handed over to the Royal Society.

Appended is a statement of receipts and expenditure. After
payment of account for binding there would be a balance of 5d.
on hand to be paid to the Royal Society.

J. W. Bussett, Hon. Sec.
D. Fiemine, Chairman.

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ALHIOOS IVAOU WHL WO NOWOHS TVOICOOSOMOIN

ASERONOMICAL SECTION

OF THE

Moval Society of South Australia.

SECOND ANNUAL REPORT.

In presenting their annual report the Committee are pleased
to record that the objects for which the Society was formed are
been carried on satisfactorily.

The Section has 39 members on its roll, having gained five new
members and lost five by death and removal since last annual
meeting.

The attendance at ordinary meetings has not been so large as
the Committee would have liked and expected, the average num-
ber present being 15, 7.e., less than one-half, after allowing for
the six members resident in the country.

One of the ordinary meetings was given up to a conversazione
at the Observatory, when, by the courtesy of our President and
his staff, a pleasant and profitable evening was spent, including a
view of celestial objects by the aid of the equatorial telescope.

The papers read and discussed during the season 1893-4
were :—‘‘ Captain Weir’s Azimuth Chart,” by the inventor ;
“ Ether: The Reasons for Believing in its Existence and its
Properties,” by Mr. C. C. Farr, B.Sc. ; ‘The Habitability of the
Planets,” by Mr. W. Holden; “ Meteors,” by Mr. W. Russell ;
_ © Astronomical Photography,” by Mr. E. P. Sells; besides
which, the passing astronomical phenomena have been expatiated
upon by our’ President, the Government Astronomer
(Sir-C. Todd), and much valuable information afforded to lay
members.

The Astronomical Notes begun in July, 1892, have been con-
tinued monthly and distributed to every member, and are, the
Committee hopes, found to be increasingly interesting.

The Committee would again ask all members to seek to interest
others in the objects of the Section as set forth in Rule 2.

Adopted at meeting held Tuesday, 11th September, 1894.

Wm. Houpen, Vice-President.
W. E. CuHeesman, Sec. and Treas.
11th September, 1894.

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65

GENERAL INDEX.

[The species and genera, the names of which are printed in italics,
are described as new. |

Adelium ellipticuin, 219.

Agonocheila perplexa, 201.

Agriophara cremnopis, 93.

Anamesia (7) fulvornata, 177.

Anoplognathus abnormis, quadrilineatus, 206.

Apolyta aurantia, 172; pellucida, 171; reti-
culata, 172.

Archiblatta Hoeveni, 185.

Arrhodia orthotoma, 83.

Australian Blattarize, 169; Coleoptera, 139,
200; Heterocera, 77; Rhopalocera, 114.

Bagous clarenciensis, 163.

Bednall, W. T., on'a new land-shell, 190.

Bembidium striolatum, 139.

Blabophanes heterogama, 109.

Blackburn, Rev. T., on Australian Coleoptera,
139, 200.

Blandfordia Stirling?, 196.

Blattariz of Australia, 169.

Brachypeplus Haagi, 203.

Brachyselide, notes on, 75.

Cesyra euchrysa, 99; heliophanes, 100; hete-
rozona, 100; ochrochoa, 101; opsiphanes,
100.

Callabonna Lake, osseous clays at, 195.

Callizyga dispar, 132.

Candezea Leat, 237.

Carpophilus excellens, 203.

Central Australia, land-shells of, 190, 191;
sedimentary rocks of, 197.

Cestrinus angustior, 211; aspersus, 210;
Championi, 210; eremicola, 211; Zietzi,
212.

Charopa wmula, retinodes, 192.

Chewings, Dr., on the sedimentary rocks of
Central Australia, 197.

Choleva antipodum, 139.

Chorisoneura pectinata, 186.

Cleodora meliphanes, 107.

Coelophora gratiosa, 238; veranioides, 239.

Coleoptera, new species of, 139, 200.

Corynophyllus Haroldi, melas, 206.

Crytophaga cephalochra, 90; ecclesiastis, 89 ;
epadelpha, 89; lurida, 91; monoleuca, 91;
platypedimela, 90; stenoleuca, 89.

Cyclothorax lateralis, 203.

Cydmeza mixta, 158.

Cylas formicarius, turcipennis, 164.

Cyphogastra Macfarlanei, 207,

Cyttalia Sydneyensis, 161; tarsalis, 160.

Dasyposoma castanea, 187.

Derocalymma contigua, 187.

Dichelia cosmopis, 87.

Dichromodes orthogramma, 81.

Diplocelus Leai, 204.

Ectroma parvicolle, 201.

Emplesis interioris, 159.

Enemia callianthes, pyrochrysa, 111.

Encosmia cornuta, 158.

Eochrois polydesma, 94.

Eomystis acribes, 135.

Epidesma thermistis, 81.

Epilampra pectinata, Tatei, 174.

Erirhinini, genera of, 144.

Ethas eruditus, 157 ; varians, 156.

Euchloris goniota, 86; megaloptera,
microgyna, 85; orthodesma, 86.

Eulechria cephalochrysa, 95.

Euphiltra angustior, thermozona, 137.

Eupselia holoxantha, 105.

Eurhynchus bispinosus, splendidus, 163.

Eurypelta epiprepes, 135.

Froggart, Mr. W. W., notes on Brachyselide,
75.

Gelechia anthracephala, 105; epimela, 106;
hemaspila, 107; mesochra, 107; micro-
spiloplaca, 106; nana, 107 ; strophiopeda,
105.

Geoscapheus giganteus, 176 ; robustus, 175.

Glaucopela distincta, 155; fusco-marmorea,
155.

Gracilaria albistriatella, 129; albomaculella,
125; albospersa, 121; aurora, 127; calicella,
124; chlorella, 121; enchlamyda, 126; eu-
glypta, 122; eurycnema, 122; jluorescens,
127; heteropsis, 112; ida, 126; irrorata,
124; microta, 128; nitidula, 128; obscwr-
ella, 125; octopunctata, 123; parallela, 130;
plagata, 120; plebeia, 131; polyplaca, 112;
pyrochroma, 129; trapezoides, 123; Tris-
nua. 130; unilineata, 131; xyloplanes,
1235

Guestia peladelpha, 101.

Hadra Adcockiana, 190; arcigerens, 193; cly-
donigera, 193; euzyga, 194; grandituber-
culata, 193; oligoplewra, 193; papillosa,
194; setigera, 194; squamulosa, 193; sub-
levata, 192; Wattii, 192; Wilpenensis, 193 ;
Winneckeana, 194.

Haplonyx ornatipennis, 164.

Hemibela trispora, 136.

Hepialus cyanochlora, 77 ; thermistis, 77.

Heterocera, new Australian, 77.

Hopatrum Adelaide, 214; Carpentaria, 213;
Cowardense, 215; Darlingense, 216; Dar-
wint, 217 ; longicorne, 217 ; Meyrickt, 213;
Victoria, 218.

Hoplitica eugramma, 93.

Hydriomena callizona, 78.

Hypattalus elegans, 209; punctulatus, 208.

Iodis microgyna, 85.

Ischnoptera australis, 172; fulva, 172; ter-
mitina, 173 ; triramosa, 173.

Isodon pecuarius, subcornutus, 206.

James Range, sedimentary rocks of, 197,

Lake Callabonna, osseous clays at, 195,

Siz

266

Land-shells from Central Australia, 190, 191.
Lepidotarsa chryscrythra, 135; leucella, 135.
Leptozosteria secunda, 183.

Licinoma sylvicola, 219.

Liparus Spenceri, 192.

Lithostrotus ceerulescens, 200.

Lower, Mr. O. E., on New Australian Hetero-
cera, 77 ; and Rhopalocera, 114.

Macdonnell Range, sedimentary rocks of, 197.

Macrobathra asemanta, 103; dasyplaca, 103 ;
diploch~ysa, 104; gonoloma, 104; hetero-
cera, 102; micropis, 102.

Macroura Baileyi, 204.

Metaxymorpha gloriosa, 267.

Microlepidoptera, descriptions of, 120.

Microvalgus scutellaris, 206.

Mimoscopa opsiphanes, 110.

Misophrice dispar, 161; quadraticollis, 163 ;
spilota, 162.

Monoctenia cycnoptera, 84; odontias, 83; |
orthodesma, 84; xanthastis, 85.

Moreton Bay, Microlepidoptera from, 120.

Myology of Notoryctes, 3.

Nearcha dicymochroa, 80.

Notodonta cycnoptera, 78.

Notomuleiber Carpentaric, 166.

Notoryctes, myology of, 3; osteology of, 1.

Ocystola oxyptera, 101.

CEcophora pentochra, 102.

Olanzxa mentitrix, metropolitana, 152.

Omorophius seriatus, 157.

Onychodes euchrysa, 82.

Orcus nummularis, 240.

Organic remains of the osseous clays at Lake |
Callabonna, 195.

Oricopis guttatus, 167.

Osseous clays at Lake Callabonna, 195.

Osteology of Notoryctes, 1.

Oxyops pictipennis, placida, 143.

Palmerstonia minov, 139.

Palparia callimorpha, 93; subrosea, 134.

Panesthia dilatata, Kraussiana, levicollis, 188.

Paracymus nitidiusculus, 203.

Paranauphoeta rufipes, 189.

_Paraphoraspis castanea, 173.

Paratemnopteryx australis, 170.

Paropsis advena, 230; affinis, 229; angusti-
collis, 230; bella, 236; Bovilli, 231; cerea,
228 ; colorata, 232; convexa, 235; debilitata,
227; glauca, 232; intermedia, 237; latis-
sima, 235; longicornis, 228; montana, 226 ;
mutabilis, 234; mystica, 233; variegata,
233 ; Zietzi, 236.

Paryzeta vittata, 151.

Pedois neurosticha, 112.

Peltophora eugramma, 98; holocycla, 98; |

panxantha, 98; psammochroa, 97.

Periplaneta flavicincta, 184; glabra, 185.

Philobota tcosceliphora, 97.

Philonthus sanguinicollis, 203.

Phoracantha letabilis, 165.

Phyllodromia albovittata, 172; bitaeniata,

170; similis, 171.

Piloprepes lophoptera, 96.

Pinara erubescens, 77.

Planispira hemiclausa, 192. ;

Platyzosteria bifida, 180 ; exaspera, 182; Hey-
deniana, 180; liturata, 180; melanaria, 179;
picta, 182; subzonata, 181; zonata, 180.

Pleurota stenodesma, 99.

Pogonias capnopa, 109 ; heliodora, 108 ; helio-
tricha, 109; porphyrescens, 109; trissodesma,
108.

Polyzosteria Frenchii, 178.

Pupa Beltiana, eremicola, jficulnea, ischna,
191.

Rhachiodes forcipatus, strenwus, 154.

Rhopea callabonnensis, 205.

Rhopalocera, South Australian species of, 114,

Scopzus ruficollis, 203.

Scopodes jlavipes, 202; intermedius, 202;
stmplex, 201.

Scorpiopsis superba, 132.

South Australian Rhopalocera, 114.

Sphyrelata dzchroa, 95.

Stenogyra interioris, 191.

Stigmodera Caroli, 141; oleata, 142; pictipes,
140.

Stilicus ovicollis, 203.

Stirling, Dr. E. C., on the osteology of
Notoryctes, 1

Striglina hyalospila, 87.

Strongylurus minor, 166.

Succinea interioris, 191.

Sybra Mastersi, 168.

Symbothinus nasutus, 151.

Syzeton abnormis, laetus, 219.

Tachys Brightensis, 139.

Tamnelytra Harpuri, 170. -

Tate, R., on new land-shells, 191; organic
remains of the osseous clays at Lake Calla-
bonna, 194; on the occurrence of Zidora in
Australian waters, 118.

Telecrates heliomacula, 92.

Temnoplectron diversicolle, 204.

Temnopteryx Couloniana, obscura, 170.

Tepper, Mr. J. G. O., on the Blattarie of
Australia, 169.

Themelia inconspicua, 159.

Trachypepla callidesma, 96.

Tritymba dasybathra, 110; xanthocoma, 110.

Turner, Dr. A. J., descriptions of Microlepi-
doptera, 120.

Uloma depressa, consentanea, 219. -

Uzucha hypoxatha, 88.

Wilson, Prof. J. T., on the myology of No-
toryctes, 3.

Xantheros nubicollis, 208.

Xanthorhoe pelochroa, 80; platydesma, 79.

Xeda magistra, notabilis, 153.

Xenomusa tetramera, 82. A

Xylorycta epigramma, 91; homoleuca, 9135
porphyrinella, 91; sigmophora, 92.

Zeitzia geologa, 206.

Zidora Legrand, 118.

Zonopetala zygophora, 95.

Vardon & Pritchard, Printers, Gresham Street, Adelaide.

Vol. XVIIL Plate I.

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